TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Sommer, Werner T1 - Parafoveal-on-Foveal Effects of Emotional Word Semantics in Reading Chinese Sentences: Evidence From Eye Movements JF - Journal of experimental psychology : Learning, memory, and cognition N2 - Despite the well-known influence of emotional meaning on cognition, relatively less is known about its effects on reading behavior. We investigated whether fixation behavior during the reading of Chinese sentences is influenced by emotional word meaning in the parafovea. Two-character target words embedded into the same sentence frames provided emotionally positive, negative, or neutral contents. Fixation durations on neutral pretarget words were prolonged for positive parafoveal words and for highly frequent negative parafoveal words. In addition, fixation durations on foveal emotional words were shorter than those on neutral words. We also found that the role of emotional words varied as a function of their valence during foveal and parafoveal processing. These findings suggest a processing advantage for emotional words relative to emotionally neutral stimuli in foveal and parafoveal vision. We discuss implications for the notion of attention attraction due to emotional content. KW - parafoveal vision KW - emotion KW - reading KW - Chinese Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000095 SN - 0278-7393 SN - 1939-1285 VL - 41 IS - 4 SP - 1237 EP - 1243 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laubrock, Jochen A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - The eye-voice span during reading aloud JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Although eye movements during reading are modulated by cognitive processing demands, they also reflect visual sampling of the input, and possibly preparation of output for speech or the inner voice. By simultaneously recording eye movements and the voice during reading aloud, we obtained an output measure that constrains the length of time spent on cognitive processing. Here we investigate the dynamics of the eye-voice span (EVS), the distance between eye and voice. We show that the EVS is regulated immediately during fixation of a word by either increasing fixation duration or programming a regressive eye movement against the reading direction. EVS size at the beginning of a fixation was positively correlated with the likelihood of regressions and refixations. Regression probability was further increased if the EVS was still large at the end of a fixation: if adjustment of fixation duration did not sufficiently reduce the EVS during a fixation, then a regression rather than a refixation followed with high probability. We further show that the EVS can help understand cognitive influences on fixation duration during reading: in mixed model analyses, the EVS was a stronger predictor of fixation durations than either word frequency or word length. The EVS modulated the influence of several other predictors on single fixation durations (SFDs). For example, word-N frequency effects were larger with a large EVS, especially when word N-1 frequency was low. Finally, a comparison of SFDs during oral and silent reading showed that reading is governed by similar principles in both reading modes, although EVS maintenance and articulatory processing also cause some differences. In summary, the EVS is regulated by adjusting fixation duration and/or by programming a regressive eye movement when the EVS gets too large. Overall, the EVS appears to be directly related to updating of the working memory buffer during reading. KW - reading KW - eye movements KW - eye-voice span KW - synchronization KW - working memory updating KW - psychologinguistics Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01437 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 6 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Husain, Samar A1 - Vasishth, Shravan A1 - Srinivasan, Narayanan T1 - Integration and prediction difficulty in Hindi sentence comprehension: Evidence from an eye-tracking corpus JF - Journal of Eye Movement Research N2 - This is the first attempt at characterizing reading difficulty in Hindi using naturally occurring sentences. We created the Potsdam-Allahabad Hindi Eyetracking Corpus by recording eye-movement data from 30 participants at the University of Allahabad, India. The target stimuli were 153 sentences selected from the beta version of the Hindi-Urdu treebank. We find that word- or low-level predictors (syllable length, unigram and bigram frequency) affect first-pass reading times, regression path duration, total reading time, and outgoing saccade length. An increase in syllable length results in longer fixations, and an increase in word unigram and bigram frequency leads to shorter fixations. Longer syllable length and higher frequency lead to longer outgoing saccades. We also find that two predictors of sentence comprehension difficulty, integration and storage cost, have an effect on reading difficulty. Integration cost (Gibson, 2000) was approximated by calculating the distance (in words) between a dependent and head; and storage cost (Gibson, 2000), which measures difficulty of maintaining predictions, was estimated by counting the number of predicted heads at each point in the sentence. We find that integration cost mainly affects outgoing saccade length, and storage cost affects total reading times and outgoing saccade length. Thus, word-level predictors have an effect in both early and late measures of reading time, while predictors of sentence comprehension difficulty tend to affect later measures. This is, to our knowledge, the first demonstration using eye-tracking that both integration and storage cost influence reading difficulty. KW - reading KW - Hindi KW - eye-tracking KW - sentence comprehension KW - integration cost KW - storage cost Y1 - 2015 SN - 1995-8692 VL - 8 IS - 2 PB - International Group for Eye Movement Research CY - Bern ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hohenstein, Sven A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Semantic preview benefit during reading JF - Journal of experimental psychology : Learning, memory, and cognition N2 - Word features in parafoveal vision influence eye movements during reading. The question of whether readers extract semantic information from parafoveal words was studied in 3 experiments by using a gaze-contingent display change technique. Subjects read German sentences containing 1 of several preview words that were replaced by a target word during the saccade to the preview (boundary paradigm). In the 1st experiment the preview word was semantically related or unrelated to the target. Fixation durations on the target were shorter for semantically related than unrelated previews, consistent with a semantic preview benefit. In the 2nd experiment, half the sentences were presented following the rules of German spelling (i.e., previews and targets were printed with an initial capital letter), and the other half were presented completely in lowercase. A semantic preview benefit was obtained under both conditions. In the 3rd experiment, we introduced 2 further preview conditions, an identical word and a pronounceable nonword, while also manipulating the text contrast. Whereas the contrast had negligible effects, fixation durations on the target were reliably different for all 4 types of preview. Semantic preview benefits were greater for pretarget fixations closer to the boundary (large preview space) and, although not as consistently, for long pretarget fixation durations (long preview time). The results constrain theoretical proposals about eye movement control in reading. KW - eye movements KW - reading KW - semantic preview benefit KW - parafoveal processing KW - display change awareness Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033670 SN - 0278-7393 SN - 1939-1285 VL - 40 IS - 1 SP - 166 EP - 190 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Risse, Sarah T1 - Effects of visual span on reading speed and parafoveal processing in eye movements during sentence reading JF - Journal of vision KW - eyetracking KW - reading KW - visual span profiles KW - crowding KW - reading speed KW - preview benefit KW - parafoveal vision Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1167/14.8.11 SN - 1534-7362 VL - 14 IS - 8 PB - Association for Research in Vision and Opthalmology CY - Rockville ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fernandez, Gerardo A1 - Shalom, Diego E. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Sigman, Mariano T1 - Eye movements during reading proverbs and regular sentences: the incoming word predictability effect JF - Language, cognition and neuroscience KW - eye movements KW - reading KW - proverbs KW - incoming word predictability effect Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/01690965.2012.760745 SN - 2327-3798 SN - 2327-3801 VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 260 EP - 273 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhou, Wei A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Yan, Ming T1 - A validation of parafoveal semantic information extraction in reading Chinese JF - Journal of research in reading : a journal of the United Kingdom Reading Association N2 - Parafoveal semantic processing has recently been well documented in reading Chinese sentences, presumably because of language-specific features. However, because of a large variation of fixation landing positions on pretarget words, some preview words actually were located in foveal vision when readers' eyes landed close to the end of the pretarget words. None of the previous studies has completely ruled out a possibility that the semantic preview effects might mainly arise from these foveally processed preview words. This case, whether previously observed positive evidence for parafoveal semantic processing can still hold, has been called into question. Using linear mixed models, we demonstrate in this study that semantic preview benefit from word N+1 decreased if fixation on pretarget word N was close to the preview. We argue that parafoveal semantic processing is not a consequence of foveally processed preview words. KW - semantic KW - preview benefit KW - reading KW - Chinese Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9817.2013.01556.x SN - 0141-0423 VL - 36 IS - 2 SP - S51 EP - S63 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - THES A1 - Hohenstein, Sven T1 - Eye movements and processing of semantic information in the parafovea during reading T1 - Blickbewegungen und die Verarbeitung semantischer Informationen in der Parafovea beim Lesen N2 - When we read a text, we obtain information at different levels of representation from abstract symbols. A reader’s ultimate aim is the extraction of the meaning of the words and the text. The reserach of eye movements in reading covers a broad range of psychological systems, ranging from low-level perceptual and motor processes to high-level cognition. Reading of skilled readers proceeds highly automatic, but is a complex phenomenon of interacting subprocesses at the same time. The study of eye movements during reading offers the possibility to investigate cognition via behavioral measures during the excercise of an everyday task. The process of reading is not limited to the directly fixated (or foveal) word but also extends to surrounding (or parafoveal) words, particularly the word to the right of the gaze position. This process may be unconscious, but parafoveal information is necessary for efficient reading. There is an ongoing debate on whether processing of the upcoming word encompasses word meaning (or semantics) or only superficial features. To increase the knowledge about how the meaning of one word helps processing another word, seven experiments were conducted. In these studies, words were exachanged during reading. The degree of relatedness between the word to the right of the currently fixated one and the word subsequently fixated was experimentally manipulated. Furthermore, the time course of the parafoveal extraction of meaning was investigated with two different approaches, an experimental one and a statistical one. As a major finding, fixation times were consistently lower if a semantically related word was presented compared to the presence of an unrelated word. Introducing an experimental technique that allows controlling the duration for which words are available, the time course of processing and integrating meaning was evaluated. Results indicated both facilitation and inhibition due to relatedness between the meanings of words. In a more natural reading situation, the effectiveness of the processing of parafoveal words was sometimes time-dependent and substantially increased with shorter distances between the gaze position and the word. Findings are discussed with respect to theories of eye-movement control. In summary, the results are more compatible with models of distributed word processing. The discussions moreover extend to language differences and technical issues of reading research. N2 - Wenn wir einen Text lesen, erfassen wir Informationen auf verschiedenen Repräsentationsebenen anhand abstrakter Symbole. Das oberste Ziel des Lesers ist das Erfassen der Bedeutung der Worte und des Textes. Die Erforschung der Blickbewegungen beim Lesen umfasst verschiedene Verarbeitungsebenen, die von Warhnehmung über motorische Prozesse bis hin zu Kognition auf übergeordneter Ebene reichen. Das Lesen geübter Leser verläuft zum großen Teil automatisch, ist aber gleichzeitig ein komplexes Phänomen interagierender Teilprozesse. Die Untersuchung von Blickbewegungen beim Lesen eröffnet die Möglichkeit, kognitive Prozesse bei der Ausübung einer alltäglichen Aufgabe anhand von Verhaltensmaßen zu untersuchen. Der Leseprozess ist nicht beschränkt auf das direkt fixierte (oder foveale) Wort, sondern umfasst auch umgebende (oder parafoveale) Wörter, insbesondere das Wort rechts der Blickposition. Obgleich dies nicht notwendigerweise bewusst geschieht, ist die parafoveale Information dennoch wichtig für effizientes Lesen. Es wird darüber diskutiert, ob die Verarbeitung des nächsten Wortes die Wortbedeutung (Semantik) oder nur oberflächliche Eigenschaften umfasst. Um ein besseres Verständnis zu erhalten, ob die Bedeutung eines Wortes bei der Verarbeitung eines anderen Wortes hilft, wurden sieben Experimente durchgeführt. In diesen Studien wurde ein Wort im Satz während des Lesens ausgetauscht. Der inhaltliche Zusammenhang zwischen einer parafoveal präsentierten Vorschau und dem anschließend fixierten Zielwort wurde experimentell manipuliert. Außerdem wurde der zeitliche Verlauf der Bedeutungserfassung aus parafovealen Wörtern mit zwei Ansätzen untersucht, einem experimentellen und einem statistischen. Als primärer Befund zeigte sich, dass die Fixationszeiten durchweg kürzer waren, wenn ein semantisch verwandtes Wort als Vorschau präsentiert wurde, verglichen mit einem Wort ohne Verwandtschaft. Mit der in dieser Arbeit verwendeten experimentellen Vorgehensweise konnte zudem der zeitliche Verlauf des Verarbeitens und Integrierens von Bedeutung ermittelt wurde. Dabei ergaben sich kürzere Fixationszeiten auf dem Zielwort bei ähnlichen Wortbedeutungen und längere Fixationszeiten bei unterschiedlichen Wortbedeutungen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten sowohl leichtere als auch schwerere Verarbeitung in Folge der Ähnlichkeit von Wortbedeutungen. In einer natürlicheren Lesesituation war die Wirksamkeit der Verarbeitung nachfolgender Wörter teilweise abhängig von der Dauer der Vorschau, und sie war deutlich größer bei kürzerer räumlicher Distanz zwischen der Blickposition und der Vorschau. Die Befunde werden mit Blick auf Theorien der Blickbewegunskontrolle diskutiert. Die Ergebnisse sind stärker mit Modellen verteilter Wortverarbeitung vereinbar. Die Diskussion erstreckt sich außerdem auf Sprachunterschiede und technische Aspekte der Leseforschung. KW - Blickbewegungen KW - Lesen KW - parafoveale Verarbeitung KW - Semantik KW - eye movements KW - reading KW - parafoveal processing KW - semantics Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-70363 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Zhou, Wei A1 - Shu, Hua A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Lexical and sublexical semantic preview benefits in chinese reading JF - Journal of experimental psychology : Learning, memory, and cognition N2 - Semantic processing from parafoveal words is an elusive phenomenon in alphabetic languages, but it has been demonstrated only for a restricted set of noncompound Chinese characters. Using the gaze-contingent boundary paradigm, this experiment examined whether parafoveal lexical and sublexical semantic information was extracted from compound preview characters. Results generalized parafoveal semantic processing to this representative set of Chinese characters and extended the parafoveal processing to radical (sublexical) level semantic information extraction. Implications for notions of parafoveal information extraction during Chinese reading are discussed. KW - semantic KW - preview benefit KW - reading KW - Chinese Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026935 SN - 0278-7393 VL - 38 IS - 4 SP - 1069 EP - 1075 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - THES A1 - Risse, Sarah T1 - Processing in the perceptual span : investigations with the n+2-boundary paradigm T1 - Verarbeitung in der Wahrnehmungsspanne : Untersuchungen mit dem n+2-Boundary Paradigm N2 - Cognitive psychology is traditionally interested in the interaction of perception, cognition, and behavioral control. Investigating eye movements in reading constitutes a field of research in which the processes and interactions of these subsystems can be studied in a well-defined environment. Thereby, the following questions are pursued: How much information is visually perceived during a fixation, how is processing achieved and temporally coordinated from visual letter encoding to final sentence comprehension, and how do such processes reflect on behavior such as the control of the eyes’ movements during reading. Various theoretical models have been proposed to account for the specific eye-movement behavior in reading (for a review see Reichle, Rayner, & Pollatsek, 2003). Some models are based on the idea of shifting attention serially from one word to the next within the sentence whereas others propose distributed attention allocating processing resources to more than one word at a time. As attention is assumed to drive word recognition processes one major difference between these models is that word processing must either occur in strict serial order, or that word processing is achieved in parallel. In spite of this crucial difference in the time course of word processing, both model classes perform well on explaining many of the benchmark effects in reading. In fact, there seems to be not much empirical evidence that challenges the models to a point at which their basic assumptions could be falsified. One issue often perceived as being decisive in the debate on serial and parallel word processing is how not-yet-fixated words to the right of fixation affect eye movements. Specifically, evidence is discussed as to what spatial extent such parafoveal words are previewed and how this influences current and subsequent word processing. Four experiments investigated parafoveal processing close to the spatial limits of the perceptual span. The present work aims to go beyond mere existence proofs of previewing words at such spatial distances. Introducing a manipulation that dissociates the sources of long-range preview effects, benefits and costs of parafoveal processing can be investigated in a single analysis and the differing impact is tracked across a three-word target region. In addition, the same manipulation evaluates the role of oculomotor error as the cause of non-local distributed effects. In this respect, the results contribute to a better understanding of the time course of word processing inside the perceptual span and attention allocation during reading. N2 - Die kognitive Psychologie beschäftigt sich traditionell mit dem Zusammenspiel von Wahrnehmung, Kognition und Verhaltenssteuerung. Die Untersuchung von Blickbewegungen beim Lesen bildet dabei ein Forschungsfeld, in dem die Prozesse und Interaktionen dieser Subsysteme in einem klar definierten Rahmen untersucht werden können. Dabei geht es speziell um die Frage, wie viel Information visuell wahrgenommen wird, wie die kognitive Weiterverarbeitung der visuellen Buchstabeninformation über lexikalische Wortverarbeitung hin zu einem inhaltlichen Satzverständnis zeitlich koordiniert ist, und wie sich diese Prozesse auf das Verhalten – die Steuerung der Blickbewegung – auswirken. Verschiedene Modelle zur Erklärung des spezifischen Blickbewegungsverhaltens beim Lesen wurden vorgeschlagen (für einen Überblick siehe Reichle, Rayner, & Pollatsek, 2003). Einige Modelle basieren auf der Annahme serieller Aufmerksamkeitsverschiebung von Wort zu Wort, wohingegen andere verteilte Aufmerksamkeit auf eine Region mehrerer Wörter im Satz gleichzeitig annehmen. Da Aufmerksamkeit eng mit der eigentlichen Wortverarbeitung assoziiert ist, besteht ein wesentlicher Unterschied zwischen den Modellen darin, dass die eigentlichen Wortverarbeitungsprozesse entweder ebenfalls strikt seriell oder parallel erfolgen. Trotz solch entscheidender Unterschiede im zeitlichen Verlauf der Wortverarbeitung können beide Modellklassen viele der Benchmark-Effekte beim Lesen hinreichend erklären. Tatsächlich scheint es nicht viel empirische Evidenz zu geben, die die Grundannahmen der Modelle falsifizieren könnte. Die Frage, ob und wie noch nicht direkt angesehene Wörter rechts der Fixation die Blickbewegung beeinflussen, wird in der Debatte über serielle oder parallele Wortverarbeitung oft als entscheidend betrachtet. Insbesondere wird diskutiert, bis zu welcher Entfernung parafoveale Wörter vorverarbeitet werden und wie das die gegenwärtige und folgende Wortverarbeitung beeinflusst. In einer Serie von vier Leseexperimenten wurde die Vorverarbeitung von Wörtern an den Grenzen der Wahrnehmungsspanne untersucht. Die vorliegende Arbeit versucht zudem, über einen einfachen Existenzbeweis der Vorverarbeitung von Wörtern in solchen Distanzen hinaus zu gehen. Mit einer Manipulation, die verschiedene Quellen solcher weitreichenden Vorverarbeitungseffekte dissoziiert, können Nutzen und Kosten der parafovealen Vorschau in einer einzigen Analyse untersucht und über eine Zielregion von drei Wörtern hinweg verfolgt werden. Dieselbe Manipulation überprüft gleichzeitig die Rolle okulomotorischer Fehler als Ursache für nicht lokale, verteilte Effekte beim Lesen. Die Ergebnisse tragen zu einem differenzierteren Verständnis der Wortverarbeitung in der Wahrnehmungsspanne und der zeitlich-räumlichen Verteilung der Aufmerksamkeit beim Lesen bei. KW - Blickbewegungen KW - Lesen KW - parafoveale Wortverarbeitung KW - Aufmerksamkeit KW - Preview Benefit KW - eye movements KW - reading KW - parafoveal processing KW - attention KW - preview benefit Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-60414 ER -