TY - JOUR
A1 - Fuchs, Matthias
A1 - Grosse, Guido
A1 - Strauss, Jens
A1 - Günther, Frank
A1 - Grigoriev, Mikhail N.
A1 - Maximov, Georgy M.
A1 - Hugelius, Gustaf
T1 - Carbon and nitrogen pools in thermokarst-affected permafrost landscapes in Arctic Siberia
JF - Biogeosciences
N2 - Ice-rich yedoma-dominated landscapes store considerable amounts of organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) and are vulnerable to degradation under climate warming. We investigate the C and N pools in two thermokarst-affected yedoma landscapes - on Sobo-Sise Island and on Bykovsky Peninsula in the north of eastern Siberia. Soil cores up to 3m depth were collected along geomorphic gradients and analysed for organic C and N contents. A high vertical sampling density in the profiles allowed the calculation of C and N stocks for short soil column intervals and enhanced understanding of within-core parameter variability. Profile-level C and N stocks were scaled to the landscape level based on landform classifications from 5 m resolution, multispectral RapidEye satellite imagery. Mean landscape C and N storage in the first metre of soil for Sobo-Sise Island is estimated to be 20.2 kg C m(-2) and 1.8 kg N m(-2) and for Bykovsky Peninsula 25.9 kg C m(-2) and 2.2 kg N m(-2). Radiocarbon dating demonstrates the Holocene age of thermokarst basin deposits but also suggests the presence of thick Holoceneage cover layers which can reach up to 2 m on top of intact yedoma landforms. Reconstructed sedimentation rates of 0.10-0.57 mm yr(-1) suggest sustained mineral soil accumulation across all investigated landforms. Both yedoma and thermokarst landforms are characterized by limited accumulation of organic soil layers (peat). We further estimate that an active layer deepening of about 100 cm will increase organic C availability in a seasonally thawed state in the two study areas by similar to 5.8 Tg (13.2 kg C m(-2)). Our study demonstrates the importance of increasing the number of C and N storage inventories in ice-rich yedoma and thermokarst environments in order to account for high variability of permafrost and thermokarst environments in pan-permafrost soil C and N pool estimates.
Y1 - 2018
U6 - https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-953-2018
SN - 1726-4170
SN - 1726-4189
VL - 15
IS - 3
SP - 953
EP - 971
PB - Copernicus
CY - Göttingen
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Sauermann, Antje
A1 - Höhle, Barbara
T1 - Word order in German child language and child-directed speech
BT - a corpus analysis on the ordering of double objects in the German middlefield
JF - Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics
N2 - We report two corpus analyses to examine the impact of animacy, definiteness, givenness and type of referring expression on the ordering of double objects in the spontaneous speech of German-speaking two- to four-year-old children and the child-directed speech of their mothers. The first corpus analysis revealed that definiteness, givenness and type of referring expression influenced word order variation in child language and child-directed speech when the type of referring expression distinguished between pronouns and lexical noun phrases. These results correspond to previous child language studies in English (e.g., de Marneffe et al. 2012). Extending the scope of previous studies, our second corpus analysis examined the role of different pronoun types on word order. It revealed that word order in child language and child-directed speech was predictable from the types of pronouns used. Different types of pronouns were associated with different sentence positions but also showed a strong correlation to givenness and definiteness. Yet, the distinction between pronoun types diminished the effects of givenness so that givenness had an independent impact on word order only in child-directed speech but not in child language. Our results support a multi-factorial approach to word order in German. Moreover, they underline the strong impact of the type of referring expression on word order and suggest that it plays a crucial role in the acquisition of the factors influencing word order variation.
KW - German
KW - word order
KW - corpus study
KW - language acquisition
KW - information structure
KW - referring expression
Y1 - 2018
U6 - https://doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.281
SN - 2397-1835
VL - 3
IS - 1
PB - Ubiquity Press LTD
CY - London
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Badalyan, Artavazd
A1 - Dierich, Marlen
A1 - Stiba, Konstanze
A1 - Schwuchow, Viola
A1 - Leimkühler, Silke
A1 - Wollenberger, Ulla
T1 - Electrical wiring of the aldehyde oxidoreductase PaoABC with a polymer containing osmium redox centers
BT - biosensors for benzaldehyde and GABA
JF - Biosensors
N2 - Biosensors for the detection of benzaldehyde and g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are reported using aldehyde oxidoreductase PaoABC from Escherichia coli immobilized in a polymer containing bound low potential osmium redox complexes. The electrically connected enzyme already electrooxidizes benzaldehyde at potentials below −0.15 V (vs. Ag|AgCl, 1 M KCl). The pH-dependence of benzaldehyde oxidation can be strongly influenced by the ionic strength. The effect is similar with the soluble osmium redox complex and therefore indicates a clear electrostatic effect on the bioelectrocatalytic efficiency of PaoABC in the osmium containing redox polymer. At lower ionic strength, the pH-optimum is high and can be switched to low pH-values at high ionic strength. This offers biosensing at high and low pH-values. A “reagentless” biosensor has been formed with enzyme wired onto a screen-printed electrode in a flow cell device. The response time to addition of benzaldehyde is 30 s, and the measuring range is between 10–150 µM and the detection limit of 5 µM (signal to noise ratio 3:1) of benzaldehyde. The relative standard deviation in a series (n = 13) for 200 µM benzaldehyde is 1.9%. For the biosensor, a response to succinic semialdehyde was also identified. Based on this response and the ability to work at high pH a biosensor for GABA is proposed by coimmobilizing GABA-aminotransferase (GABA-T) and PaoABC in the osmium containing redox polymer.
KW - redox polymer
KW - aldehyde oxidoreductase
KW - ionic strength
KW - benzaldehyde
KW - GABA
KW - biosensor
Y1 - 2014
U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/bios4040403
VL - 4
IS - 4
SP - 403
EP - 421
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Oguntunde, Philip G.
A1 - Abiodun, Babatunde Joseph
A1 - Lischeid, Gunnar
A1 - Abatan, Abayomi A.
T1 - Droughts projection over the Niger and Volta River basins of West Africa at specific global warming levels
JF - International Journal of Climatology
N2 - This study investigates possible impacts of four global warming levels (GWLs: GWL1.5, GWL2.0, GWL2.5, and GWL3.0) on drought characteristics over Niger River basin (NRB) and Volta River basin (VRB). Two drought indices-Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI)-were employed in characterizing droughts in 20 multi-model simulation outputs from the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX). The performance of the simulation in reproducing basic hydro-climatological features and severe drought characteristics (i.e., magnitude and frequency) in the basins were evaluated. The projected changes in the future drought frequency were quantified and compared under the four GWLs for two climate forcing scenarios (RCP8.5 and RCP4.5). The regional climate model (RCM) ensemble gives a realistic simulation of historical hydro-climatological variables needed to calculate the drought indices. With SPEI, the simulation ensemble projects an increase in the magnitude and frequency of severe droughts over both basins (NRB and VRB) at all GWLs, but the increase, which grows with the GWLs, is higher over NRB than over VRB. More than 75% of the simulations agree on the projected increase at GWL1.5 and all simulations agree on the increase at higher GWLs. With SPI, the projected changes in severe drought is weaker and the magnitude remains the same at all GWLs, suggesting that SPI projection may underestimate impacts of the GWLs on the intensity and severity of future drought. The results of this study have application in mitigating impact of global warming on future drought risk over the regional water systems.
KW - climate change
KW - drought index
KW - global warming levels
KW - river basins
KW - West Africa
KW - CORDEX data
Y1 - 2019
VL - 40
IS - 13
PB - John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
CY - New Jersey
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Omane, Paul Okyere
A1 - Höhle, Barbara
T1 - Acquiring syntactic variability
BT - The production of Wh-questions in children and adults speaking Akan
JF - Frontiers in communication
N2 - This paper investigates the predictions of the Derivational Complexity Hypothesis by studying the acquisition of wh-questions in 4- and 5-year-old Akan-speaking children in an experimental approach using an elicited production and an elicited imitation task. Akan has two types of wh-question structures (wh-in-situ and wh-ex-situ questions), which allows an investigation of children’s acquisition of these two question structures and their preferences for one or the other. Our results show that adults prefer to use wh-ex-situ questions over wh-in-situ questions. The results from the children show that both age groups have the two question structures in their linguistic repertoire. However, they differ in their preferences in usage in the elicited production task: while the 5-year-olds preferred the wh-in-situ structure over the wh-ex-situ structure, the 4-year-olds showed a selective preference for the wh-in-situ structure in who-questions. These findings suggest a developmental change in wh-question preferences in Akan-learning children between 4 and 5 years of age with a so far unobserved u-shaped developmental pattern. In the elicited imitation task, all groups showed a strong tendency to maintain the structure of in-situ and ex-situ questions in repeating grammatical questions. When repairing ungrammatical ex-situ questions, structural changes to grammatical in-situ questions were hardly observed but the insertion of missing morphemes while keeping the ex-situ structure. Together, our findings provide only partial support for the Derivational Complexity Hypothesis.
KW - Akan
KW - wh-questions
KW - wh-in-situ
KW - wh-ex-situ
KW - derivational complexity
KW - language acquisition
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2021.604951
SN - 2297-900X
VL - 2021
PB - Frontiers Media
CY - Lausanne, Schweiz
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Reich, Eli
T1 - The return of liberal rabbinic education to Berlin
BT - Abraham Geiger College, Zacharias Frankel College and the School of Jewish Theology
JF - Nordisk judaistik = Scandinavian Jewish studies
N2 - In Berlin two rabbinical seminaries, a Reform and a Conservative, have recently been established. The historical and intellectual roots of these institutions in the nineteenth century is sketched, and then contrasted with the present curriculum and the religious profile of the students. Some theological questions for the future of these projects conclude the article.
KW - Abraham Geiger College
KW - Zacharias Frankel College
KW - the School of Jewish Theology
KW - rabbinic education in Berlin
Y1 - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.30752/nj.84891
SN - 0348-1646
SN - 2343-4929
VL - 31
IS - 1
SP - 87
EP - 92
PB - Donner Institute
CY - Åbo
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Baumgardt, Iris
T1 - Berufliche Orientierung von Kindern im Grundschulalter
BT - Analyse von ausgewählten Projekten, Unterrichtsmaterialien und Lehrplänen
N2 - Die berufliche Orientierung von Kindern im Grundschulalter ist bislang nur in Ansätzen erforscht. Gleichwohl gibt es berufsorientierende Angebote, die auf verschiedenen Ebenen Grundschulkinder adressieren. Die Untersuchung fokussiert aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse, ausgewählte Initiativen, Kinderbücher, Unterrichtsmaterialien usw. zur beruflichen Orientierung von Kindern. Mit dem Ziel der Entwicklung und Ausdifferenzierung eines facettenreichen beruflichen Selbstkonzeptes von Kindern werden spezifische Forschungs- und Entwicklungspotenziale aufgezeigt.
Y1 - 2022
SN - 978-3-8340-2199-1
SN - 978-3-7639-7188-6
U6 - https://doi.org/10.3278/9783763971886
PB - Schneider Verlag Hohengehren GmbH
CY - Baltmannsweiler
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Taffarello, Denise
A1 - Srinivasan, Raghavan
A1 - Samprogna Mohor, Guilherme
A1 - Bittencourt Guimaraes, Joao Luis
A1 - Calijuri, Maria do Carmo
A1 - Mendiondo, Eduardo Mario
T1 - Modeling freshwater quality scenarios with ecosystem-based adaptation in the headwaters of the Cantareira system, Brazil
JF - Hydrology and earth system sciences : HESS
N2 - Although hydrologic models provide hypothesis testing of complex dynamics occurring at catchments, fresh-water quality modeling is still incipient at many subtropical headwaters. In Brazil, a few modeling studies assess freshwater nutrients, limiting policies on hydrologic ecosystem services. This paper aims to compare freshwater quality scenarios under different land-use and land-cover (LULC) change, one of them related to ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA), in Brazilian headwaters. Using the spatially semi-distributed Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model, nitrate, total phosphorous (TP) and sediment were modeled in catchments ranging from 7.2 to 1037 km(2). These head-waters were eligible areas of the Brazilian payment for ecosystem services (PES) projects in the Cantareira water supply system, which had supplied water to 9 million people in the Sao Paulo metropolitan region (SPMR). We considered SWAT modeling of three LULC scenarios: (i) recent past scenario (S1), with historical LULC in 1990; (ii) current land-use scenario (S2), with LULC for the period 2010-2015 with field validation; and (iii) future land-use scenario with PES (S2 + EbA). This latter scenario proposed forest cover restoration through EbA following the river basin plan by 2035. These three LULC scenarios were tested with a selected record of rainfall and evapotranspiration observed in 2006-2014, with the occurrence of extreme droughts. To assess hydrologic services, we proposed the hydrologic service index (HSI), as a new composite metric comparing water pollution levels (WPL) for reference catchments, related to the grey water footprint (greyWF) and water yield. On the one hand, water quality simulations allowed for the regionalization of greyWF at spatial scales under LULC scenarios. According to the critical threshold, HSI identified areas as less or more sustainable catchments. On the other hand, conservation practices simulated through the S2 + EbA scenario envisaged not only additional and viable best management practices (BMP), but also preventive decision-making at the headwaters of water supply systems.
Y1 - 2018
U6 - https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4699-2018
SN - 1027-5606
SN - 1607-7938
VL - 22
IS - 9
SP - 4699
EP - 4723
PB - Copernicus
CY - Göttingen
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Mitic, Kristina
A1 - Grafe, Marianne
A1 - Batsios, Petros
A1 - Meyer, Irene
T1 - Partial Disassembly of the Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins during Semi-Closed Mitosis in Dictyostelium discoideum
JF - Cells
N2 - Dictyostelium cells undergo a semi-closed mitosis, during which the nuclear envelope (NE) persists; however, free diffusion between the cytoplasm and the nucleus takes place. To permit the formation of the mitotic spindle, the nuclear envelope must be permeabilized in order to allow diffusion of tubulin dimers and spindle assembly factors into the nucleus. In Aspergillus, free diffusion of proteins between the cytoplasm and the nucleus is achieved by a partial disassembly of the nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) prior to spindle assembly. In order to determine whether this is also the case in Dictyostelium, we analysed components of the NPC by immunofluorescence microscopy and live cell imaging and studied their behaviour during interphase and mitosis. We observed that the NPCs are absent from the contact area of the nucleoli and that some nucleoporins also localize to the centrosome and the spindle poles. In addition, we could show that, during mitosis, the central FG protein NUP62, two inner ring components and Gle1 depart from the NPCs, while all other tested NUPs remained at the NE. This leads to the conclusion that indeed a partial disassembly of the NPCs takes place, which contributes to permeabilisation of the NE during semi-closed mitosis.
KW - nuclear pore complex
KW - nucleoporins
KW - semi-closed mitosis
KW - centrosome
KW - Dictyostelium
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11030407
SN - 2073-4409
VL - 11
IS - 3
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Mattis, Toni
A1 - Beckmann, Tom
A1 - Rein, Patrick
A1 - Hirschfeld, Robert
T1 - First-class concepts
BT - Reified architectural knowledge beyond dominant decompositions
JF - Journal of object technology : JOT / ETH Zürich, Department of Computer Science
N2 - Ideally, programs are partitioned into independently maintainable and understandable modules. As a system grows, its architecture gradually loses the capability to accommodate new concepts in a modular way. While refactoring is expensive and not always possible, and the programming language might lack dedicated primary language constructs to express certain cross-cutting concerns, programmers are still able to explain and delineate convoluted concepts through secondary means: code comments, use of whitespace and arrangement of code, documentation, or communicating tacit knowledge.
Secondary constructs are easy to change and provide high flexibility in communicating cross-cutting concerns and other concepts among programmers. However, such secondary constructs usually have no reified representation that can be explored and manipulated as first-class entities through the programming environment.
In this exploratory work, we discuss novel ways to express a wide range of concepts, including cross-cutting concerns, patterns, and lifecycle artifacts independently of the dominant decomposition imposed by an existing architecture. We propose the representation of concepts as first-class objects inside the programming environment that retain the capability to change as easily as code comments. We explore new tools that allow programmers to view, navigate, and change programs based on conceptual perspectives. In a small case study, we demonstrate how such views can be created and how the programming experience changes from draining programmers' attention by stretching it across multiple modules toward focusing it on cohesively presented concepts. Our designs are geared toward facilitating multiple secondary perspectives on a system to co-exist in symbiosis with the original architecture, hence making it easier to explore, understand, and explain complex contexts and narratives that are hard or impossible to express using primary modularity constructs.
KW - software engineering
KW - modularity
KW - exploratory programming
KW - program
KW - comprehension
KW - remodularization
KW - architecture recovery
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.5381/jot.2022.21.2.a6
SN - 1660-1769
VL - 21
IS - 2
SP - 1
EP - 15
PB - ETH Zürich, Department of Computer Science
CY - Zürich
ER -