TY - JOUR A1 - Romano, Francesco T1 - TTIP and Free Trade Agreements between the European Union and Thrid Countries JF - Developing Intra-regional Exchanges through the Abolition of Commercial and Tariff Barriers : Myth or Reality? (Cultures juridiques et politiques ; 10) JF - L’abolition des barrières commerciales et tarifaires dans la région de l’Océan indien : Mythe ou réalité? (Cultures juridiques et politiques ; 10) Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-2-8076-0126-0 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3726/978-2-8076-0127-7 SN - 2235-1078 SP - 79 EP - 95 PB - Lang CY - Bruxelles ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Arajärvi, Noora T1 - The Rule of Law in the 2030 Agenda T2 - KFG Working Paper Series N2 - The rule of law is the cornerstone of the international legal system. This paper shows, through analysis of intergovernmental instruments, statements made by representatives of States, and negotiation records, that the rule of law at the United Nations has become increasingly contested in the past years. More precisely, the argument builds on the process of integrating the notion of the rule of law into the Sustainable Development Goals, adopted in September 2015 in the document Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The main sections set out the background of the rule of law debate at the UN, the elements of the rule of law at the goal- and target-levels in the 2030 Agenda – especially in the SDG 16 –, and evaluate whether the rule of law in this context may be viewed as a normative and universal foundation of international law. The paper concludes, with reflections drawn from the process leading up to the 2030 Agenda and the final outcome document that the rule of law – or at least strong and precise formulations of the concept – may be in decline in institutional and normative settings. This can be perceived as symptomatic of a broader crisis of the international legal order. T3 - KFG Working Paper Series - 9 KW - international law KW - rule of law KW - SDGs KW - SDG 16 KW - sustainable development goals KW - Agenda 2030 KW - United Nations KW - OWG Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-421906 SN - 2509-3770 SN - 2509-3762 IS - 9 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Romero-Sánchez, Mónica A1 - Megías, Jesús L A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - The role of alcohol and victim sexual interest in Spanish students' perceptions of sexual assault N2 - Two studies investigated the effects of information related to rape myths on Spanish college students’ perceptions of sexual assault. In Study 1, 92 participants read a vignette about a nonconsensual sexual encounter and rated whether it was a sexual assault and how much the woman was to blame. In the scenario, the man either used physical force or offered alcohol to the woman to overcome her resistance. Rape myth acceptance (RMA) was measured as an individual difference variable. Participants were more convinced that the incident was a sexual assault and blamed the woman less when the man had used force rather than offering her alcohol. In Study 2, 164 college students read a scenario in which the woman rejected a man’s sexual advances after having either accepted or turned down his offer of alcohol. In addition, the woman was either portrayed as being sexually attracted to him or there was no mention of her sexual interest. Participants’ RMA was again included. High RMA participants blamed the victim more than low RMA participants and were less certain that the incident was a sexual assault, especially when the victim had accepted alcohol and was described as being sexually attracted to the man. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the prevention and legal prosecution of sexual assault. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 371 KW - sexual assault KW - rape myth acceptance KW - alcohol KW - victim blame KW - token resistance Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-403230 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Arajärvi, Noora T1 - The Requisite Rigour in the Identification of Customary International Law BT - A Look at the Reports of the Special Rapporteur of the International Law Commission T2 - KFG Working Paper Series N2 - Over the last few decades, the methodology for the identification of customary international law (CIL) has been changing. Both elements of CIL – practice and opinio juris – have assumed novel and broader forms, as noted in the Reports of the Special Rapporteur of the International Law Commission (2013, 2014, 2015, 2016). This paper discusses these Reports and the draft conclusions, and reaction by States in the Sixth Committee of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), highlighting the areas of consensus and contestation. This ties to the analysis of the main doctrinal positions, with special attention being given to the two elements of CIL, and the role of the UNGA resolutions. The underlying motivation is to assess the real or perceived crisis of CIL, and the author develops the broader argument maintaining that in order to retain unity within international law, the internal limits of CIL must be carefully asserted. T3 - KFG Working Paper Series - 6 KW - international law KW - customary international law KW - United Nations KW - International Law Commission KW - Special Rapporteur KW - state practice KW - opinio juris Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-420742 SN - 2509-3770 SN - 2509-3762 IS - 6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lettl, Tobias T1 - The Meaning of Undistorted Competition on a Common Market and the Rules for its Maintenance using the Example of the European Union Competition Rules JF - Developing Intra-regional Exchanges through the Abolition of Commercial and Tariff Barriers : Myth or Reality? (Cultures juridiques et politiques ; 10) JF - L’abolition des barrières commerciales et tarifaires dans la région de l’Océan indien : Mythe ou réalité? (Cultures juridiques et politiques ; 10) Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-2-8076-0126-0 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3726/978-2-8076-0127-7 SN - 2235-1078 SP - 65 EP - 77 PB - Lang CY - Bruxelles ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Nolte, Georg T1 - The International Law Commission and Community Interests T2 - KFG Working Paper Series N2 - The paper looks at community interests in international law from the perspective of the International Law Commission. As the topics of the Commission are diverse, the outcome of its work is often seen as providing a sense of direction regarding general aspects of international law. After defining what he understands by “community interests”, the author looks at both secondary and primary rules of international law, as they have been articulated by the Commission, as well as their relevance for the recognition and implementation of community interests. The picture which emerges only partly fits the widespread narrative of “from self-interest to community interest”. Whereas the Commission has recognized, or developed, certain primary rules which more fully articulate community interests, it has been reluctant to reformulate secondary rules of international law, with the exception of jus cogens. The Commission has more recently rather insisted that the traditional State-consent-oriented secondary rules concerning the formation of customary international law and regarding the interpretation of treaties continue to be valid in the face of other actors and forms of action which push towards the recognition of more and thicker community interests. T3 - KFG Working Paper Series - 7 Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-421875 SN - 2509-3770 SN - 2509-3762 IS - 7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hamou, Sarah T1 - The Indian Ocean BT - A strategic Maritime Space for Trade JF - Developing Intra-regional Exchanges through the Abolition of Commercial and Tariff Barriers : Myth or Reality? (Cultures juridiques et politiques ; 10) JF - L’abolition des barrières commerciales et tarifaires dans la région de l’Océan indien : Mythe ou réalité? (Cultures juridiques et politiques ; 10) Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-2-8076-0126-0 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3726/978-2-8076-0127-7 SN - 2235-1078 SP - 425 EP - 433 PB - Lang CY - Bruxelles ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Damen, Juliane A1 - Köhler, Lena A1 - Woodard, Sean T1 - The Human Right of Privacy in the Digital Age T2 - Staat, Recht und Politik – Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere N2 - The right to privacy in the digital age generates new challenges for the international jurisdiction. The following article deals with such challenges. Therefore it firstly defines the term of privacy in general and presents an international legal framework. With whisteblower Snowden a huge political discourse was initiated and the article gives insights into its further development. In 2015 the Human Rights Council for the first time announced a special rapporteur on the right to privacy. However, the discourse is not only taking place on a political level, also civil society organizations advocate more stringent regulations and prosecutions against violations of the right to privacy. Moreover the importance of the technology sector becomes clear. Companies like Microsoft are increasingly taking responsibility to protect digital media against unjustified data misuse, surveillance, collection and storage. But whereas the IT sector is developing very quickly, legislative processes do so rather slowly. Lastly, the individual is also hold to account. To protect oneself against data misuse is to a great extent acting self-responsible. Still, therefore information on protection must be clear and accessible for everyone. N2 - Das Recht auf Privatsphäre im digitalen Zeitalter stellt die internationale Gerichtsbarkeit vor neue Herausforderungen. Der nachfolgende Artikel beschäftigt sich mit diesen Herausforderungen. Er definiert „Privatsphäre“ und zeigt internationale rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen auf. Der seit Whisteblowern wie Snowden angestoßene internationale politische Diskurs und dessen Entwicklung werden beleuchtet. Der Menschenrechtsrat der Vereinten Nationen bestimmte im April 2015 erstmals einen Sonderberichterstatter für das Recht auf Privatsphäre. Jedoch findet der Diskurs nicht nur auf politischer Ebene statt: Auch zivilgesellschaftliche Organisationen setzten sich zunehmend für strengere Vorschriften und Strafverfolgungsmaßnahmen für Verstöße gegen das Recht auf Privatsphäre ein. Zudem wird auch die Bedeutung des IT-Bereichs deutlich. Technologieunternehmen wie Microsoft sehen sich zunehmend in der Verantwortung, digitale Medien gegen nicht gerechtfertigte Datenmissbrauch, Überwachungsmaßnahmen und Datensammlung zu schützen. Der IT-Bereich entwickelt sich sehr schnell – die Gesetzgebung hingegen sehr schleppend. Zuletzt wird auch die einzelne Person in Verantwortung gezogen. Sich selbst weit möglichst gegen Datenmissbrauch zu schützen, liegt bislang in der Hand des Einzelnen. Informationen zum Schutz müssen jedoch deutlich und zugänglich sein. T3 - Staat, Recht und Politik – Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere = State, Law, and Politics - Research and Discussion Papers - 3 Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-399265 SN - 2509-6974 IS - 3 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kappler, Johannes T1 - The Free Flow of Financial Services in Europa and the Access of Non-European Financial Service Providers to the European Market JF - Developing Intra-regional Exchanges through the Abolition of Commercial and Tariff Barriers : Myth or Reality? (Cultures juridiques et politiques ; 10) JF - L’abolition des barrières commerciales et tarifaires dans la région de l’Océan indien : Mythe ou réalité? (Cultures juridiques et politiques ; 10) Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-2-8076-0126-0 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3726/978-2-8076-0127-7 SN - 2235-1078 SP - 97 EP - 114 PB - Lang CY - Bruxelles ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rudakouskaya, Alena A1 - Stage, Diana A1 - Storey, Jessica T1 - Offences against the person BT - a comparative overview of the German, English and Belarusian criminal law JF - studere : Rechtszeitschrift der Universität Potsdam Y1 - 2017 SN - 1867-6170 VL - 2017 IS - 18 SP - 38 EP - 43 PB - studere e.V. CY - Potsdam ER -