TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarz, Ingo T1 - “Any American will always be welcome to the study of Alexander von Humboldt” BT - ein Besucher aus den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika bei Alexander von Humboldt 1836 JF - HiN : Alexander von Humboldt im Netz ; International Review for Humboldtian Studies N2 - Im Jahr 1836 traf der US-amerikanische Geistliche und Sammler historischer Dokumente William B. Sprague (1795–1876) während seines zweiten Europabesuches auch mit Alexander von Humboldt in Berlin zusammen. Im Verlaufe des Gespräches zeigte sich Humboldt mit den politischen Entwicklungen in den Vereinigten Staaten bestens vertraut. Er kritisierte das Sklavensystem, räumte aber auch ein, dass er viele Aspekte der amerikanischen Demokratie bewunderte. N2 - During his second visit to Europe in 1836, the American clergyman and collector of historical documents William B. Sprague (1795–1876) met with Alexander von Humboldt in Berlin. In their conversation Humboldt showed himself to be very familiar with American political developments. He criticized slavery in the United States but also conceded that he admired many aspects of American democracy. N2 - El erudito estadounidense y coleccionista de documentos históricos William B. Sprague (1795–1876) se reunió con Alexander von Humboldt en Berlín durante su segunda visita a Europa en el año 1836. Durante su conversación, Humboldt se mostró muy bien informado de las corrientes políticas actuales de los EEUU. Criticó al sistema esclavista, pero también mostró admiración para muchos aspectos de la democracia norteamericana. KW - USA KW - Berlin KW - Sklaverei Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-395798 SN - 1617-5239 SN - 2568-3543 VL - XVIII IS - 34 SP - 92 EP - 95 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Walravens, Hartmut T1 - Zu den von A. v. Humboldt aus Rußland mitgebrachten Büchern JF - HiN : Alexander von Humboldt im Netz ; International Review for Humboldtian Studies N2 - Humboldt hat auf seiner Russlandreise 1829 eine Anzahl von Büchern und Schriften in mongolischer, kalmükischer, armenischer, chinesischer, tibetischer und mandschurischer Sprache als Geschenk erhalten. Darüber hinaus hat er drei persische Handschriften käuflich erworben. Das umfangreichste Stück ist der chinesische Roman Geschichte der Drei Reiche. Humboldt hatte den Altphilologen und Kenner des Armenischen und Chinesischen, Carl Friedrich Neumann, gebeten, diese Titel zu katalogisieren. Als die Liste im Druck erschien (während Neumann sich auf einer Chinareise befand), führten die Monita zu einer Gelehrtenfehde. Danach gerieten die Bücher, eine bunte Mischung, bald in Vergessenheit. Vorliegender Artikel gibt eine Liste auf Grund des heutigen Befundes in der Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, für die der Sammler die Bücher von Anfang an bestimmt hatte, wie mehrere Beischriften belegen. N2 - Humboldt was presented with a number of books and manuscripts in Mongol, Calmuck, Armenian, Chinese, Tibetan and Manchu on his trip through Russia in 1829. In addition he bought three Persian manuscripts. The largest item was the Chinese novel History of the Three Kingdoms. Humboldt asked the classical philologist and Armenian and Chinese scholar Carl Friedrich Neumann to catalogue these books. When the list was published (while Neumann was absent on a trip to China), the criticism led to a scholarly feud. Afterwards the books, a rather mixed bag so to speak, soon fell into oblivion. The present article provides an analysis and catalogue of the material on the basis of the evidence in the Berlin State Library to which the collector had donated it immediately after his return from Russia as documented by several autograph notes. N2 - En su viaje por Rusia en 1892 Humboldt recibió de regalo algunos libros y manuscritos en lengua mongola, calmuca, armenia, china, tibetana y manchú. Además adquirió tres manuscritos persos. El texto más extenso fue la novela china La historia de los tres imperios. Humboldt pidió al filólogo clásico y conocedor del armenio y chino Carl Friedrich Neumann que catalogase estos libros. Cuando la lista fue publicada (mientras Neumann estaba de viaje en China) la reacción crítica resultó en una disputa académica. Luego los libros, una mezcla abigarrada, cayeron en el olvido. El presente artículo da un análisis y un catálogo del material a base de la evidencia en la Biblioteca Estatal de Berlín, a la que el coleccionista donó los libros inmediatamente después de regresar de Rusia, como documentan varias notas autógrafas. KW - Russlandreise KW - Buchgeschenke KW - Bucherwerbungen KW - Bücherkatalog KW - Königliche Bibliothek Berlin KW - Karl Friedrich Neumann Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-395804 SN - 1617-5239 SN - 2568-3543 VL - XVIII IS - 34 SP - 96 EP - 146 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Frieler, Katja A1 - Schauberger, Bernhard A1 - Arneth, Almut A1 - Balkovic, Juraj A1 - Chryssanthacopoulos, James A1 - Deryng, Delphine A1 - Elliott, Joshua A1 - Folberth, Christian A1 - Khabarov, Nikolay A1 - Müller, Christoph A1 - Olin, Stefan A1 - Pugh, Thomas A. M. A1 - Schaphoff, Sibyll A1 - Schewe, Jacob A1 - Schmid, Erwin A1 - Warszawski, Lila A1 - Levermann, Anders T1 - Understanding the weather signal in national crop-yield variability JF - Earths future N2 - Year-to-year variations in crop yields can have major impacts on the livelihoods of subsistence farmers and may trigger significant global price fluctuations, with severe consequences for people in developing countries. Fluctuations can be induced by weather conditions, management decisions, weeds, diseases, and pests. Although an explicit quantification and deeper understanding of weather-induced crop-yield variability is essential for adaptation strategies, so far it has only been addressed by empirical models. Here, we provide conservative estimates of the fraction of reported national yield variabilities that can be attributed to weather by state-of-the-art, process-based crop model simulations. We find that observed weather variations can explain more than 50% of the variability in wheat yields in Australia, Canada, Spain, Hungary, and Romania. For maize, weather sensitivities exceed 50% in seven countries, including the United States. The explained variance exceeds 50% for rice in Japan and South Korea and for soy in Argentina. Avoiding water stress by simulating yields assuming full irrigation shows that water limitation is a major driver of the observed variations in most of these countries. Identifying the mechanisms leading to crop-yield fluctuations is not only fundamental for dampening fluctuations, but is also important in the context of the debate on the attribution of loss and damage to climate change. Since process-based crop models not only account for weather influences on crop yields, but also provide options to represent human-management measures, they could become essential tools for differentiating these drivers, and for exploring options to reduce future yield fluctuations. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/2016EF000525 SN - 2328-4277 VL - 5 SP - 605 EP - 616 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wicha, Sebastian G. A1 - Huisinga, Wilhelm A1 - Kloft, Charlotte T1 - Translational pharmacometric evaluation of typical antibiotic broad-spectrum combination therapies against staphylococcus aureus exploiting in vitro information JF - CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology N2 - Broad-spectrum antibiotic combination therapy is frequently applied due to increasing resistance development of infective pathogens. The objective of the present study was to evaluate two common empiric broad-spectrum combination therapies consisting of either linezolid (LZD) or vancomycin (VAN) combined with meropenem (MER) against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) as the most frequent causative pathogen of severe infections. A semimechanistic pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) model mimicking a simplified bacterial life-cycle of S. aureus was developed upon time-kill curve data to describe the effects of LZD, VAN, and MER alone and in dual combinations. The PK-PD model was successfully (i) evaluated with external data from two clinical S. aureus isolates and further drug combinations and (ii) challenged to predict common clinical PK-PD indices and breakpoints. Finally, clinical trial simulations were performed that revealed that the combination of VAN-MER might be favorable over LZD-MER due to an unfavorable antagonistic interaction between LZD and MER. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/psp4.12197 SN - 2163-8306 VL - 6 SP - 512 EP - 522 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Huss, Matthias A1 - Bookhagen, Bodo A1 - Huggel, C. A1 - Jacobsen, Dean A1 - Bradley, Raymond S. A1 - Clague, J. J. A1 - Vuille, Mathias A1 - Buytaert, Wouter A1 - Cayan, D. R. A1 - Greenwood, G. A1 - Mark, B. G. A1 - Milner, A. M. A1 - Weingartner, Rolf A1 - Winder, M. T1 - Toward mountains without permanent snow and ice JF - Earths future N2 - The cryosphere in mountain regions is rapidly declining, a trend that is expected to accelerate over the next several decades due to anthropogenic climate change. A cascade of effects will result, extending from mountains to lowlands with associated impacts on human livelihood, economy, and ecosystems. With rising air temperatures and increased radiative forcing, glaciers will become smaller and, in some cases, disappear, the area of frozen ground will diminish, the ratio of snow to rainfall will decrease, and the timing and magnitude of both maximum and minimum streamflow will change. These changes will affect erosion rates, sediment, and nutrient flux, and the biogeochemistry of rivers and proglacial lakes, all of which influence water quality, aquatic habitat, and biotic communities. Changes in the length of the growing season will allow low-elevation plants and animals to expand their ranges upward. Slope failures due to thawing alpine permafrost, and outburst floods from glacier-and moraine-dammed lakes will threaten downstream populations.Societies even well beyond the mountains depend on meltwater from glaciers and snow for drinking water supplies, irrigation, mining, hydropower, agriculture, and recreation. Here, we review and, where possible, quantify the impacts of anticipated climate change on the alpine cryosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere, and consider the implications for adaptation to a future of mountains without permanent snow and ice. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/2016EF000514 SN - 2328-4277 VL - 5 SP - 418 EP - 435 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schütze, Franziska A1 - Fürst, Steffen A1 - Mielke, Jahel A1 - Steudle, Gesine A. A1 - Wolf, Sarah A1 - Jäger, Carlo C. T1 - The Role of Sustainable Investment in Climate Policy JF - Sustainability N2 - Reaching the Sustainable Development Goals requires a fundamental socio-economic transformation accompanied by substantial investment in low-carbon infrastructure. Such a sustainability transition represents a non-marginal change, driven by behavioral factors and systemic interactions. However, typical economic models used to assess a sustainability transition focus on marginal changes around a local optimum, whichby constructionlead to negative effects. Thus, these models do not allow evaluating a sustainability transition that might have substantial positive effects. This paper examines which mechanisms need to be included in a standard computable general equilibrium model to overcome these limitations and to give a more comprehensive view of the effects of climate change mitigation. Simulation results show that, given an ambitious greenhouse gas emission constraint and a price of carbon, positive economic effects are possible if (1) technical progress results (partly) endogenously from the model and (2) a policy intervention triggering an increase of investment is introduced. Additionally, if (3) the investment behavior of firms is influenced by their sales expectations, the effects are amplified. The results provide suggestions for policy-makers, because the outcome indicates that investment-oriented climate policies can lead to more desirable outcomes in economic, social and environmental terms. KW - climate policy KW - green growth KW - macroeconomic models KW - sustainable investment KW - technical progress KW - expectations KW - 1.5 degrees C Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/su9122221 SN - 2071-1050 VL - 9 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weithoff, Guntram A1 - Taube, Anne A1 - Bolius, Sarah T1 - The invasion success of the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in experimental mesocosms BT - genetic identity, grazing loss, competition and biotic resistance JF - Aquatic Invasions N2 - The potentially toxic, invasive cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, originating from sub-tropical regions, has spread into temperate climate zones in almost all continents. Potential factors in its success are temperature, light and nutrient levels. Grazing losses through zooplankton have been measured in the laboratory but are typically not regarded as a factor in (failed) invasion success. In some potentially suitable lakes, C. raciborskii has never been found, although it is present in water bodies close by. Therefore, we tested the invasive potential of three different isolates introduced into natural plankton communities using laboratory mesocosm experiments under three grazing levels: ambient zooplankton densities, removal of large species using 100 mu m mesh and a ca. doubling of large species. Three C. raciborskii isolates originating from the same geographic region (North-East Germany) were added separately to the four replicates of each treatment and kept in semi-continuous cultures for 21 days. Two isolates disappeared from the mesocosms and were also not viable in filtered lake water indicating that the lake water itself or the switch from culture medium to lake water led to the decay of the inoculated C. raciborskii. Only one out of the three isolates persisted in the plankton communities at a rather low level and only in the treatment without larger zooplankton. This result demonstrates that under potentially suitable environmental conditions, top-down control from zooplankton might hamper the establishment of C. raciborskii. Non-metric multidimensional scaling showed distinct variation in resident phytoplankton communities between the different grazing levels, thus differential grazing impact shaped the resident community in different ways allowing C. raciborskii only to invade under competitive (= low grazing pressure) conditions. Furthermore, even after invasion failure, the temporary presence of C. raciborskii influenced the phytoplankton community. KW - alien species KW - Cyanobacteria KW - competitive resistance KW - consumptive resistance KW - herbivory KW - harmful algae KW - microbial invasion Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3391/ai.2017.12.3.07 SN - 1798-6540 SN - 1818-5487 VL - 12 SP - 333 EP - 341 PB - Regional Euro-Asian Biological Invasions centre-reabic CY - Helsinki ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Heike Hildegard A1 - Raschke, Elena A1 - Epp, Laura Saskia A1 - Stoof-Leichsenring, Kathleen Rosemarie A1 - Schirrmeister, Lutz A1 - Schwamborn, Georg A1 - Herzschuh, Ulrike T1 - The history of tree and shrub taxa on Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island (New Siberian Archipelago) since the Last Interglacial Uncovered by Sedimentary Ancient DNA and Pollen Data JF - Genes N2 - Ecosystem boundaries, such as the Arctic-Boreal treeline, are strongly coupled with climate and were spatially highly dynamic during past glacial-interglacial cycles. Only a few studies cover vegetation changes since the last interglacial, as most of the former landscapes are inundated and difficult to access. Using pollen analysis and sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) metabarcoding, we reveal vegetation changes on Bol’shoy Lyakhovsky Island since the last interglacial from permafrost sediments. Last interglacial samples depict high levels of floral diversity with the presence of trees (Larix, Picea, Populus) and shrubs (Alnus, Betula, Ribes, Cornus, Saliceae) on the currently treeless island. After the Last Glacial Maximum, Larix re-colonised the island but disappeared along with most shrub taxa. This was probably caused by Holocene sea-level rise, which led to increased oceanic conditions on the island. Additionally, we applied two newly developed larch-specific chloroplast markers to evaluate their potential for tracking past population dynamics from environmental samples. The novel markers were successfully re-sequenced and exhibited two variants of each marker in last interglacial samples. SedaDNA can track vegetation changes as well as genetic changes across geographic space through time and can improve our understanding of past processes that shape modern patterns. KW - sedaDNA KW - metabarcoding KW - trnL KW - single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) KW - treeline KW - MIS 5 to 1 KW - permafrost deposits KW - radiocarbon ages KW - palaeoenvironment KW - Larix Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/genes8100273 SN - 2073-4425 VL - 8 IS - 10 SP - 273 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Godess-Riccitelli, Moran T1 - The final end of imagination BT - On the relationship between moral ideal and reflectivity in Immanuel Kant’s Critique of the Power of Judgment JF - Filosofia unisinos N2 - One main quandary that emerges in the context of Immanuel Kant’s moral ideal, The Highest Good, is that on the one hand Kant sets it as a moral demand, that is, as a principle that must be comprehended as an attainable end for man in practice while, on the other hand, it is set as a moral ideal, i.e. as something that cannot be concretized and realized within the empirical world. The main goal of this paper is to argue for the realizability of the moral ideal by means of the principle of reflective judgment as a form of judgment that in fact clarifies human limitation. I assert that the very recognition of this limitation constitutes the possibility for hope in that ideal, or for striving towards it, and that this striving is the only way that the moral ideal can be concretized. I examine man’s recognition of self-limitation as a response to the moral demand to realize the moral ideal and the necessity of the power of imagination for this, used reflectively. KW - culture KW - final end KW - Highest Good KW - hope KW - imagination KW - Kant KW - moral ideal reflective judgment KW - ultimate end Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4013/fsu.2017.182.05 SN - 1519-5023 SN - 1984-8234 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - 107 EP - 115 PB - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos CY - São Leopoldo ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fliesser, Michael A1 - De Witt Huberts, Jessie A1 - Wippert, Pia-Maria T1 - The choice that matters: the relative influence of socioeconomic status indicators on chronic back pain- a longitudinal study JF - BMC health services research N2 - Background: In health research, indicators of socioeconomic status (SES) are often used interchangeably and often lack theoretical foundation. This makes it difficult to compare results from different studies and to explore the relationship between SES and health outcomes. To aid researchers in choosing appropriate indicators of SES, this article proposes and tests a theory-based selection of SES indicators using chronic back pain as a health outcome. Results: Chronic back pain intensity was best predicted by the multidimensional index (beta = 0.31, p < 0.05), followed by job position (beta = 0.29, p < 0.05) and education (beta = -0.29, p < 0.05); whereas, income exerted no significant influence. Back pain disability was predicted strongest by education (beta = -0.30, p < 0.05) and job position (beta = 0. 29, p < 0.05). Here, multidimensional index and income had no significant influence. Conclusions: The choice of SES indicators influences predictive power on both back pain dimensions, suggesting SES predictors cannot be used interchangeably. Therefore, researchers should carefully consider prior to each study which SES indicator to use. The introduced framework can be valuable in supporting this decision because it allows for a stable prediction of SES indicator influence and their hierarchy on a specific health outcomes. KW - socioeconomic status KW - Indicators of socioeconomic status KW - health inequality KW - education KW - job position KW - income KW - chronic back pain Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-017-2735-9 SN - 1472-6963 VL - 17 PB - BioMed Central CY - London ER -