TY - JOUR A1 - Bulla, Mattia A1 - Coughlin, Michael W. A1 - Dhawan, Suhail A1 - Dietrich, Tim T1 - Multi-messenger constraints on the Hubble constant through combination of gravitational waves, gamma-ray bursts and kilonovae from neutron star mergers JF - Universe : open access journal N2 - The simultaneous detection of gravitational waves and light from the binary neutron star merger GW170817 led to independent measurements of distance and redshift, providing a direct estimate of the Hubble constant H-0 that does not rely on a cosmic distance ladder, nor assumes a specific cosmological model. By using gravitational waves as "standard sirens", this approach holds promise to arbitrate the existing tension between the H-0 value inferred from the cosmic microwave background and those obtained from local measurements. However, the known degeneracy in the gravitational-wave analysis between distance and inclination of the source led to a H-0 value from GW170817 that was not precise enough to resolve the existing tension. In this review, we summarize recent works exploiting the viewing-angle dependence of the electromagnetic signal, namely the associated short gamma-ray burst and kilonova, to constrain the system inclination and improve on H-0. We outline the key ingredients of the different methods, summarize the results obtained in the aftermath of GW170817 and discuss the possible systematics introduced by each of these methods. KW - gravitational waves KW - stars: neutron KW - stars: binaries KW - cosmology: cosmological parameters KW - cosmology: distance scale KW - cosmology: cosmic background radiation Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/universe8050289 SN - 2218-1997 VL - 8 IS - 5 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Aichner, Bernhard A1 - Dubbert, David A1 - Kiel, Christine A1 - Kohnert, Katrin A1 - Ogashawara, Igor A1 - Jechow, Andreas A1 - Harpenslager, Sarah-Faye A1 - Hölker, Franz A1 - Nejstgaard, Jens Christian A1 - Grossart, Hans-Peter A1 - Singer, Gabriel A1 - Wollrab, Sabine A1 - Berger, Stella Angela T1 - Spatial and seasonal patterns of water isotopes in northeastern German lakes JF - Earth system science data : ESSD N2 - Water stable isotopes (delta O-18 and delta H-2) were analyzed in samples collected in lakes, associated with riverine systems in northeastern Germany, throughout 2020. The dataset (Aichner et al., 2021; https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.935633) is derived from water samples collected at (a) lake shores (sampled in March and July 2020), (b) buoys which were temporarily installed in deep parts of the lake (sampled monthly from March to October 2020), (c) multiple spatially distributed spots in four selected lakes (in September 2020), and (d) the outflow of Muggelsee (sampled biweekly from March 2020 to January 2021). At shores, water was sampled with a pipette from 40-60 cm below the water surface and directly transferred into a measurement vial, while at buoys a Limnos water sampler was used to obtain samples from 1 m below the surface. Isotope analysis was conducted at IGB Berlin, using a Picarro L2130-i cavity ring-down spectrometer, with a measurement uncertainty of < 0.15 parts per thousand (delta O-18) and < 0.0 parts per thousand (delta H-2). The data give information about the vegetation period and the full seasonal isotope amplitude in the sampled lakes and about spatial isotope variability in different branches of the associated riverine systems. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1857-2022 SN - 1866-3508 SN - 1866-3516 VL - 14 IS - 4 SP - 1857 EP - 1867 PB - Copernicus CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ilicic, Doris A1 - Grossart, Hans-Peter T1 - Basal parasitic fungi in marine food webs-a mystery yet to unravel JF - Journal of Fungi N2 - Although aquatic and parasitic fungi have been well known for more than 100 years, they have only recently received increased awareness due to their key roles in microbial food webs and biogeochemical cycles. There is growing evidence indicating that fungi inhabit a wide range of marine habitats, from the deep sea all the way to surface waters, and recent advances in molecular tools, in particular metagenome approaches, reveal that their diversity is much greater and their ecological roles more important than previously considered. Parasitism constitutes one of the most widespread ecological interactions in nature, occurring in almost all environments. Despite that, the diversity of fungal parasites, their ecological functions, and, in particular their interactions with other microorganisms remain largely speculative, unexplored and are often missing from current theoretical concepts in marine ecology and biogeochemistry. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent research avenues on parasitic fungi and their ecological potential in marine ecosystems, e.g., the fungal shunt, and emphasize the need for further research. KW - basal fungi KW - parasites KW - Chytridiomycota KW - Rozellomycota KW - food web KW - biological carbon pump Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8020114 SN - 2309-608X VL - 8 IS - 2 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Riemann, Lasse A1 - Rahav, Eyal A1 - Passow, Uta A1 - Grossart, Hans-Peter A1 - de Beer, Dirk A1 - Klawonn, Isabell A1 - Eichner, Meri A1 - Benavides, Mar A1 - Bar-Zeev, Edo T1 - Planktonic aggregates as hotspots for heterotrophic diazotrophy: the plot thickens JF - Frontiers in microbiology N2 - Biological dinitrogen (N-2) fixation is performed solely by specialized bacteria and archaea termed diazotrophs, introducing new reactive nitrogen into aquatic environments. Conventionally, phototrophic cyanobacteria are considered the major diazotrophs in aquatic environments. However, accumulating evidence indicates that diverse non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs (NCDs) inhabit a wide range of aquatic ecosystems, including temperate and polar latitudes, coastal environments and the deep ocean. NCDs are thus suspected to impact global nitrogen cycling decisively, yet their ecological and quantitative importance remain unknown. Here we review recent molecular and biogeochemical evidence demonstrating that pelagic NCDs inhabit and thrive especially on aggregates in diverse aquatic ecosystems. Aggregates are characterized by reduced-oxygen microzones, high C:N ratio (above Redfield) and high availability of labile carbon as compared to the ambient water. We argue that planktonic aggregates are important loci for energetically-expensive N-2 fixation by NCDs and propose a conceptual framework for aggregate-associated N-2 fixation. Future studies on aggregate-associated diazotrophy, using novel methodological approaches, are encouraged to address the ecological relevance of NCDs for nitrogen cycling in aquatic environments. KW - aggregates KW - nitrogen fixation KW - heterotrophic bacteria KW - marine KW - aquatic KW - NCDs Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.875050 SN - 1664-302X VL - 13 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zoccarato, Luca A1 - Sher, Daniel A1 - Miki, Takeshi A1 - Segre, Daniel A1 - Grossart, Hans-Peter T1 - A comparative whole-genome approach identifies bacterial traits for marine microbial interactions JF - Communications biology N2 - Luca Zoccarato, Daniel Sher et al. leverage publicly available bacterial genomes from marine and other environments to examine traits underlying microbial interactions. Their results provide a valuable resource to investigate clusters of functional and linked traits to better understand marine bacteria community assembly and dynamics. Microbial interactions shape the structure and function of microbial communities with profound consequences for biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem health. Yet, most interaction mechanisms are studied only in model systems and their prevalence is unknown. To systematically explore the functional and interaction potential of sequenced marine bacteria, we developed a trait-based approach, and applied it to 473 complete genomes (248 genera), representing a substantial fraction of marine microbial communities. We identified genome functional clusters (GFCs) which group bacterial taxa with common ecology and life history. Most GFCs revealed unique combinations of interaction traits, including the production of siderophores (10% of genomes), phytohormones (3-8%) and different B vitamins (57-70%). Specific GFCs, comprising Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria, displayed more interaction traits than expected by chance, and are thus predicted to preferentially interact synergistically and/or antagonistically with bacteria and phytoplankton. Linked trait clusters (LTCs) identify traits that may have evolved to act together (e.g., secretion systems, nitrogen metabolism regulation and B vitamin transporters), providing testable hypotheses for complex mechanisms of microbial interactions. Our approach translates multidimensional genomic information into an atlas of marine bacteria and their putative functions, relevant for understanding the fundamental rules that govern community assembly and dynamics. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-022-03184-4 SN - 2399-3642 VL - 5 IS - 1 PB - Springer Nature CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bilgen, Isa ED - Ammann, Odile ED - Bottega, Fiona ED - Bukovac, Jasmina T1 - Verantwortungsvoller Parentalismus BT - Der Staat im Dienst der Selbstbestimmung JF - Verantwortung und Recht N2 - ndividuelle Selbstbestimmung ist Kernelement der Menschenwürde und damit ein Höchstwert der Verfassung. Dennoch scheint sich ihr Schutz auf die Abwesenheit des Staates zu beschränken. Tatsächlich ist sie zahlreichen Gefährdungen ausgesetzt. Der Beitrag will darum ihren Schutz auf das gebotene Niveau heben. Art. 1 Abs. 1 GG verpflichtet den Staat nicht nur zur Achtung, sondern auch zum Schutz der Menschenwürde. Will er diesen Auftrag ernstnehmen, muss er sich entsprechend in den Dienst der Selbstbestimmung seiner Bürger stellen. Dazu darf und muss er ihnen bisweilen Grenzen setzen, um ihre Verantwortungsfähigkeit zu fördern. Y1 - 2022 SN - 978-3-8487-8497-4 SN - 978-3-7489-2876-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5771/9783748928768-357 SP - 357 EP - 376 PB - Nomos CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - González Hauck, Sué A1 - Herrmann, Franziska A1 - Hettihewa, Julian A. A1 - Kraft, Dariush A1 - Milas, Max A1 - Springer, Stephanie A1 - Weckner, Franka T1 - Jurisdiction BT - Who speaks international law? JF - Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht Y1 - 2022 UR - https://beck-online.beck.de/Bcid/Y-300-Z-ZAOERV-B-2022-S-289-N-1 U6 - https://doi.org/10.17104/0044-2348-2022-2-289 SN - 0044-2348 SN - 2942-3562 VL - 82 IS - 2 SP - 289 EP - 298 PB - C.H. Beck CY - München ER - TY - JOUR A1 - McHuron, Elizabeth A. A1 - Adamczak, Stephanie A1 - Arnould, John P. Y. A1 - Ashe, Erin A1 - Booth, Cormac A1 - Bowen, W. Don A1 - Christiansen, Fredrik A1 - Chudzinska, Magda A1 - Costa, Daniel P. A1 - Fahlman, Andreas A1 - Farmer, Nicholas A. A1 - Fortune, Sarah M. E. A1 - Gallagher, Cara A. A1 - Keen, Kelly A. A1 - Madsen, Peter T. A1 - McMahon, Clive R. A1 - Nabe-Nielsen, Jacob A1 - Noren, Dawn P. A1 - Noren, Shawn R. A1 - Pirotta, Enrico A1 - Rosen, David A. S. A1 - Speakman, Cassie N. A1 - Villegas-Amtmann, Stella A1 - Williams, Rob T1 - Key questions in marine mammal bioenergetics JF - Conservation physiology N2 - Bioenergetic approaches are increasingly used to understand how marine mammal populations could be affected by a changing and disturbed aquatic environment. There remain considerable gaps in our knowledge of marine mammal bioenergetics, which hinder the application of bioenergetic studies to inform policy decisions. We conducted a priority-setting exercise to identify high-priority unanswered questions in marine mammal bioenergetics, with an emphasis on questions relevant to conservation and management. Electronic communication and a virtual workshop were used to solicit and collate potential research questions from the marine mammal bioenergetic community. From a final list of 39 questions, 11 were identified as 'key'questions because they received votes from at least 50% of survey participants. Key questions included those related to energy intake (prey landscapes, exposure to human activities) and expenditure (field metabolic rate, exposure to human activities, lactation, time-activity budgets), energy allocation priorities, metrics of body condition and relationships with survival and reproductive success and extrapolation of data from one species to another. Existing tools to address key questions include labelled water, animal-borne sensors, mark-resight data from long-term research programs, environmental DNA and unmanned vehicles. Further validation of existing approaches and development of new methodologies are needed to comprehensively address some key questions, particularly for cetaceans. The identification of these key questions can provide a guiding framework to set research priorities, which ultimately may yield more accurate information to inform policies and better conserve marine mammal populations. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/coac055 SN - 2051-1434 VL - 10 IS - 1 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zeitz, Maria A1 - Haacker, Jan M. A1 - Donges, Jonathan A1 - Albrecht, Torsten A1 - Winkelmann, Ricarda T1 - Dynamic regimes of the Greenland Ice Sheet emerging from interacting melt-elevation and glacial isostatic adjustment feedbacks JF - Earth system dynamics N2 - The stability of the Greenland Ice Sheet under global warming is governed by a number of dynamic processes and interacting feedback mechanisms in the ice sheet, atmosphere and solid Earth. Here we study the long-term effects due to the interplay of the competing melt-elevation and glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) feedbacks for different temperature step forcing experiments with a coupled ice-sheet and solid-Earth model. Our model results show that for warming levels above 2 degrees C, Greenland could become essentially ice-free within several millennia, mainly as a result of surface melting and acceleration of ice flow. These ice losses are mitigated, however, in some cases with strong GIA feedback even promoting an incomplete recovery of the Greenland ice volume. We further explore the full-factorial parameter space determining the relative strengths of the two feedbacks: our findings suggest distinct dynamic regimes of the Greenland Ice Sheets on the route to destabilization under global warming - from incomplete recovery, via quasi-periodic oscillations in ice volume to ice-sheet collapse. In the incomplete recovery regime, the initial ice loss due to warming is essentially reversed within 50 000 years, and the ice volume stabilizes at 61 %-93 % of the present-day volume. For certain combinations of temperature increase, atmospheric lapse rate and mantle viscosity, the interaction of the GIA feedback and the melt-elevation feedback leads to self-sustained, long-term oscillations in ice-sheet volume with oscillation periods between 74 000 and over 300 000 years and oscillation amplitudes between 15 %-70 % of present-day ice volume. This oscillatory regime reveals a possible mode of internal climatic variability in the Earth system on timescales on the order of 100 000 years that may be excited by or synchronized with orbital forcing or interact with glacial cycles and other slow modes of variability. Our findings are not meant as scenario-based near-term projections of ice losses but rather providing insight into of the feedback loops governing the "deep future" and, thus, long-term resilience of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1077-2022 SN - 2190-4979 SN - 2190-4987 VL - 13 IS - 3 SP - 1077 EP - 1096 PB - Copernicus Publ. CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schlemm, Tanja A1 - Feldmann, Johannes A1 - Winkelmann, Ricarda A1 - Levermann, Anders T1 - Stabilizing effect of melange buttressing on the marine ice-cliff instability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet JF - The Cryosphere : TC ; an interactive open access journal of the European Geosciences Union N2 - Owing to global warming and particularly high regional ocean warming, both Thwaites and Pine Island Glaciers in the Amundsen region of the Antarctic Ice Sheet could lose their buttressing ice shelves over time. We analyse the possible consequences using the parallel ice sheet model (PISM), applying a simple cliff-calving parameterization and an ice melange-buttressing model. We find that the instantaneous loss of ice-shelf buttressing, due to enforced ice-shelf melting, initiates grounding-line retreat and triggers marine ice sheet instability (MISI). As a consequence, the grounding line progresses into the interior of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet and leads to a sea level contribution of 0.6 m within 100 a. By subjecting the exposed ice cliffs to cliff calving using our simplified parameterization, we also analyse marine ice cliff instability (MICI). In our simulations it can double or even triple the sea level contribution depending on the only loosely constrained parameter that determines the maximum cliff-calving rate. The speed of MICI depends on this upper bound of the calving rate, which is given by the ice melange buttressing the glacier. However, stabilization of MICI may occur for geometric reasons. Because the embayment geometry changes as MICI advances into the interior of the ice sheet, the upper bound on calving rates is reduced and the progress of MICI is slowed down. Although we cannot claim that our simulations bear relevant quantitative estimates of the effect of ice-melange buttressing on MICI, the mechanism has the potential to stop the instability. Further research is needed to evaluate its role for the past and future evolution of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1979-2022 SN - 1994-0416 SN - 1994-0424 VL - 16 IS - 5 SP - 1979 EP - 1996 PB - Copernicus CY - Göttingen ER -