TY - GEN A1 - Wick, Kristin A1 - Leeger-Aschmann, Claudia S. A1 - Monn, Nico D. A1 - Radtke, Thomas A1 - Ott, Laura V. A1 - Rebholz, Cornelia E. A1 - Cruz, Sergio A1 - Gerber, Natalie A1 - Schmutz, Einat A. A1 - Puder, Jardena J. A1 - Munsch, Simone A1 - Kakebeeke, Tanja H. A1 - Jenni, Oskar G. A1 - Granacher, Urs A1 - Kriemler, Susi T1 - Interventions to promote fundamental movement skills in childcare and kindergarten BT - a systematic review and meta-analysis T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Background Proficiency in fundamental movement skills (FMS) lays the foundation for being physically active and developing more complex motor skills. Improving these motor skills may provide enhanced opportunities for the development of a variety of perceptual, social, and cognitive skills. Objective The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the effects of FMS interventions on actual FMS, targeting typically developing young children. Method Searches in seven databases (CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science) up to August 2015 were completed. Trials with children (aged 2-6 years) in childcare or kindergarten settings that applied FMS-enhancing intervention programs of at least 4 weeks and meeting the inclusion criteria were included. Standardized data extraction forms were used. Risk of bias was assessed using a standard scoring scheme (Effective Public Health Practice Project-Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies [EPHPP]). We calculated effects on overall FMS, object control and locomotor subscales (OCS and LMS) by weighted standardized mean differences (SMDbetween) using random-effects models. Certainty in training effects was evaluated using GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation System). Results Thirty trials (15 randomized controlled trials and 15 controlled trials) involving 6126 preschoolers (aged 3.3-5.5 years) revealed significant differences among groups in favor of the intervention group (INT) with small-to-large effects on overall FMS (SMDbetween 0.46), OCS (SMDbetween 1.36), and LMS (SMDbetween 0.94). Our certainty in the treatment estimates based on GRADE is very low. Conclusions Although there is relevant effectiveness of programs to improve FMS proficiency in healthy young children, they need to be interpreted with care as they are based on low-quality evidence and immediate post-intervention effects without long-term follow-up. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 702 KW - motor skill KW - high effect size KW - fundamental movement skill KW - motivational climate KW - locomotor skill Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-435463 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 702 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wick, Kristin A1 - Kriemler, Susi A1 - Granacher, Urs T1 - Effects of a strength-dominated exercise program on physical fitness and cognitive performance in preschool children JF - Journal of strength and conditioning research : the research journal of the NSCA N2 - Wick, K, Kriemler, S, and Granacher, U. Effects of a strength-dominated exercise program on physical fitness and cognitive performance in preschool children. J Strength Cond Res 35(4): 983-990, 2021-Childhood is characterized by high neuroplasticity that affords qualitative rather than quantitative components of physical activity to maximize the potential to sufficiently develop motor skills and foster long-term engagement in regular physical activity. This study examined the effects of an integrative strength-dominated exercise program on measures of physical fitness and cognitive performance in preschool children. Children aged 4-6 years from 3 kindergartens were randomized into an intervention (INT) group (n = 32) or a control group (n = 22). The 10-week intervention period was conducted 3 times per week (each session lasted 30 minutes) and included exercises for the promotion of muscle strength and power, coordination, and balance. Pre and post training, tests were conducted for the assessment of muscle strength (i.e., handgrip strength), muscle power (i.e., standing long jump), balance (i.e., timed single-leg stand), coordination (hopping on right/left leg), and attentional span (i.e., "Konzentrations-Handlungsverfahren fur Vorschulkinder" [concentration-action procedure for preschoolers]). Results from 2 x 2 repeated-measures analysis of covariance revealed a significant (p <= 0.05) and near significant (p = 0.051) group x time interaction for the standing long jump test and the Konzentrations-Handlungsverfahren. Post hoc tests showed significant pre-post changes for the INT (p < 0.001; d = 1.53) but not the CON (p = 0.72; d = 0.83). Our results indicate that a 10-week strength-dominated exercise program increased jump performance with a concomitant trend toward improvements in attentional capacity of preschool children. Thus, we recommend implementing this type of exercise program for preschoolers. KW - motor skills KW - cognitive skills KW - attention KW - kindergarten KW - structured KW - physical activity program Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003942 SN - 1064-8011 SN - 1533-4287 VL - 35 IS - 4 SP - 983 EP - 990 PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins CY - Philadelphia ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thiele, Dirk A1 - Prieske, Olaf A1 - Chaabene, Helmi A1 - Granacher, Urs T1 - Effects of strength training on physical fitness and sport-specific performance in recreational, sub-elite, and elite rowers BT - a systematic review with meta-analysis JF - Journal of sports sciences N2 - The purpose of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to examine the effects of strength training (ST) on selected components of physical fitness (e.g., lower/upper limb maximal strength, muscular endurance, jump performance, cardiorespiratory endurance) and sport-specific performance in rowers. Only studies with an active control group were included if they examined the effects of ST on at least one proxy of physical fitness and/or sport-specific performance in rowers. Weighted and averaged standardized mean differences (SMD) were calculated using random-effects models. Subgroup analyses were computed to identify effects of ST type or expertise level on sport-specific performance. Our analyses revealed significant small effects of ST on lower limb maximal strength (SMD = 0.42, p = 0.05) and on sport-specific performance (SMD = 0.32, p = 0.05). Non-significant effects were found for upper limb maximal strength, upper/lower limb muscular endurance, jump performance, and cardiorespiratory endurance. Subgroup analyses for ST type and expertise level showed non-significant differences between the respective subgroups of rowers (p >= 0.32). Our systematic review with meta-analysis indicated that ST is an effective means for improving lower limb maximal strength and sport-specific performance in rowers. However, ST-induced effects are neither modulated by ST type nor rowers' expertise level. KW - resistance training KW - plyometric training KW - on-water performance KW - race KW - time KW - oarsmen KW - athletic performance Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1745502 SN - 0264-0414 SN - 1466-447X VL - 38 IS - 10 SP - 1186 EP - 1195 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Teich, Paula A1 - Fühner, Thea Heidi A1 - Baehr, Florian A1 - Puta, Christian A1 - Granacher, Urs A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Covid pandemic effects on the physical fitness of primary school children BT - results of the german EMOTIKON project JF - Sports Medicine - Open N2 - BackgroundIn spring of 2020, the Sars-CoV-2 incidence rate increased rapidly in Germany and around the world. Throughout the next 2 years, schools were temporarily closed and social distancing measures were put in place to slow the spread of the Covid-19 virus. Did these social restrictions and temporary school lockdowns affect children's physical fitness? The EMOTIKON project annually tests the physical fitness of all third-graders in the Federal State of Brandenburg, Germany. The tests assess cardiorespiratory endurance (6-min-run test), coordination (star-run test), speed (20-m sprint test), lower (powerLOW, standing long jump test), and upper (powerUP, ball-push test) limbs muscle power, and static balance (one-legged stance test with eyes closed). A total of 125,893 children were tested in the falls from 2016 to 2022. Primary analyses focused on 98,510 keyage third-graders (i.e., school enrollment according to the legal key date, aged 8 to 9 years) from 515 schools. Secondary analyses included 27,383 older-than-keyage third-graders (i.e., OTK, delayed school enrollment or repetition of a grade, aged 9 to 10 years), who have been shown to exhibit lower physical fitness than expected for their age. Linear mixed models fitted pre-pandemic quadratic secular trends, and took into account differences between children and schools.ResultsThird-graders exhibited lower cardiorespiratory endurance, coordination, speed and powerUP in the Covid pandemic cohorts (2020-2022) compared to the pre-pandemic cohorts (2016-2019). Children's powerLOW and static balance were higher in the pandemic cohorts compared to the pre-pandemic cohorts. From 2020 to 2021, coordination, powerLOW and powerUP further declined. Evidence for some post-pandemic physical fitness catch-up was restricted to powerUP. Cohen's |ds| for comparisons of the pandemic cohorts 2020-2022 with pre-pandemic cohorts 2016-2019 ranged from 0.02 for powerLOW to 0.15 for coordination. Within the pandemic cohorts, keyage children exhibited developmental losses ranging from approximately 1 month for speed to 5 months for cardiorespiratory endurance. For powerLOW and static balance, the positive pandemic effects translate to developmental gains of 1 and 7 months, respectively. Pre-pandemic secular trends may account for some of the observed differences between pandemic and pre-pandemic cohorts, especially in powerLOW, powerUP and static balance. The pandemic further increased developmental delays of OTK children in cardiorespiratory endurance, powerUP and balance.ConclusionsThe Covid-19 pandemic was associated with declines in several physical fitness components in German third-graders. Pandemic effects are still visible in 2022. Health-related interventions should specifically target those physical fitness components that were negatively affected by the pandemic (cardiorespiratory endurance, coordination, speed). KW - Sars-CoV-2 KW - Cohort study KW - Cardiorespiratory endurance KW - Muscle power KW - Physical fitness KW - Youth KW - EMOTIKON KW - Linear mixed models Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-023-00624-1 SN - 2198-9761 VL - 9 IS - 1 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - THES A1 - Stamm, Raini T1 - Significance of the anthropometric factor in young female volleyballers´ physical abilities, technical skills, psychophysiological properties and performance in the game T1 - Bedeutung des anthropometrischen Faktors bei der körperlichen Fähigkeiten, volleyballtechnischen Geschicklichkeiten, psychophysiologischen Eigenschaften und Spielleistung N2 - Aim The aim of the present study was to examine young female volleyballers’ body build, physical abilities, technical skills and psychophysiological properties in relation to their performance at competitions. The sample consisted of 46 female volleyballers aged 13-16 years. 49 basic anthropometric measurements were measured and 65 proportions and body composition characteristics were calculated. 9 physical ability tests, 9 volleyball technical skills tests and 21 psychophysiological tests were carried out. The game performance was recorded by the computer program Game. The program enabled to fix the performance of technical elements in case of each player. The computer program Game calculated the index of proficiency in case of each girl for each element. The first control group consisted of 74 female volleyballers aged 13–15 years with whom reduced anthropometry was provided and 28 games were recorded. The second control group consisted of 586 ordinary schoolgirls aged 13–16 years with whom full anthropometry was provided. Results In order to systematize all anthropometric characteristics, we first studied the essence of the anthropometric structure of the body as a whole. It turned out to be a characteristic system where all variables are in significant correlation between one another and where the leading characteristics are height and weight. Therefore we based the classification on the mean height and weight of the whole sample. We formed a 5 class SD classification. There are three classes of concordance between height and weight: small height – small weight, medium height – medium height, big height – big weight. The other two classes were classes of disconcordance between height and weight- pycnomorphs and leptomorphs. We managed to show that gradual increase in height and weight brought about statistically significant increase in length, breadth and depth measurements, circumferences, bone thicknesses and skinfolds. There were also systematic changes in indeces and body composition characteristics. Pycnomorphs and leptomorphs also showed differences specific to their body types in body measurements and body composition. The results of all tests were submitted to basic statistical analysis and all correlations were found between all the tests (volleyball technical skills, psychophysiological abilities, physical abilities), and all basic anthropometric variables (n = 49) and all proportions and body composition characteristics (n = 65). All anthropometric measurements and test results were correlated with the index of proficiency for all elements of the game. The best linear regression models were calculated for predicting proficiency in different elements of the game. We can see that body build and all kind of tests took part in predicting the proficiency of the game. The most essential for performing attack, block and feint were anthropometric and psychophysiological models. The studied complex of body build characteristics and tests results determine the players’ proficiency at competitions, are an important tool for testing the player’s individual development, enable to choose volleyballers from among schoolgirls and represent the whole body constitutional model of a young female volleyballer. Outlook Our outlook for the future is to continue recording of all Estonian championship games with the computer program Game, to continue the players’ anthropometric measuring and psychophysiological testing at competitions and to compile a national register for assessment of development of individual players and teams. N2 - Ziel Das Ziel dieser Untersuchung war den Körperbau, die körperliche Fähigkeiten, die technische Geschicklichkeiten und psychophysiologische Fähigkeiten der jungen Volleyballspielerinnen in Bezug auf ihre Leistung bei den Wettkämpfen zu untersuchen. Die Auswahl bestand aus 46 Volleyballspielerinnen im Alter 13-16 Jahren. Es wurden 49 anthropometrische Masse gemessen, 65 Proportionen und Körperbaumerkmale kalkuliert, 9 Tests der physischen Fähigkeit und 9 Testen der volleyballtechnischen Geschicken ausgeführt. Die Spielleistung wurde mit dem Computerprogramm Game gespeichert. Das Programm machte es möglich, die Leistung der technischen Elementen im Falle von jeder Spielerinnen zu bestimmen. Das Computerprogramm Game kalkulierte den Leistungsindex im Falle von jedem Mädchen für jedes Element. Die erste Kontrollgruppe bestand von 74 Volleyballspielerinnen im Alter von 13–15 Jahren, mit wem reduzierte Anthropometrie durchgeführt wurde und 28 Spiele gespeichert wurden. Die andere Kontrollgruppe bestand aus 586 gewöhnliche Schulmädchen im Alter von 13–16 Jahren, mit wem volle Anthropometrie durchgeführt wurde. Ergebnisse Um alle anthropometrische Merkmale zu systematisieren, haben wir zunächst das Wesen der anthropometrischen Struktur des Körpers als Ganzes geforscht. Es hat sich erwiesen, dass es um einem characteristischen System handelt, bei dem alle Merkmale in aussagekräftiger Beziehung miteinander sind und die führende Merkmale die Höhe und das Gewicht sind. Darum haben wir die Klassifikation auf die durchschnittliche Höhe und das durchschnittliche Gewicht der ganzen Auswahl gegründet. Wir haben eine Klass 5 SD Klassifikation gebildet. Es gibt drei Übereinstimmungsklassen zwischen Höhe und Gewicht: kleine Höhe – kleines Gewicht, mittlere Höhe – mittleres Gewicht, grosse Höhe – grosses Gewicht. Die andere zwei Klassen waren die Nichtübereinstimmungsklassen zwischen Höhe und Gewicht - Pyknomorphe und Leptomorphe. Es ist uns gelungen, zu beweisen, dass der stufenartige Anstieg in der Höhe und in dem Gewicht einen statistisch bedeutsamen Anstieg in den Merkmalen der Länge, Breite und Tiefe, in den Umkreisen, in den Dicken des Knochens und in den Hautfalten veranlassen. Es bestanden auch systematische Änderungen in den Indexen und Körperbaumerkmalen. Auch die Pyknomorphen und Leptomorphen zeigten Unterschiede für ihre Körpermasse und Körperbau spezifische Unterschiede. Die Ergebnisse von allen Testen wurden der statistischen Grundanalyse unterworfen und alle Korrelationen zwischen allen Testen (volleyballtechnische Geschicke, psychophysiologische Fähigkeiten, physische Fähigkeiten) und allen anthropometrischen Grundvariablen (n = 49) und allen Proportionen und Körperbaumerkmalen (n = 65) gefunden. Alle anthropometrische Merkmale und Testresultaten wurden im Falle von allen Spielelementen mit dem Leistungsindex korreliert. Die besten lineare Regressionmodellen, um die Leistung in verschiedenen Spielelementen vorauszusagen, wurden kalkuliert. Es ist sichtbar, dass der Körperbau und alle Testarten in der Voraussage der Spielleistung mitgemacht haben. Das Wichtigste um einen Angriff, einen Block und eine Finte durchzuführen, waren anthropometrische und psychophysiologische Modelle. Der geforschte Komplex der Körperbaumerkmalen und der Testergebnissen bestimmen die Leistung der Spielerin in den Wettbewerben, sind ein wichtiges Mittel für das Testen der individuellen Entwicklung der Spielerin, ermöglichen die Volleyballspielerinnen aus den Schulmädchen zu wählen und vertreten das ganze Körperbaumodell einer jungen Volleyballspielerin. Die Aussicht Unsere Aussicht für die Zukunft ist, das Speichern von allen Spielen der estnischen Meisterschaftswettbewerben mit dem Computerprogramm Game, die anthropometrische Messung und das psychophysiologisches Testen der Spielerinnen während Wettbewerben fortzusetzen und ein staatliches Register für die Bewertung der Entwicklung der individuellen Spielerinnen und Teamen zusammenzustellen. KW - Anthropometrie KW - Jugendliche KW - Testen KW - Volleyball KW - Spielleistung KW - anthropometry KW - adolescents KW - testing KW - volleyball KW - performance Y1 - 2007 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13005 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schweizer, Geoffrey A1 - Bluemke, Matthias A1 - Brand, Ralf A1 - Kahlert, Daniela T1 - Exercise might be good for me, but I don't feel good about it : do automatic associations predict exercise behavior? N2 - Models employed in exercise psychology highlight the role of reflective processes for explaining behavior change. However, as discussed in social cognition literature, information-processing models also consider automatic processes (dual-process models). To examine the relevance of automatic processing in exercise psychology, we used a priming task to assess the automatic evaluations of exercise stimuli in physically active sport and exercise majors (n = 32), physically active nonsport majors (n = 31), and inactive students (n = 31). Results showed that physically active students responded faster to positive words after exercise primes, whereas inactive students responded more rapidly to negative words. Priming task reaction times were successfully used to predict reported amounts of exercise in an ordinal regression model. Findings were obtained only with experiential items reflecting negative and positive consequences of exercise. The results illustrate the potential importance of dual-process models in exercise psychology. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 178 KW - exercise KW - health behavior KW - automatic processes KW - evaluative priming KW - affective priming Y1 - 2010 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-42510 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schomöller, Anne A1 - Schugardt, Monique A1 - Kotsch, Peggy A1 - Mayer, Frank T1 - The effect of body composition on cycling power during an incremental test in young athletes JF - Journal of strength and conditioning research : the research journal of the NSCA / National Strength & Conditioning Association N2 - Schomoller, A, Schugardt, M, Kotsch, P, and Mayer, F. The effect of body composition on cycling power during an incremental test in young athletes. J Strength Cond Res 35(11): 3225-3231, 2021-As body composition (BC) is a modifiable factor influencing sports performance, it is of interest for athletes and coaches to optimize BC to fulfill the specific physical demands of one sport discipline. The purpose of this study is to test the impact of body fat (BF) and fat-free mass (FFM) on aerobic performance in young athletes. Body composition parameters were evaluated among gender and age groups of young athletes undergoing their mandatory health examination. The maximal power (in Watts per kilogram body mass) of a stepwise incremental ergometer test was compared between 6 BC types: high BF, high FFM, high BF and high FFM, normal BC values, low BF, and low FFM. With increasing age (11-13 vs. 14-16 years) BF decreased and FFM increased in both genders. Both BC parameters, as well as body mass, correlated moderately with performance output (r = 0.36-0.6). Subjects with high BF or high FFM or both had significantly lower ergometer test results compared with those with low BF and FFM in all age and gender groups (p < 0.05). The finding that high levels of BF and FFM are detrimental for cycle power output is important to consider in disciplines that demand high levels of aerobic and anaerobic performance. KW - youth competitive sport KW - body fat KW - fat-free mass KW - cycling performance Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003271 SN - 1064-8011 SN - 1533-4287 VL - 35 IS - 11 SP - 3225 EP - 3231 PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins CY - Philadelphia ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schinköth, Michaela A1 - Weymar, Mathias A1 - Brand, Ralf T1 - Listening to the heart BT - Getting closer to the somatic core of affective valuation of exercise through heart rate variability analysis JF - Psychology of sport and exercise N2 - Objective: The affective-reflective theory of physical inactivity and exercise suggests that the mere thought of exercise can lead to an immediate somato-affective response which, if negative, will drive a physically inactive person to maintain his or her current exercise-avoidant behavior. This study aimed to test the assumption that the somatic core of this affective response can be identified by means of heart rate variability (HRV) analysis. Design: This study followed a within-subject experimental design. Method. Participants were 91 adult men and women whose HR and HRV were monitored whilst they viewed exercise-related and control pictures in a laboratory setting. Results: Analyses revealed a decrease in HRV during the viewing of exercise-related pictures in less physically active participants. These participants reported that the same pictures elicited feelings with relatively low affective valence and arousal. There were no changes in HR. KW - Dual-process KW - Motivation KW - Valence KW - Arousal KW - Psychophysiology KW - Self-assessment manikin (SAM) Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.101541 SN - 1469-0292 SN - 1878-5476 VL - 45 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schinköth, Michaela A1 - Brand, Ralf T1 - Automatic associations and the affective valuation of exercise BT - disentangling the type-1 process of the affective–reflective theory of physical inactivity and exercise JF - German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research N2 - The decision to exercise is not only bound to rational considerations but also automatic affective processes. The affective–reflective theory of physical inactivity and exercise (ART) proposes a theoretical framework for explaining how the automatic affective process (type‑1 process) will influence exercise behavior, i.e., through the automatic activation of exercise-related associations and a subsequent affective valuation of exercise. This study aimed to empirically test this assumption of the ART with data from 69 study participants. A single-measurement study, including within-subject experimental variation, was conducted. Automatic associations with exercise were first measured with a single-target implicit association test. The somato-affective core of the participants’ automatic valuation of exercise-related pictures was then assessed via heart rate variability (HRV) analysis, and the affective valence of the valuation was tested with a facial expression (FE; smile and frown) task. Exercise behavior was assessed via self-report. Multiple regression (path) analysis revealed that automatic associations predicted HRV reactivity (β = −0.24, p = .044); the signs of the correlation between automatic associations and the smile FE score was in the expected direction but remained nonsignificant (β = −0.21, p = .078). HRV reactivity predicted self-reported exercise behavior (β = −0.28, p = .013) (the same pattern of results was achieved for the frown FE score). The HRV-related results illustrate the potential role of automatic negative affective reactions to the thought of exercise as a restraining force in exercise motivation. For better empirical distinction between the two ART type‑1 process components, automatic associations and the affective valuation should perhaps be measured separately in the future. The results support the notion that automatic and affective processes should be regarded as essential aspects of the motivation to exercise. KW - Heart rate variability KW - Facial expression KW - Somatic KW - Dual-process KW - Motivation Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-020-00664-9 SN - 2509-3150 SN - 2509-3142 VL - 50 IS - 654 SP - 366 EP - 376 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schinköth, Michaela A1 - Brand, Ralf T1 - Automatic associations and the affective valuation of exercise BT - disentangling the type-1 process of the affective–reflective theory of physical inactivity and exercise T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - The decision to exercise is not only bound to rational considerations but also automatic affective processes. The affective–reflective theory of physical inactivity and exercise (ART) proposes a theoretical framework for explaining how the automatic affective process (type‑1 process) will influence exercise behavior, i.e., through the automatic activation of exercise-related associations and a subsequent affective valuation of exercise. This study aimed to empirically test this assumption of the ART with data from 69 study participants. A single-measurement study, including within-subject experimental variation, was conducted. Automatic associations with exercise were first measured with a single-target implicit association test. The somato-affective core of the participants’ automatic valuation of exercise-related pictures was then assessed via heart rate variability (HRV) analysis, and the affective valence of the valuation was tested with a facial expression (FE; smile and frown) task. Exercise behavior was assessed via self-report. Multiple regression (path) analysis revealed that automatic associations predicted HRV reactivity (β = −0.24, p = .044); the signs of the correlation between automatic associations and the smile FE score was in the expected direction but remained nonsignificant (β = −0.21, p = .078). HRV reactivity predicted self-reported exercise behavior (β = −0.28, p = .013) (the same pattern of results was achieved for the frown FE score). The HRV-related results illustrate the potential role of automatic negative affective reactions to the thought of exercise as a restraining force in exercise motivation. For better empirical distinction between the two ART type‑1 process components, automatic associations and the affective valuation should perhaps be measured separately in the future. The results support the notion that automatic and affective processes should be regarded as essential aspects of the motivation to exercise. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 654 KW - Heart rate variability KW - Facial expression KW - Somatic KW - Dual-process KW - Motivation Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-475522 SN - 1866-8364 SP - 366 EP - 376 ER -