TY - JOUR A1 - Hipp, Lena A1 - Konrad, Markus T1 - Has Covid-19 increased gender inequalities in professional advancement? BT - cross-country evidence on productivity differences between male and female software developers JF - Journal of family research N2 - Objective: This article analyzed gender differences in professional advancement following the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic based on data from open-source software developers in 37 countries. Background: Men and women may have been affected differently from the social distancing measures implemented to contain the Covid-19 pandemic. Given that men and women tend to work in different jobs and that they have been unequally involved in childcare duties, school and workplace closings may have impacted men's and women's professional lives unequally. Method: We analyzed original data from the world's largest social coding community, GitHub. We first estimated a Holt-Winters forecast model to compare the predicted and the observed average weekly productivity of a random sample of male and female developers (N=177,480) during the first lockdown period in 2020. To explain the crosscountry variation in the gendered effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on software developers' productivity, we estimated two-way fixed effects models with different lockdown measures as predictors - school and workplace closures, in particular. Results: In most countries, both male and female developers were, on average, more productive than predicted, and productivity increased for both genders with increasing lockdown stringency. When examining the effects of the most relevant types of lockdown measures separately, we found that stay-at-home restrictions increased both men's and women's productivity and that workplace closures also increased the number of weekly contributions on average - but for women, only when schools were open. Conclusion: Having found gender differences in the effect of workplace closures contingent on school and daycare closures within a population that is relatively young and unlikely to have children (software developers), we conclude that the Covid-19 pandemic may indeed have contributed to increased gender inequalities in professional advancement. KW - gender KW - Covid-19 KW - inequality KW - productivity KW - international comparison; KW - GitHub Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.20377/jfr-697 SN - 2699-2337 VL - 34 IS - 1 SP - 134 EP - 160 PB - University of Bamberg Press CY - Bamberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fritsch, Daniel T1 - Revisiting the Cu-Zn disorder in kesterite type Cu2ZnSnSe4 employing a novel approach to hybrid functional calculations JF - Applied Sciences : open access journal N2 - In recent years, the search for more efficient and environmentally friendly materials to be employed in the next generation of thin film solar cell devices has seen a shift towards hybrid halide perovskites and chalcogenide materials crystallising in the kesterite crystal structure. Prime examples for the latter are Cu2ZnSnS4, Cu2ZnSnSe4, and their solid solution Cu2ZnSn(SxSe1-x)(4), where actual devices already demonstrated power conversion efficiencies of about 13 %. However, in their naturally occurring kesterite crystal structure, the so-called Cu-Zn disorder plays an important role and impacts the structural, electronic, and optical properties. To understand the influence of Cu-Zn disorder, we perform first-principles calculations based on density functional theory combined with special quasirandom structures to accurately model the cation disorder. Since the electronic band gaps and derived optical properties are severely underestimated by (semi)local exchange and correlation functionals, supplementary hybrid functional calculations have been performed. Concerning the latter, we additionally employ a recently devised technique to speed up structural relaxations for hybrid functional calculations. Our calculations show that the Cu-Zn disorder leads to a slight increase in the unit cell volume compared to the conventional kesterite structure showing full cation order, and that the band gap gets reduced by about 0.2 eV, which is in very good agreement with earlier experimental and theoretical findings. Our detailed results on structural, electronic, and optical properties will be discussed with respect to available experimental data, and will provide further insights into the atomistic origin of the disorder-induced band gap lowering in these promising kesterite type materials. KW - Cu2ZnSnSe4 KW - CZTSe KW - chalcogenide KW - kesterite KW - Cu-Zn disorder KW - density KW - functional theory KW - hybrid functional KW - special quasirandom structure Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/app12052576 SN - 2076-3417 VL - 12 IS - 5 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pilar Yeste, Maria A1 - Carlos Hernandez-Garrido, Juan A1 - Kumke, Michael Uwe A1 - Alvarado, Sarah A1 - Cauqui, Miguel Angel A1 - Juan Calvino, Jose A1 - Primus, Philipp-Alexander T1 - Low-temperature growth of reactive pyrochlore nanostructures on Zirconia-supported ceria BT - implications for improved catalytic behavior JF - ACS applied nano materials N2 - The use of a catalyst support for the design of nanoscale heterogeneous catalysts based on cerium oxide offers vast possibilities for future catalyst development, particularly with regard to an increased focus on the use of renewable biogas and an emerging hydrogen economy. In this study, zirconia-supported ceria catalysts were synthesized, activated by using different thermochemical treatments, and characterized by way of temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), oxygen storage capacity, Xray diffraction, electron microscopy, and luminescence spectroscopy using Eu3+ as a spectroscopic probe. Through reduction-oxidation pretreatment routines, reactive pyrochlore structures were created at temperatures as low as 600 degrees C and identified through TPR and electron microscopy experiments. A structural relationship and alignment of the crystal planes is revealed in high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy experiments through the digital diffraction patterns. Low-temperature pretreatment induces the formation of reactive pyrochlore domains under retention of the surface area of the catalyst system, and no further morphological changes are detected. Furthermore, the formation of pyrochlore domains achieved through severe reduction and mild reoxidation (SRMO) treatments is reversible. Over multiple alternating SRMO and severe reduction and severe reoxidation (SRSO) treatments, europium spectroscopy and TPR results indicate that pyrochlore structures are recreated over consecutive treatments, whenever the mild oxidation step at 500 degrees C is the last treatment (SRMO, SRMO-SRSO-SRMO, etc.). KW - pyrochlore KW - nanocomposite KW - ceria KW - zirconia KW - supported catalyst KW - oxygen KW - storage capacity Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.2c00416 SN - 2574-0970 VL - 5 IS - 5 SP - 6316 EP - 6326 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sperlich, Eric A1 - Kelling, Alexandra A1 - Kwesiga, George A1 - Schmidt, Bernd T1 - Intermolecular interactions in the solid-state structures of isoflavones BT - the relationship between supramolecular structure, torsion angle, and macroscopic properties JF - CrystEngComm / The Royal Society of Chemistry N2 - The molecular structures of three closely related isoflavones have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction and have been analysed by geometry matching with the CSD, Hirshfeld surface analysis and analysis of stacking interactions with the Aromatic Analyser program (CSD). The formation of the supramolecular structure by non-covalent interactions was studied and substantial differences in the macroscopic properties e.g., the solubility, were correlated with hydrogen bonding and pi-stacking interactions. Moreover, a correlation between the supramolecular structure, the torsion angle (between benzopyran group and aryl group), and macroscopic properties was determined in the three compounds. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ce00169a SN - 1466-8033 VL - 24 IS - 26 SP - 4731 EP - 4739 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anders, Janet A1 - Sait, Connor R. J. A1 - Horsley, Simon A. R. T1 - Quantum Brownian motion for magnets JF - New journal of physics : the open-access journal for physics N2 - Spin precession in magnetic materials is commonly modelled with the classical phenomenological Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equation. Based on a quantized three-dimensional spin + environment Hamiltonian, we here derive a spin operator equation of motion that describes precession and includes a general form of damping that consistently accounts for memory, coloured noise and quantum statistics. The LLG equation is recovered as its classical, Ohmic approximation. We further introduce resonant Lorentzian system-reservoir couplings that allow a systematic comparison of dynamics between Ohmic and non-Ohmic regimes. Finally, we simulate the full non-Markovian dynamics of a spin in the semi-classical limit. At low temperatures, our numerical results demonstrate a characteristic reduction and flattening of the steady state spin alignment with an external field, caused by the quantum statistics of the environment. The results provide a powerful framework to explore general three-dimensional dissipation in quantum thermodynamics. KW - open quantum systems KW - coloured and quantum noise KW - memory effects KW - spin KW - dynamics KW - LLG equation KW - magnetisation KW - quantum thermodynamics Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ac4ef2 SN - 1367-2630 VL - 24 IS - 3 PB - IOP Publ. Ltd. CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scholz, Carolin A1 - Voigt, Christian C. T1 - Diet analysis of bats killed at wind turbines suggests large-scale losses of trophic interactions JF - Conservation science and practice N2 - Agricultural practice has led to landscape simplification and biodiversity decline, yet recently, energy-producing infrastructures, such as wind turbines, have been added to these simplified agroecosystems, turning them into multi-functional energy-agroecosystems. Here, we studied the trophic interactions of bats killed at wind turbines using a DNA metabarcoding approach to shed light on how turbine-related bat fatalities may possibly affect local habitats. Specifically, we identified insect DNA in the stomachs of common noctule bats (Nyctalus noctula) killed by wind turbines in Germany to infer in which habitats these bats hunted. Common noctule bats consumed a wide variety of insects from different habitats, ranging from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems (e.g., wetlands, farmland, forests, and grasslands). Agricultural and silvicultural pest insects made up about 20% of insect species consumed by the studied bats. Our study suggests that the potential damage of wind energy production goes beyond the loss of bats and the decline of bat populations. Bat fatalities at wind turbines may lead to the loss of trophic interactions and ecosystem services provided by bats, which may add to the functional simplification and impaired crop production, respectively, in multi-functional ecosystems. KW - bat fatalities KW - biodiversity decline KW - food web KW - green-green dilemma KW - renewable energy KW - wind energy production KW - wind energy-biodiversity conflict Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.12744 SN - 2578-4854 VL - 4 IS - 7 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Westphal, Andrea A1 - Kalinowski, Eva A1 - Hoferichter, Clara Josepha A1 - Vock, Miriam T1 - K-12 teachers' stress and burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic BT - a systematic review JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - We present the first systematic literature review on stress and burnout in K-12 teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on a systematic literature search, we identified 17 studies that included 9,874 K-12 teachers from around the world. These studies showed some indication that burnout did increase during the COVID-19 pandemic. There were, however, almost no differences in the levels of stress and burnout experienced by K-12 teachers compared to individuals employed in other occupational fields. School principals' leadership styles emerged as an organizational characteristic that is highly relevant for K-12 teachers' levels of stress and burnout. Individual teacher characteristics associated with burnout were K-12 teachers' personality, self-efficacy in online teaching, and perceived vulnerability to COVID-19. In order to reduce stress, there was an indication that stress-management training in combination with training in technology use for teaching may be superior to stress-management training alone. Future research needs to adopt more longitudinal designs and examine the interplay between individual and organizational characteristics in the development of teacher stress and burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. KW - burnout KW - stress KW - COVID-19 KW - pandemic KW - K-12 teachers KW - remote teaching Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.920326 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 13 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Apriyanto, Ardha A1 - Ajambang, Walter T1 - Transcriptomic dataset for early inflorescence stages of oil palm in response to defoliation stress JF - Data in Brief N2 - Oil palm breeding and seed development have been hindered due to the male parent's incapacity to produce male inflorescence as a source of pollen under normal conditions. On the other hand, a young oil palm plantation has a low pollination rate due to a lack of male flowers. These are the common problem of sex ratio in the oil palm industry. Nevertheless, the regulation of sex ratio in oil palm plants is a complex mechanism and remains an open question until now. Researchers have previously used complete defoliation to induce male inflorescences, but the biological and molecular mechanisms underlying this morphological change have yet to be discovered. Here, we present an RNA-seq dataset from three early stages of an oil palm inflorescence under normal conditions and complete defoliation stress. This transcriptomic dataset is a valuable resource to improve our understanding of sex determination mechanisms in oil palm inflorescence. KW - Complete defoliation KW - Flower development KW - Leaf axil KW - NGS KW - RNA-seq KW - Sex KW - determination Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2022.107914 SN - 2352-3409 VL - 41 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rolph, Rebecca A1 - Overduin, Pier Paul A1 - Ravens, Thomas A1 - Lantuit, Hugues A1 - Langer, Moritz T1 - ArcticBeach v1.0 BT - a physics-based parameterization of pan-Arctic coastline erosion JF - Frontiers in Earth Science N2 - In the Arctic, air temperatures are increasing and sea ice is declining, resulting in larger waves and a longer open water season, all of which intensify the thaw and erosion of ice-rich coasts. Climate change has been shown to increase the rate of Arctic coastal erosion, causing problems for Arctic cultural heritage, existing industrial, military, and civil infrastructure, as well as changes in nearshore biogeochemistry. Numerical models that reproduce historical and project future Arctic erosion rates are necessary to understand how further climate change will affect these problems, and no such model yet exists to simulate the physics of erosion on a pan-Arctic scale. We have coupled a bathystrophic storm surge model to a simplified physical erosion model of a permafrost coastline. This Arctic erosion model, called ArcticBeach v1.0, is a first step toward a physical parameterization of Arctic shoreline erosion for larger-scale models. It is forced by wind speed and direction, wave period and height, sea surface temperature, all of which are masked during times of sea ice cover near the coastline. Model tuning requires observed historical retreat rates (at least one value), as well as rough nearshore bathymetry. These parameters are already available on a pan-Arctic scale. The model is validated at three study sites at 1) Drew Point (DP), Alaska, 2) Mamontovy Khayata (MK), Siberia, and 3) Veslebogen Cliffs, Svalbard. Simulated cumulative retreat rates for DP and MK respectively (169 and 170 m) over the time periods studied at each site (2007-2016, and 1995-2018) are found to the same order of magnitude as observed cumulative retreat (172 and 120 m). The rocky Veslebogen cliffs have small observed cumulative retreat rates (0.05 m over 2014-2016), and our model was also able to reproduce this same order of magnitude of retreat (0.08 m). Given the large differences in geomorphology between the study sites, this study provides a proof-of-concept that ArcticBeach v1.0 can be applied on very different permafrost coastlines. ArcticBeach v1.0 provides a promising starting point to project retreat of Arctic shorelines, or to evaluate historical retreat in places that have had few observations. KW - permafrost KW - erosion KW - modelling KW - arctic KW - climate change Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.962208 SN - 2296-6463 VL - 10 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mazurek-Budzyńska, Magdalena A1 - Behl, Marc A1 - Neumann, Richard A1 - Lendlein, Andreas T1 - 4D-actuators by 3D-printing combined with water-based curing JF - Materials today. Communications N2 - The shape and the actuation capability of state of the art robotic devices typically relies on multimaterial systems from a combination of geometry determining materials and actuation components. Here, we present multifunctional 4D-actuators processable by 3D-printing, in which the actuator functionality is integrated into the shaped body. The materials are based on crosslinked poly(carbonate-urea-urethane) networks (PCUU), synthesized in an integrated process, applying reactive extrusion and subsequent water-based curing. Actuation capability could be added to the PCUU, prepared from aliphatic oligocarbonate diol, isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and water, in a thermomechanical programming process. When programmed with a strain of epsilon(prog) = 1400% the PCUU networks exhibited actuation apparent by reversible elongation epsilon'(rev) of up to 22%. In a gripper a reversible bending epsilon'(rev)((be)(nd)()) in the range of 37-60% was achieved when the actuation temperature (T-high) was varied between 45 degrees C and 49 degrees C. The integration of actuation and shape formation could be impressively demonstrated in two PCUU-based reversible fastening systems, which were able to hold weights of up to 1.1 kg. In this way, the multifunctional materials are interesting candidate materials for robotic applications where a freedom in shape design and actuation is required as well as for sustainable fastening systems. KW - 4D-actuation KW - 3D-printing KW - Ink KW - Gripper KW - Fastener Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2021.102966 SN - 2352-4928 VL - 30 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER -