TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bimbinov, Arseniy A.
A1  - Stage, Diana
T1  - Развитие медицинского уголовного права в Германии и России
JF  - Vserossijskij kriminologičeskij žurnal : RKZ = Russian journal of criminology : RJC
N2  - Negative consequences of the actions of medical professionals have always been subject to controversial assessment from the legal standpoint. There were periods in Russian history when doctors were prosecuted even without establishing their guilt first, and the periods when doctors were not held responsible at all for the violations that they committed. Currently, medical and pharmaceutical work is a complicated process of performing professional functions connected with the observance of established standards and requirements of its organization. Most medical tests and manipulations of prevention, research, diagnostic, treatment or rehabilitation character are regulated by formal protocols which could, in some cases, prevent a qualified doctor from saving a patient's life and in others - inflict forced harm on their health. Both of these situations require a legal assessment of the actions, the mechanism of which has not yet been fully determined. This circumstance could lead to a criminal prosecution of a medical professional whose fault is absent (or nonobvious). On the other hand, a structurally complex professional activity, for which there are no recognized methods of legal assessment, creates preconditions for various violations and abuses on the part of medical professionals. Changing relationships between a doctor and a patient, as well as the commercialization of modern medical practices have made the healthcare system one of the most delicto- and even criminally-oriented. <br /> These factors act as causes for the growing complexity of legislation (in the wide sense of the word) on criminal liability of medical professionals and the controversial law enforcement practice which, in its turn, leads to the interest of researchers in these problems. The results of such research often remain unconnected with other achievements of the criminal law science; due to this, it is necessary to study the development of law, including the practice of law enforcement and the doctrine, on criminal liability of medical professionals - medical criminal law. Taking into consideration that such a sub-branch of law is not traditional for Russian science, the authors present the results of researching the development of medical criminal law not only in Russia, but also in Germany, where this sphere of law has long been established as independent.
N2  - Неблагоприятные последствия, наступившие в процессе осуществления медицинской деятельности, с правовой точки зрения оценивались неоднозначно во все времена. В отечественной истории были периоды, когда лекарей казнили даже без установления их вины и когда докторов вообще не привлекали к ответственности за допущенные ими нарушения. В настоящее время медицинская и фармацевтическая деятельность представляет собой сложный процесс выполнения профессиональных функций, связанный с соблюдением установленных стандартов и требований к его организации. Большинство медицинских обследований и манипуляций, имеющих профилактическую, исследовательскую, диагностическую, лечебную или реабилитационную направленность, регламентировано формальными рамками протокола, который может в одной ситуации не позволить компетентному врачу спасти жизнь пациента, а в другой - причинить вынужденный вред его здоровью. Обе обозначенные ситуации потребуют правовой оценки содеянного, механизм которой до сих пор в полной мере не определен. Данное обстоятельство может повлечь привлечение медицинского работника к уголовной ответственности при отсутствии (или неочевидности) вины в его действиях. С другой стороны, структурно сложная профессиональная деятельность, не имеющая признанных методик правовой оценки, создает предпосылки для различного рода нарушений и злоупотреблений со стороны медицинских работников. Меняющиеся отношения между врачом и пациентом, а также коммерциализация современной медицинской практики привели к тому, что система здравоохранения сегодня является одной из самых деликто- и даже криминально ориентированных. Изложенное выступает причиной усложняющегося законодательства (в широком смысле слова) об уголовной ответственности медицинских работников и противоречивой правоприменительной практики, а это, в свою очередь, порождает научные исследования данных проблем. Результаты таких исследований часто существуют вне связи с другими достижениями уголовно-правовой науки, поэтому представляется необходимым изучить развитие права, включая правоприменение и доктрину, об уголовной ответственности медицинских работников - медицинское уголовное право. С учетом того что для отечественной науки выделение такой подотрасли права является нетрадиционным, в настоящей работе представлены результаты исследования развития медицинского уголовного права не только в России, но и в Германии, где уже давно сложилась и обособилась данная область права.
T2  - The development of medical criminal law in Germany and in Russia
KW  - Iatrogeny
KW  - medical professionals
KW  - medical crimes
KW  - causing death
KW  - criminal liability
KW  - medical care
KW  - medical risk
KW  - ятрогения
KW  - медицинские работники
KW  - медицинские преступления
KW  - причинение смерти
KW  - уголовная ответственность
KW  - медицинская помощь
KW  - медицинский риск
Y1  - 2021
UR  - https://cj-bgu.ru/reader/article.aspx?id=24646
U6  - https://doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2021.15(4).456-465
SN  - 2500-4255
SN  - 2500-1442
VL  - 15
IS  - 4
SP  - 456
EP  - 465
PB  - Bajkal'skij gosudarstvennij universitet
CY  - Irkutsk
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wilhelmi, Ilka
A1  - Neumann, Alexander
A1  - Jähnert, Markus
A1  - Ouni, Meriem
A1  - Schürmann, Annette
T1  - Enriched alternative splicing in islets of diabetes-susceptible mice
JF  - International journal of molecular sciences
N2  - Dysfunctional islets of Langerhans are a hallmark of type 2 diabetes (T2D). We hypothesize that differences in islet gene expression alternative splicing which can contribute to altered protein function also participate in islet dysfunction. RNA sequencing (RNAseq) data from islets of obese diabetes-resistant and diabetes-susceptible mice were analyzed for alternative splicing and its putative genetic and epigenetic modulators. We focused on the expression levels of chromatin modifiers and SNPs in regulatory sequences. We identified alternative splicing events in islets of diabetes-susceptible mice amongst others in genes linked to insulin secretion, endocytosis or ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis pathways. The expression pattern of 54 histones and chromatin modifiers, which may modulate splicing, were markedly downregulated in islets of diabetic animals. Furthermore, diabetes-susceptible mice carry SNPs in RNA-binding protein motifs and in splice sites potentially responsible for alternative splicing events. They also exhibit a larger exon skipping rate, e.g., in the diabetes gene Abcc8, which might affect protein function. Expression of the neuronal splicing factor Srrm4 which mediates inclusion of microexons in mRNA transcripts was markedly lower in islets of diabetes-prone compared to diabetes-resistant mice, correlating with a preferential skipping of SRRM4 target exons. The repression of Srrm4 expression is presumably mediated via a higher expression of miR-326-3p and miR-3547-3p in islets of diabetic mice. Thus, our study suggests that an altered splicing pattern in islets of diabetes-susceptible mice may contribute to an elevated T2D risk.
KW  - alternative splicing
KW  - epigenetic
KW  - MicroRNA
KW  - RNAseq
KW  - diabetes
KW  - beta-cell
KW  - failure
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168597
SN  - 1422-0067
VL  - 22
IS  - 16
PB  - Molecular Diversity Preservation International
CY  - Basel
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Arntz, Fabian
A1  - Mkaouer, Bessem
A1  - Markov, Adrian
A1  - Schoenfeld, Brad Jon
A1  - Moran, Jason J.
A1  - Ramirez-Campillo, Rodrigo
A1  - Behrens, Martin
A1  - Baumert, Philipp
A1  - Erskine, Robert M.
A1  - Hauser, Lukas
A1  - Chaabene, Helmi
T1  - Effect of plyometric jump training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy in healthy individuals: a systematic review with multilevel meta-analysis
JF  - Frontiers in physiology
N2  - Objective: To examine the effect of plyometric jump training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy in healthy individuals. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in the databases PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library up to September 2021. Results: Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The main overall finding (44 effect sizes across 15 clusters median = 2, range = 1-15 effects per cluster) indicated that plyometric jump training had small to moderate effects [standardised mean difference (SMD) = 0.47 (95% CIs = 0.23-0.71); p < 0.001] on skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Subgroup analyses for training experience revealed trivial to large effects in non-athletes [SMD = 0.55 (95% CIs = 0.18-0.93); p = 0.007] and trivial to moderate effects in athletes [SMD = 0.33 (95% CIs = 0.16-0.51); p = 0.001]. Regarding muscle groups, results showed moderate effects for the knee extensors [SMD = 0.72 (95% CIs = 0.66-0.78), p < 0.001] and equivocal effects for the plantar flexors [SMD = 0.65 (95% CIs = -0.25-1.55); p = 0.143]. As to the assessment methods of skeletal muscle hypertrophy, findings indicated trivial to small effects for prediction equations [SMD = 0.29 (95% CIs = 0.16-0.42); p < 0.001] and moderate-to-large effects for ultrasound imaging [SMD = 0.74 (95% CIs = 0.59-0.89); p < 0.001]. Meta-regression analysis indicated that the weekly session frequency moderates the effect of plyometric jump training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy, with a higher weekly session frequency inducing larger hypertrophic gains [beta = 0.3233 (95% CIs = 0.2041-0.4425); p < 0.001]. We found no clear evidence that age, sex, total training period, single session duration, or the number of jumps per week moderate the effect of plyometric jump training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy [beta = -0.0133 to 0.0433 (95% CIs = -0.0387 to 0.1215); p = 0.101-0.751]. Conclusion: Plyometric jump training can induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy, regardless of age and sex. There is evidence for relatively larger effects in non-athletes compared with athletes. Further, the weekly session frequency seems to moderate the effect of plyometric jump training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy, whereby more frequent weekly plyometric jump training sessions elicit larger hypertrophic adaptations.
KW  - muscle tissue
KW  - muscle strength
KW  - stretch shortening cycle exercise;
KW  - muscle growth
KW  - human physical conditioning
KW  - youth sports
KW  - aged
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.888464
SN  - 1664-042X
VL  - 13
PB  - Frontiers Media
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Gorin, Vladislav A.
A1  - Scherz, Mark D.
A1  - Korost, Dmitry V.
A1  - Poyarkov, Nikolay A.
T1  - Consequences of parallel miniaturisation in Microhylinae (Anura, Microhylidae), with the description of a new genus of diminutive South East Asian frogs
JF  - Zoosystematics and evolution : Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin
N2  - The genus Microhyla Tschudi, 1838 includes 52 species and is one of the most diverse genera of the family Microhylidae, being the most species-rich taxon of the Asian subfamily Microhylinae. The recent, rapid description of numerous new species of Microhyla with complex phylogenetic relationships has made the taxonomy of the group especially challenging. Several recent phylogenetic studies suggested paraphyly of Microhyla with respect to Glyphoglossus Gunther, 1869, and revealed three major phylogenetic lineages of mid-Eocene origin within this assemblage. However, comprehensive works assessing morphological variation among and within these lineages are absent. In the present study we investigate the generic taxonomy of Microhyla-Glyphoglossus assemblage based on a new phylogeny including 57 species, comparative morphological analysis of skeletons from cleared-and-stained specimens for 23 species, and detailed descriptions of generalized osteology based on volume-rendered micro-CT scans for five speciesal-together representing all major lineages within the group. The results confirm three highly divergent and well-supported clades that correspond with external and osteological morphological characteristics, as well as respective geographic distribution. Accordingly, acknowledging ancient divergence between these lineages and their significant morphological differentiation, we propose to consider these three lineages as distinct genera: Microhyla sensu stricto, Glyphoglossus, and a newly described genus, Nanohyla gen. nov.
KW  - Amphibians
KW  - integrative taxonomy
KW  - narrow-mouthed frogs
KW  - micro-computed tomography
KW  - Nanohyla gen. nov
KW  - osteology
KW  - sexual dimorphism
KW  - taxonomic revision
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.57968
SN  - 1860-0743
SN  - 1435-1935
VL  - 97
IS  - 1
SP  - 21
EP  - 54
PB  - Pensoft Publishers
CY  - Sofia
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Arntz, Fabian
A1  - Mkaouer, Bessem
A1  - Markov, Adrian
A1  - Schoenfeld, Brad
A1  - Moran, Jason
A1  - Ramirez-Campillo, Rodrigo
A1  - Behrens, Martin
A1  - Baumert, Philipp
A1  - Erskine, Robert M.
A1  - Hauser, Lukas
A1  - Chaabene, Helmi
T1  - Effect of plyometric jump training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy in healthy individuals
BT  - a systematic review with multilevel meta-analysis
JF  - Frontiers in Physiology
N2  - Objective: To examine the effect of plyometric jump training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy in healthy individuals.

Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in the databases PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library up to September 2021.

Results: Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The main overall finding (44 effect sizes across 15 clusters median = 2, range = 1–15 effects per cluster) indicated that plyometric jump training had small to moderate effects [standardised mean difference (SMD) = 0.47 (95% CIs = 0.23–0.71); p < 0.001] on skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Subgroup analyses for training experience revealed trivial to large effects in non-athletes [SMD = 0.55 (95% CIs = 0.18–0.93); p = 0.007] and trivial to moderate effects in athletes [SMD = 0.33 (95% CIs = 0.16–0.51); p = 0.001]. Regarding muscle groups, results showed moderate effects for the knee extensors [SMD = 0.72 (95% CIs = 0.66–0.78), p < 0.001] and equivocal effects for the plantar flexors [SMD = 0.65 (95% CIs = −0.25–1.55); p = 0.143]. As to the assessment methods of skeletal muscle hypertrophy, findings indicated trivial to small effects for prediction equations [SMD = 0.29 (95% CIs = 0.16–0.42); p < 0.001] and moderate-to-large effects for ultrasound imaging [SMD = 0.74 (95% CIs = 0.59–0.89); p < 0.001]. Meta-regression analysis indicated that the weekly session frequency moderates the effect of plyometric jump training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy, with a higher weekly session frequency inducing larger hypertrophic gains [β = 0.3233 (95% CIs = 0.2041–0.4425); p < 0.001]. We found no clear evidence that age, sex, total training period, single session duration, or the number of jumps per week moderate the effect of plyometric jump training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy [β = −0.0133 to 0.0433 (95% CIs = −0.0387 to 0.1215); p = 0.101–0.751].

Conclusion: Plyometric jump training can induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy, regardless of age and sex. There is evidence for relatively larger effects in non-athletes compared with athletes. Further, the weekly session frequency seems to moderate the effect of plyometric jump training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy, whereby more frequent weekly plyometric jump training sessions elicit larger hypertrophic adaptations.
KW  - muscle tissue
KW  - muscle strength
KW  - stretch shortening cycle exercise
KW  - muscle growth
KW  - human physical conditioning
KW  - youth sports
KW  - aged
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.888464
SN  - 1664-042X
VL  - 13
SP  - 1
EP  - 17
PB  - Frontiers
CY  - Lausanne, Schweiz
ET  - 888464
ER  -