TY - JOUR A1 - Wippert, Pia-Maria A1 - Arampatzis, Adamantios A1 - Banzer, Winfried A1 - Beck, Heidrun A1 - Hasenbring, Monika Ilona A1 - Schiltenwolf, Marcus A1 - Schneider, Christian A1 - Stengel, Dirk A1 - Platen, Petra A1 - Mayer, Frank T1 - Psychosoziale Risikofaktoren in der Entstehung von chronisch unspezifischen Rückenschmerzen BT - Auszug aus der methodischen Rationale der Multicenterstudien in MiSpEx JF - Zeitschrift für Sportpsychologie N2 - Chronisch unspezifische Rückenschmerzen (CURS) gehören international zu den häufigsten Schmerzphänomenen und können für Athletinnen und Athleten karrierelimitierend sein. Knapp ein Drittel der jährlichen Trainingsausfallzeiten werden auf CURS zurückgeführt. In der Entstehung von chronischen Schmerzen ist ein multifaktorielles Ätiologiemodell mit einem signifikanten Einfluss psychosozialer Risikofaktoren evident. Obwohl dies in der Allgemeinbevölkerung bereits gut erforscht ist, gibt es in der Sportwissenschaft vergleichsweise wenige Arbeiten darüber. Dieses Thema wird daher in drei Multicenterstudien und zahlreichen Teilstudien des MiSpEx-Netzwerks (Medicine in Spine-Exercise-Network, Förderzeitraum 2011 – 2018) aufgegriffen. Entsprechend der Empfehlung einer frühzeitigen Diagnostik von Chronifizierungsfaktoren in der „Nationalen Versorgungsleitlinie Kreuzschmerz“, beschäftigt sich das Netzwerk u. a. mit der Überprüfung, Entwicklung und Evaluation diagnostischer Möglichkeiten. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt die Entwicklung einer Diagnostik von psychosozialen Risikofaktoren, die einerseits eine Einschätzung des Risikos der Entwicklung von CURS und andererseits eine individuelle Zuweisung zu (Trainings)Interventionen erlaubt. Es wird die Entwicklungsrationale beschrieben und dabei verschiedene methodische Herangehensweisen und Entscheidungssequenzen reflektiert. N2 - Chronic nonspecific low back pain (CLBP) is one of the most common pain syndromes globally. Attributing to one third of missed training days, CLBP can seriously affect athletes’ careers. Studies in the general population show a multifactorial etiology with significant influence of psychosocial risk factors in the development of CLBP. As less is known about this phenomenon in athletes, the MiSpEx Network (Medicine in Spine Exercise, funded from 2011 to 2018) has conducted three multicenter studies and numerous substudies investigating this topic. The network has been concerned with the testing, development, and evaluation of diagnostics, in accordance with the recommendation of the German National Treatment Guidelines for CLBP that risk factors be recognized and treated early. Our article describes the development of a diagnostic tool for psychosocial risk factors that allows (medical) practitioners to predict the occurrence of CLBP and to suggest individualized (trainings) interventions. We present the methodological approach and discuss various methodological issues. T2 - Psychosocial Risk Factors in the Development of Chronic Nonspecific Back Pain: On the Methodical Rationale of the Multicenter Studies in MiSpEx KW - CLBP KW - MiSpEx KW - yellow flags KW - diagnostics KW - PROGRESS Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1026/1612-5010/a000245 SN - 1612-5010 SN - 2190-6300 VL - 26 IS - 1 SP - 25 EP - 35 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wick, Kristin A1 - Kriemler, Susi A1 - Granacher, Urs T1 - Effects of a strength-dominated exercise program on physical fitness and cognitive performance in preschool children JF - Journal of strength and conditioning research : the research journal of the NSCA N2 - Wick, K, Kriemler, S, and Granacher, U. Effects of a strength-dominated exercise program on physical fitness and cognitive performance in preschool children. J Strength Cond Res 35(4): 983-990, 2021-Childhood is characterized by high neuroplasticity that affords qualitative rather than quantitative components of physical activity to maximize the potential to sufficiently develop motor skills and foster long-term engagement in regular physical activity. This study examined the effects of an integrative strength-dominated exercise program on measures of physical fitness and cognitive performance in preschool children. Children aged 4-6 years from 3 kindergartens were randomized into an intervention (INT) group (n = 32) or a control group (n = 22). The 10-week intervention period was conducted 3 times per week (each session lasted 30 minutes) and included exercises for the promotion of muscle strength and power, coordination, and balance. Pre and post training, tests were conducted for the assessment of muscle strength (i.e., handgrip strength), muscle power (i.e., standing long jump), balance (i.e., timed single-leg stand), coordination (hopping on right/left leg), and attentional span (i.e., "Konzentrations-Handlungsverfahren fur Vorschulkinder" [concentration-action procedure for preschoolers]). Results from 2 x 2 repeated-measures analysis of covariance revealed a significant (p <= 0.05) and near significant (p = 0.051) group x time interaction for the standing long jump test and the Konzentrations-Handlungsverfahren. Post hoc tests showed significant pre-post changes for the INT (p < 0.001; d = 1.53) but not the CON (p = 0.72; d = 0.83). Our results indicate that a 10-week strength-dominated exercise program increased jump performance with a concomitant trend toward improvements in attentional capacity of preschool children. Thus, we recommend implementing this type of exercise program for preschoolers. KW - motor skills KW - cognitive skills KW - attention KW - kindergarten KW - structured KW - physical activity program Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003942 SN - 1064-8011 SN - 1533-4287 VL - 35 IS - 4 SP - 983 EP - 990 PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins CY - Philadelphia ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thiele, Dirk A1 - Prieske, Olaf A1 - Chaabene, Helmi A1 - Granacher, Urs T1 - Effects of strength training on physical fitness and sport-specific performance in recreational, sub-elite, and elite rowers BT - a systematic review with meta-analysis JF - Journal of sports sciences N2 - The purpose of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to examine the effects of strength training (ST) on selected components of physical fitness (e.g., lower/upper limb maximal strength, muscular endurance, jump performance, cardiorespiratory endurance) and sport-specific performance in rowers. Only studies with an active control group were included if they examined the effects of ST on at least one proxy of physical fitness and/or sport-specific performance in rowers. Weighted and averaged standardized mean differences (SMD) were calculated using random-effects models. Subgroup analyses were computed to identify effects of ST type or expertise level on sport-specific performance. Our analyses revealed significant small effects of ST on lower limb maximal strength (SMD = 0.42, p = 0.05) and on sport-specific performance (SMD = 0.32, p = 0.05). Non-significant effects were found for upper limb maximal strength, upper/lower limb muscular endurance, jump performance, and cardiorespiratory endurance. Subgroup analyses for ST type and expertise level showed non-significant differences between the respective subgroups of rowers (p >= 0.32). Our systematic review with meta-analysis indicated that ST is an effective means for improving lower limb maximal strength and sport-specific performance in rowers. However, ST-induced effects are neither modulated by ST type nor rowers' expertise level. KW - resistance training KW - plyometric training KW - on-water performance KW - race KW - time KW - oarsmen KW - athletic performance Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1745502 SN - 0264-0414 SN - 1466-447X VL - 38 IS - 10 SP - 1186 EP - 1195 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schomöller, Anne A1 - Schugardt, Monique A1 - Kotsch, Peggy A1 - Mayer, Frank T1 - The effect of body composition on cycling power during an incremental test in young athletes JF - Journal of strength and conditioning research : the research journal of the NSCA / National Strength & Conditioning Association N2 - Schomoller, A, Schugardt, M, Kotsch, P, and Mayer, F. The effect of body composition on cycling power during an incremental test in young athletes. J Strength Cond Res 35(11): 3225-3231, 2021-As body composition (BC) is a modifiable factor influencing sports performance, it is of interest for athletes and coaches to optimize BC to fulfill the specific physical demands of one sport discipline. The purpose of this study is to test the impact of body fat (BF) and fat-free mass (FFM) on aerobic performance in young athletes. Body composition parameters were evaluated among gender and age groups of young athletes undergoing their mandatory health examination. The maximal power (in Watts per kilogram body mass) of a stepwise incremental ergometer test was compared between 6 BC types: high BF, high FFM, high BF and high FFM, normal BC values, low BF, and low FFM. With increasing age (11-13 vs. 14-16 years) BF decreased and FFM increased in both genders. Both BC parameters, as well as body mass, correlated moderately with performance output (r = 0.36-0.6). Subjects with high BF or high FFM or both had significantly lower ergometer test results compared with those with low BF and FFM in all age and gender groups (p < 0.05). The finding that high levels of BF and FFM are detrimental for cycle power output is important to consider in disciplines that demand high levels of aerobic and anaerobic performance. KW - youth competitive sport KW - body fat KW - fat-free mass KW - cycling performance Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003271 SN - 1064-8011 SN - 1533-4287 VL - 35 IS - 11 SP - 3225 EP - 3231 PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins CY - Philadelphia ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schinköth, Michaela A1 - Weymar, Mathias A1 - Brand, Ralf T1 - Listening to the heart BT - Getting closer to the somatic core of affective valuation of exercise through heart rate variability analysis JF - Psychology of sport and exercise N2 - Objective: The affective-reflective theory of physical inactivity and exercise suggests that the mere thought of exercise can lead to an immediate somato-affective response which, if negative, will drive a physically inactive person to maintain his or her current exercise-avoidant behavior. This study aimed to test the assumption that the somatic core of this affective response can be identified by means of heart rate variability (HRV) analysis. Design: This study followed a within-subject experimental design. Method. Participants were 91 adult men and women whose HR and HRV were monitored whilst they viewed exercise-related and control pictures in a laboratory setting. Results: Analyses revealed a decrease in HRV during the viewing of exercise-related pictures in less physically active participants. These participants reported that the same pictures elicited feelings with relatively low affective valence and arousal. There were no changes in HR. KW - Dual-process KW - Motivation KW - Valence KW - Arousal KW - Psychophysiology KW - Self-assessment manikin (SAM) Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.101541 SN - 1469-0292 SN - 1878-5476 VL - 45 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schinköth, Michaela A1 - Brand, Ralf T1 - Automatic associations and the affective valuation of exercise BT - disentangling the type-1 process of the affective–reflective theory of physical inactivity and exercise JF - German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research N2 - The decision to exercise is not only bound to rational considerations but also automatic affective processes. The affective–reflective theory of physical inactivity and exercise (ART) proposes a theoretical framework for explaining how the automatic affective process (type‑1 process) will influence exercise behavior, i.e., through the automatic activation of exercise-related associations and a subsequent affective valuation of exercise. This study aimed to empirically test this assumption of the ART with data from 69 study participants. A single-measurement study, including within-subject experimental variation, was conducted. Automatic associations with exercise were first measured with a single-target implicit association test. The somato-affective core of the participants’ automatic valuation of exercise-related pictures was then assessed via heart rate variability (HRV) analysis, and the affective valence of the valuation was tested with a facial expression (FE; smile and frown) task. Exercise behavior was assessed via self-report. Multiple regression (path) analysis revealed that automatic associations predicted HRV reactivity (β = −0.24, p = .044); the signs of the correlation between automatic associations and the smile FE score was in the expected direction but remained nonsignificant (β = −0.21, p = .078). HRV reactivity predicted self-reported exercise behavior (β = −0.28, p = .013) (the same pattern of results was achieved for the frown FE score). The HRV-related results illustrate the potential role of automatic negative affective reactions to the thought of exercise as a restraining force in exercise motivation. For better empirical distinction between the two ART type‑1 process components, automatic associations and the affective valuation should perhaps be measured separately in the future. The results support the notion that automatic and affective processes should be regarded as essential aspects of the motivation to exercise. KW - Heart rate variability KW - Facial expression KW - Somatic KW - Dual-process KW - Motivation Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-020-00664-9 SN - 2509-3150 SN - 2509-3142 VL - 50 IS - 654 SP - 366 EP - 376 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sandau, Ingo A1 - Granacher, Urs T1 - Effects of the barbell load on the acceleration phase during the snatch in elite Olympic weightlifting JF - Sports N2 - The load-depended loss of vertical barbell velocity at the end of the acceleration phase limits the maximum weight that can be lifted. Thus, the purpose of this study was to analyze how increased barbell loads affect the vertical barbell velocity in the sub-phases of the acceleration phase during the snatch. It was hypothesized that the load-dependent velocity loss at the end of the acceleration phase is primarily associated with a velocity loss during the 1st pull. For this purpose, 14 male elite weightlifters lifted seven load-stages from 70-100% of their personal best in the snatch. The load-velocity relationship was calculated using linear regression analysis to determine the velocity loss at 1st pull, transition, and 2nd pull. A group mean data contrast analysis revealed the highest load-dependent velocity loss for the 1st pull (t = 1.85, p = 0.044, g = 0.49 [-0.05, 1.04]) which confirmed our study hypothesis. In contrast to the group mean data, the individual athlete showed a unique response to increased loads during the acceleration sub-phases of the snatch. With the proposed method, individualized training recommendations on exercise selection and loading schemes can be derived to specifically improve the sub-phases of the snatch acceleration phase. Furthermore, the results highlight the importance of single-subject assessment when working with elite athletes in Olympic weightlifting. KW - biomechanics KW - barbell velocity KW - performance KW - training KW - load-velocity KW - relationship Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/sports8050059 SN - 2075-4663 VL - 8 IS - 5 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sammoud, Senda A1 - Negra, Yassine A1 - Bouguezzi, Raja A1 - Hachana, Younes A1 - Granacher, Urs A1 - Chaabene, Helmi T1 - The effects of plyometric jump training on jump and sport-specific performances in prepubertal female swimmers JF - Journal of exercise science and fitness : JESF : official journal of The Society of Chinese Scholars on Exercise Physiology and Fitness and Hong Kong Association of Sports Medicine & Sports Science N2 - Background/objective Dry land-training (e.g., plyometric jump training) can be a useful mean to improve swimming performance. This study examined the effects of an 8-week plyometric jump training (PJT) program on jump and sport-specific performances in prepubertal female swimmers. Methods Twenty-two girls were randomly assigned to either a plyometric jump training group (PJTG; n = 12, age: 10.01 ± 0.57 years, maturity-offset = -1.50 ± 0.50, body mass = 36.39 ± 6.32 kg, body height = 146.90 ± 7.62 cm, body mass index = 16.50 ± 1.73 kg/m2) or an active control (CG; n = 10, age: 10.50 ± 0.28 years, maturity-offset = -1.34 ± 0.51, body mass = 38.41 ± 9.42 kg, body height = 143.60 ± 5.05 cm, body mass index = 18.48 ± 3.77 kg/m2). Pre- and post-training, tests were conducted for the assessment of muscle power (e.g., countermovement-jump [CMJ], standing-long-jump [SLJ]). Sport-specific-performances were tested using the timed 25 and 50-m front crawl with a diving-start, timed 25-m front crawl without push-off from the wall (25-m WP), and a timed 25-m kick without push-off from the wall (25-m KWP). Results Findings showed a significant main effect of time for the CMJ (d = 0.78), the SLJ (d = 0.91), 25-m front crawl test (d = 2.5), and the 25-m-KWP (d = 1.38) test. Significant group × time interactions were found for CMJ, SLJ, 25-m front crawl, 50-m front crawl, 25-m KWP, and 25-m WP test (d = 0.29–1.63) in favor of PJTG (d = 1.34–3.50). No significant pre-post changes were found for CG (p > 0.05). Conclusion In sum, PJT is effective in improving muscle power and sport-specific performances in prepubertal swimmers. Therefore, PJT should be included from an early start into the regular training program of swimmers. KW - Stretch-shortening cycle KW - Young swimmers KW - Swimming performance Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesf.2020.07.003 SN - 1728-869x VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - 25 EP - 31 PB - Elsevier CY - Singapore ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sallen, Jeffrey A1 - Andrä, Christian A1 - Ludyga, Sebastian A1 - Mücke, Manuel A1 - Herrmann, Christian T1 - School children's physical activity, motor competence, and corresponding self-perception BT - a longitudinal analysis of reciprocal relationships JF - Journal of physical activity and health N2 - Background: The relationship between engagement in physical activity and the development of motor competence (MC) is considered to be reciprocal and dynamic throughout childhood and adolescence. The 10-month follow-up study aimed to explore this reciprocal relationship and investigated whether the relationship is mediated by the corresponding self-perception of MC (PMC). Methods: A total of 51 children aged between 10 and 11 years (M = 10.27 [0.45]) participated in the study (52.9% boys, 47.1% girls). As an indicator for physical activity, the average vigorous physical activity (VPA) per day was measured by ActiGraph accelerometers. Two aspects of MC and PMC were recorded: self-movement and object movement. Saturated pathway models in a cross-lagged panel design with 2 measurement points were analyzed. Results: Reciprocal and direct relationships between VPA and MC object movement respectively MC self-movement were not found in longitudinal analyses with PMC as a mediator. Indirect effects of MC at t1 on VPA at t2 via PMC were identified (self-movement: beta = 0.13, 95% confidence interval, 0.04 to 0.26; object movement: beta = 0.14, 95% confidence interval, 0.01 to 0.49). Conclusion: The results highlight the importance of MC and PMC in promoting children's VPA. However, VPA does not drive the development of MC. KW - MOBAK KW - SEMOK KW - fundamental movement skills KW - motor proficiency Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2019-0507 SN - 1543-3080 SN - 1543-5474 VL - 17 IS - 11 SP - 1083 EP - 1090 PB - Human Kinetics Publ. CY - Champaign ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Saidi, Karim A1 - Zouhal, Hassane A1 - Boullosa, Daniel A1 - Dupont, Gregory A1 - Hackney, Anthony C. A1 - Bideau, Benoit A1 - Granacher, Urs A1 - Ben Abderrahman, Abderraouf T1 - Biochemical markers and wellness status during a congested match play period in elite soccer players JF - International journal of sports physiology and performance : IJSSP N2 - Objectives: To analyze biochemical markers, wellness status, and physical fitness in elite soccer players in relation to changes in training and match exposure during a congested period of match play. Methods: Fourteen elite soccer players were evaluated 3 times (T1, T2, and T3) over 12 weeks (T1-T2: 6-wk regular period of match play and T2-T3: 6-wk congested period of match play). Players performed vertical jump tests, repeated shuttle sprint ability test, and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test at T1, T2, and T3. Plasma C-reactive protein, creatinine, and creatine kinase were analyzed at T1, T2, and T3. Wellness status was measured daily using the Hopper questionnaire (delayed onset of muscle soreness, stress, fatigue, and sleep quality). Training session rating of perceived exertion was also recorded on a daily basis. Results: A significant increase was found in stress, fatigue, delayed onset of muscle soreness scores, and Hopper index during the congested period (between T2 and T3) compared with the regular period (between T1 and T2) (.001 < P < .008, 0.8 < ES < 2.3). Between T2 and T3, significant relationships were found between the percentage variations (Delta%) of C-reactive protein, and Delta% of creatine kinase with the Hopper Index, and the Delta% of fatigue score. In addition, the Delta% of fatigue score and Delta% of delayed onset of muscle soreness score correlated with Delta% Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test and Delta% best of repeated shuttle sprint ability test (.49 < r < P < .01). Conclusions: An intensive period of congested match play significantly compromised elite soccer players' physical fitness and wellness status. Elite soccer players' wellness status reflects declines in physical fitness during this period while biochemical changes do not. KW - training KW - congested calendar KW - overtraining KW - overreaching KW - recovery Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0914 SN - 1555-0265 SN - 1555-0273 VL - 17 IS - 4 SP - 605 EP - 620 PB - Human Kinetics Publ. CY - Champaign ER -