TY - GEN A1 - Palyulin, Vladimir V A1 - Blackburn, George A1 - Lomholt, Michael A A1 - Watkins, Nicholas W A1 - Metzler, Ralf A1 - Klages, Rainer A1 - Chechkin, Aleksei V. T1 - First passage and first hitting times of Lévy flights and Lévy walks T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - For both Lévy flight and Lévy walk search processes we analyse the full distribution of first-passage and first-hitting (or first-arrival) times. These are, respectively, the times when the particle moves across a point at some given distance from its initial position for the first time, or when it lands at a given point for the first time. For Lévy motions with their propensity for long relocation events and thus the possibility to jump across a given point in space without actually hitting it ('leapovers'), these two definitions lead to significantly different results. We study the first-passage and first-hitting time distributions as functions of the Lévy stable index, highlighting the different behaviour for the cases when the first absolute moment of the jump length distribution is finite or infinite. In particular we examine the limits of short and long times. Our results will find their application in the mathematical modelling of random search processes as well as computer algorithms. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 785 KW - Lévy flights KW - Lévy walks KW - first-passage time KW - first-hitting time Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-439832 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 785 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Archambault, S. A1 - Archer, A. A1 - Benbow, W. A1 - Buchovecky, M. A1 - Bugaev, V. A1 - Cerruti, M. A1 - Connolly, M. P. A1 - Cui, W. A1 - Falcone, A. A1 - Alonso, M. Fernandez A1 - Finley, J. P. A1 - Fleischhack, H. A1 - Fortson, L. A1 - Furniss, A. A1 - Griffin, S. A1 - Hutten, M. A1 - Hervet, O. A1 - Holder, J. A1 - Humensky, T. B. A1 - Johnson, C. A. A1 - Kaaret, P. A1 - Kar, P. A1 - Kieda, D. A1 - Krause, M. A1 - Krennrich, F. A1 - Lang, M. J. A1 - Lin, T. T. Y. A1 - Maier, G. A1 - McArthur, S. A1 - Moriarty, P. A1 - Nieto, D. A1 - Ong, R. A. A1 - Otte, A. N. A1 - Pohl, M. A1 - Popkow, A. A1 - Pueschel, Elisa A1 - Quinn, J. A1 - Ragan, K. A1 - Reynolds, P. T. A1 - Richards, G. T. A1 - Roache, E. A1 - Rovero, A. C. A1 - Sadeh, I. A1 - Shahinyan, K. A1 - Staszak, D. A1 - Telezhinsky, Igor O. A1 - Tyler, J. A1 - Wakely, S. P. A1 - Weinstein, A. A1 - Weisgarber, T. A1 - Wilcox, P. A1 - Wilhelm, Alina A1 - Williams, D. A. A1 - Zitzer, B. T1 - Search for Magnetically Broadened Cascade Emission from Blazars with VERITAS JF - The astrophysical journal : an international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics N2 - We present a search for magnetically broadened gamma-ray emission around active galactic nuclei (AGNs), using VERITAS observations of seven hard-spectrum blazars. A cascade process occurs when multi-TeV gamma-rays from an AGN interact with extragalactic background light (EBL) photons to produce electron-positron pairs, which then interact with cosmic microwave background photons via inverse-Compton scattering to produce gamma-rays. Due to the deflection of the electron- positron pairs, a non-zero intergalactic magnetic field (IGMF) would potentially produce detectable effects on the angular distribution of the cascade emission. In particular, an angular broadening compared to the unscattered emission could occur. Through non-detection of angularly broadened emission from 1ES 1218 vertical bar 304, the source with the largest predicted cascade fraction, we exclude a range of IGMF strengths around 10(-14) G at the 95% confidence level. The extent of the exclusion range varies with the assumptions made about the intrinsic spectrum of 1ES. 1218+304 and the EBL model used in the simulation of the cascade process. All of the sources are used to set limits on the flux due to extended emission. KW - BL Lacertae objects: general KW - galaxies: active KW - gamma rays: galaxies KW - magnetic fields Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/835/2/288 SN - 0004-637X SN - 1538-4357 VL - 835 IS - 2 PB - IOP Publ. Ltd. CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Aydiner, Ekrem A1 - Cherstvy, Andrey G. A1 - Metzler, Ralf T1 - Money distribution in agent-based models with position-exchange dynamics BT - the Pareto paradigm revisited JF - The European physical journal : B, Condensed matter and complex systems N2 - Wealth and income distributions are known to feature country-specific Pareto exponents for their long power-law tails. To propose a rationale for this, we introduce an agent-based dynamic model and use Monte Carlo simulations to unveil the wealth distributions in closed and open economical systems. The standard money-exchange scenario is supplemented with the position-exchange agent dynamics that vitally affects the Pareto law. Specifically, in closed systems with position-exchange dynamics the power law changes to an exponential shape, while for open systems with traps the Pareto law remains valid. KW - Statistical and Nonlinear Physics Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2019-90674-0 SN - 1434-6028 SN - 1434-6036 VL - 92 IS - 5 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ty, Alexander J. A. A1 - Fang, Zheng A1 - Gonzalez, Rivver A. A1 - Rozdeba, Paul J. A1 - Abarbanel, Henry D. T1 - Machine learning of time series using time-delay embedding and precision annealing JF - Neural Computation N2 - Tasking machine learning to predict segments of a time series requires estimating the parameters of a ML model with input/output pairs from the time series. We borrow two techniques used in statistical data assimilation in order to accomplish this task: time-delay embedding to prepare our input data and precision annealing as a training method. The precision annealing approach identifies the global minimum of the action (-log[P]). In this way, we are able to identify the number of training pairs required to produce good generalizations (predictions) for the time series. We proceed from a scalar time series s(tn);tn=t0+n Delta t and, using methods of nonlinear time series analysis, show how to produce a DE>1-dimensional time-delay embedding space in which the time series has no false neighbors as does the observed s(tn) time series. In that DE-dimensional space, we explore the use of feedforward multilayer perceptrons as network models operating on DE-dimensional input and producing DE-dimensional outputs. Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_01224 SN - 0899-7667 SN - 1530-888X VL - 31 IS - 10 SP - 2004 EP - 2024 PB - MIT Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Powierza, Bartosz A1 - Gollwitzer, Christian A1 - Wolgast, Dagmar A1 - Staude, Andreas A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Fully experiment-based evaluation of few digital volume correlation techniques JF - Review of scientific instruments : a monthly journal devoted to scientific instruments, apparatus, and techniques N2 - Digital Volume Correlation (DVC) is a powerful set of techniques used to compute the local shifts of 3D images obtained, for instance, in tomographic experiments. It is utilized to analyze the geometric changes of the investigated object as well as to correct the corresponding image misalignments for further analysis. It can therefore be used to evaluate the local density changes of the same regions of the inspected specimens, which might be shifted between measurements. In recent years, various approaches and corresponding pieces of software were introduced. Accuracies for the computed shift vectors of up to about 1 parts per thousand of a single voxel size have been reported. These results, however, were based either on synthetic datasets or on an unrealistic setup. In this work, we propose two simple methods to evaluate the accuracy of DVC-techniques using more realistic input data and apply them to several DVC programs. We test these methods on three materials (tuff, sandstone, and concrete) that show different contrast and structural features. Published under license by AIP Publishing. Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5099572 SN - 0034-6748 SN - 1089-7623 VL - 90 IS - 11 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville ER - TY - THES A1 - Hanf, Franziska Stefanie T1 - South Asian summer monsoon variability: a modelling study with the atmospheric regional climate model HIRHAM5 T1 - Variabilität des Südasiatischen Sommermonsuns: eine Modellstudie mit dem regionalen Atmosphärenmodell HIRHAM5 N2 - The lives of more than 1/6 th of the world population is directly affected by the caprices of the South Asian summer monsoon rainfall. India receives around 78 % of the annual precipitation during the June-September months, the summer monsoon season of South Asia. But, the monsoon circulation is not consistent throughout the entire summer season. Episodes of heavy rainfall (active periods) and low rainfall (break periods) are inherent to the intraseasonal variability of the South Asian summer monsoon. Extended breaks or long-lasting dryness can result in droughts and hence trigger crop failures and in turn famines. Furthermore, India's electricity generation from renewable sources (wind and hydro-power), which is increasingly important in order to satisfy the rapidly rising demand for energy, is highly reliant on the prevailing meteorology. The major drought years 2002 and 2009 for the Indian summer monsoon during the last decades, which are results of the occurrence of multiple extended breaks, emphasise exemplary that the understanding of the monsoon system and its intraseasonal variation is of greatest importance. Although, numerous studies based on observations, reanalysis data and global model simulations have been carried out with the focus on monsoon active and break phases over India, the understanding of the monsoon intraseasonal variability is only in the infancy stage. Regional climate models could benefit the comprehension of monsoon breaks by its resolution advantage. This study investigates moist dynamical processes that initiate and maintain breaks during the South Asian summer monsoon using the atmospheric regional climate model HIRHAM5 at a horizontal resolution of 25 km forced by the ECMWF ERA Interim reanalysis for the period 1979-2012. By calculating moisture and moist static energy budgets the various competing mechanisms leading to extended breaks are quantitatively estimated. Advection of dry air from the deserts of western Asia towards central India is the dominant moist dynamical process in initiating extended break conditions over South Asia. Once initiated, the extended breaks are maintained due to many competing mechanisms: (i) the anomalous easterlies at the southern flank of this anticyclonic anomaly weaken the low-level cross-equatorial jet and thus the moisture transport into the monsoon region, (ii) differential radiative heating over the continental and the oceanic tropical convergence zone induces a local Hadley circulation with anomalous rising over the equatorial Indian Ocean and descent over central India, and (iii) a cyclonic response to positive rainfall anomalies over the near-equatorial Indian Ocean amplifies the anomalous easterlies over India and hence contributes to the low-level divergence over central India. A sensitivity experiment that mimics a scenario of higher atmospheric aerosol concentrations over South Asia addresses a current issue of large uncertainty: the role aerosols play in suppressing monsoon rainfall and hence in triggering breaks. To study the indirect aerosol effects the cloud droplet number concentration was increased to imitate the aerosol's function as cloud condensation nuclei. The sensitivity experiment with altered microphysical cloud properties shows a reduction in the summer monsoon precipitation together with a weakening of the South Asian summer monsoon. Several physical mechanisms are proposed to be responsible for the suppressed monsoon rainfall: (i) according to the first indirect radiative forcing the increase in the number of cloud droplets causes an increase in the cloud reflectivity of solar radiation, leading to a climate cooling over India which in turn reduces the hydrological cycle, (ii) a stabilisation of the troposphere induced by a differential cooling between the surface and the upper troposphere over central India inhibits the growth of deep convective rain clouds, (iii) an increase of the amount of low and mid-level clouds together with a decrease in high-level cloud amount amplify the surface cooling and hence the atmospheric stability, and (iv) dynamical changes of the monsoon manifested as a anomalous anticyclonic circulation over India reduce the moisture transport into the monsoon region. The study suggests that the changes in the total precipitation, which are dominated by changes in the convective precipitation, mainly result from the indirect radiative forcing. Suppression of rainfall due to the direct microphysical effect is found to be negligible over India. Break statistics of the polluted cloud scenario indicate an increase in the occurrence of short breaks (3 days), while the frequency of extended breaks (> 7 days) is clearly not affected. This disproves the hypothesis that more and smaller cloud droplets, caused by a high load of atmospheric aerosols trigger long drought conditions over central India. N2 - Das Leben von mehr als 1/6 der Weltbevölkerung wird direkt von den Kapriolen des Südasiatischen Sommermonsuns beeinflusst. Während der Sommermonsunzeit Südasiens von Juni bis September fällt allein in Indien ungefähr 78 % des Gesamtjahresniederschlags. Jedoch kennzeichnet der Monsun keine Phase von Dauerregenfällen. Vielmehr ist er von einzelnen Perioden mit hohen Niederschlagsmengen (aktive Monsunphasen) und geringen Niederschlagsmengen (Monsun-Unterbrechungsphasen) geprägt. Langanhaltende Monsun-Unterbrechungen können zu Dürren und damit zu Ernteausfällen, Hungersnöten und Einbußen in der Wirtschaft des Landes führen. Ebenso ist Indiens Stromerzeugung aus erneuerbaren Energien (Wind- und Wasserkraft), die eine Schlüsselkomponente in Indiens zukünftiger Energiestrategie spielt, direkt von den vorherrschenden Wettersituationen abhängig. Daher ist die Erforschung der intrasaisonalen Variabilität des Süd-asiatischen Sommermonsuns von enormer Wichtigkeit. Obwohl bereits zahlreiche Studien mit Fokus auf dem Wechsel von Aktiv- und Unterbrechungsphasen unter Verwendung von Beobachtungs- und Reanalysedaten und globalen Modellsimulationen existieren, steckt das Verständnis der intrasaisonalen Variabilität des Südasiatischen Sommermonsuns in seinen Anfängen. Die höhere Auflösung von Simulationen mit regionalen Klimamodellen kann zu einer Verbesserung des Verständnisses der Ursache von langanhaltenden Monsun-Unterbrechungsphasen beitragen. In dieser Arbeit werden speziell die feucht-dynamischen Prozesse, die Unterbrechungsphasen des Südasiatischen Sommermonsuns über Indien initiieren und aufrechterhalten, mit Hilfe des regionalen Atmosphärenmodells HIRHAM5 untersucht. Die Durchführung von Budget Studien ermöglicht die quantitative Abschätzung der verschiedenen konkurrierenden Mechanismen. Advektion von trockener Luft aus den Wüsten Westasiens nach Zentral-Indien wird als der dominierende Prozess für die Entstehung von Monsun-Unterbrechungen identifiziert. Diese Studie zeigt, dass für die Aufrechterhaltung von Unterbrechungsphasen abweichende Zirkulationsstrukturen, ausgelöst durch anormale strahlungsbedingte Erwärmungsmuster, verantwortlich sind. Zum einen beeinträchtigen abgeschwächte Westwinde über Süd-Indien und dem Arabischen Meer den Feuchtigkeitstransport in die Monsunregion, zum anderen führt eine lokal ausgeprägte Hadley-Zelle mit aufsteigenden (absinkenden) Luftmassen über dem zentralen äquatorialen Indischen Ozean (Zentral-Indien) zur Zunahme der atmosphärischen Stabilität und somit zur Hemmung von vertikalem Wolkenwachstum über Zentral-Indien. Gegenwärtige Studien beschäftigen sich mit der Frage, ob hohe Konzentrationen an atmosphärischen Aerosolen lange Dürreperioden über Indien steuern können. Ein durchgeführtes Sensitivitätsexperiment, welches ein Szenario von erhöhten atmosphärischen Aerosolkonzentrationen durch eine veränderte Anzahl an Wolkentropfen über Südasien imitiert, analysiert die Auswirkungen indirekter Aerosoleffekte auf den mittleren Südasiatischen Sommermonsun und dessen intrasaisonaler Variabilität. Die Zunahme der Wolkentropfenkonzentration führt in Zusammenhang mit einer Abschwächung des Südasiatischen Sommermonsuns zu einer Reduktion der Sommerniederschläge über Zentral-Indien. Das Experiment zeigt, dass die Unterdrückung der Monsunregenfälle hauptsächlich durch eine gehemmte Bildung von hochreichenden Konvektionswolken durch die indirekte Strahlungswirkung von Aerosolen hervorgerufen wird. Eine statistische Analyse der Häufigkeit von Monsun-Unterbrechungsphasen in dem „verschmutzten“ Wolkenszenario zeigt zwar eine Zunahme in dem Vorkommen von kurzen Monsun-Unterbrechungsphasen (3 Tage), jedoch eine Abnahme in der Häufigkeit von langanhaltenden Monsun-Unterbrechungsphasen (> 7 Tage). Dies führt zu der Schlussfolgerung, dass mehr und kleinere Wolkentropfen, verursacht durch hohe atmosphärischen Aerosolansammlungen, keine ausgedehnten Trockenphasen über Zentral-Indien auslösen. KW - South Asian summer monsoon KW - monsoon breaks KW - moist static energy KW - regional climate model KW - model tuning KW - aerosols KW - Südasiatischen Sommermonsun KW - Monsun-Unterbrechungen KW - Indien KW - Budgetstudien KW - Aerosole Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-89331 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tyulkina, Irina A1 - Goldobin, Denis S. A1 - Klimenko, Lyudmila S. A1 - Pikovskij, Arkadij T1 - Dynamics of noisy oscillator populations beyond the Ott-Antonsen Ansatz JF - Physical review letters N2 - We develop an approach for the description of the dynamics of large populations of phase oscillators based on "circular cumulants" instead of the Kuramoto-Daido order parameters. In the thermodynamic limit, these variables yield a simple representation of the Ott-Antonsen invariant solution [E. Ott and T. M. Antonsen, Chaos 18, 037113 (2008)] and appear appropriate for constructing perturbation theory on top of the Ott-Antonsen ansatz. We employ this approach to study the impact of small intrinsic noise on the dynamics. As a result, a closed system of equations for the two leading cumulants, describing the dynamics of noisy ensembles, is derived. We exemplify the general theory by presenting the effect of noise on the Kuramoto system and on a chimera state in two symmetrically coupled populations. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.264101 SN - 0031-9007 SN - 1079-7114 VL - 120 IS - 26 PB - American Physical Society CY - College Park ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pohl, Martin A1 - Macias, Oscar A1 - Coleman, Phaedra A1 - Gordon, Chris T1 - Assessing the impact of hydrogen absorption on the characteristics of the Galactic center excess JF - The astrophysical journal : an international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics N2 - We present a new reconstruction of the distribution of atomic hydrogen in the inner Galaxy that is based on explicit radiation transport modeling of line and continuum emission and a gas-flow model in the barred Galaxy that provides distance resolution for lines of sight toward the Galactic center. The main benefits of the new gas model are (a) the ability to reproduce the negative line signals seen with the HI4PI survey and (b) the accounting for gas that primarily manifests itself through absorption. We apply the new model of Galactic atomic hydrogen to an analysis of the diffuse gamma-ray emission from the inner Galaxy, for which an excess at a few GeV was reported that may be related to dark matter. We find with high significance an improved fit to the diffuse gamma-ray emission observed with the Fermi-LAT, if our new H i model is used to estimate the cosmic-ray induced diffuse gamma-ray emission. The fit still requires a nuclear bulge at high significance. Once this is included there is no evidence of a dark-matter signal, be it cuspy or cored. But an additional so-called boxy bulge is still favored by the data. This finding is robust under the variation of various parameters, for example, the excitation temperature of atomic hydrogen, and a number of tests for systematic issues. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac6032 SN - 0004-637X SN - 1538-4357 VL - 929 IS - 2 PB - IOP Publ. Ltd. CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Benduhn, Johannes A1 - Piersimoni, Fortunato A1 - Londi, Giacomo A1 - Kirch, Anton A1 - Widmer, Johannes A1 - Koerner, Christian A1 - Beljonne, David A1 - Neher, Dieter A1 - Spoltore, Donato A1 - Vandewal, Koen T1 - Impact of triplet excited states on the open-circuit voltage of organic solar cells JF - dvanced energy materials N2 - The best organic solar cells (OSCs) achieve comparable peak external quantum efficiencies and fill factors as conventional photovoltaic devices. However, their voltage losses are much higher, in particular those due to nonradiative recombination. To investigate the possible role of triplet states on the donor or acceptor materials in this process, model systems comprising Zn- and Cu-phthalocyanine (Pc), as well as fluorinated versions of these donors, combined with C-60 as acceptor are studied. Fluorination allows tuning the energy level alignment between the lowest energy triplet state (T-1) and the charge-transfer (CT) state, while the replacement of Zn by Cu as the central metal in the Pcs leads to a largely enhanced spin-orbit coupling. Only in the latter case, a substantial influence of the triplet state on the nonradiative voltage losses is observed. In contrast, it is found that for a large series of typical OSC materials, the relative energy level alignment between T-1 and the CT state does not substantially affect nonradiative voltage losses. KW - charge-transfer states KW - nonradiative voltage losses KW - organic solar cells KW - triplet excited states Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201800451 SN - 1614-6832 SN - 1614-6840 VL - 8 IS - 21 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stojkoski, Viktor A1 - Jolakoski, Petar A1 - Pal, Arnab A1 - Sandev, Trifce A1 - Kocarev, Ljupco A1 - Metzler, Ralf T1 - Income inequality and mobility in geometric Brownian motion with stochastic resetting: theoretical results and empirical evidence of non-ergodicity JF - Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, physical and engineering sciences N2 - We explore the role of non-ergodicity in the relationship between income inequality, the extent of concentration in the income distribution, and income mobility, the feasibility of an individual to change their position in the income rankings. For this purpose, we use the properties of an established model for income growth that includes 'resetting' as a stabilizing force to ensure stationary dynamics. We find that the dynamics of inequality is regime-dependent: it may range from a strictly non-ergodic state where this phenomenon has an increasing trend, up to a stable regime where inequality is steady and the system efficiently mimics ergodicity. Mobility measures, conversely, are always stable over time, but suggest that economies become less mobile in non-ergodic regimes. By fitting the model to empirical data for the income share of the top earners in the USA, we provide evidence that the income dynamics in this country is consistently in a regime in which non-ergodicity characterizes inequality and immobility. Our results can serve as a simple rationale for the observed real-world income dynamics and as such aid in addressing non-ergodicity in various empirical settings across the globe.This article is part of the theme issue 'Kinetic exchange models of societies and economies'. KW - income inequality KW - income mobility KW - geometric Brownian motion KW - non-ergodicity KW - stochastic resetting Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2021.0157 SN - 1364-503X SN - 1471-2962 VL - 380 IS - 2224 PB - Royal Society CY - London ER -