TY - JOUR A1 - Breit, Moritz Lion A1 - Brunner, Martin A1 - Preckel, Franzis T1 - General intelligence and specific cognitive abilities in adolescence BT - tests of age differentiation, ability differentiation, and their interaction in two large samples JF - Developmental psychology N2 - Differentiation of intelligence refers to changes in the structure of intelligence that depend on individuals' level of general cognitive ability (ability differentiation hypothesis) or age (developmental differentiation hypothesis). The present article aimed to investigate ability differentiation, developmental differentiation, and their interaction with nonlinear factor analytic models in 2 studies. Study 1 was comprised of a nationally representative sample of 7,127 U.S. students (49.4% female; M-age = 14.51, SD = 1.42, range = 12.08-17.00) who completed the computerized adaptive version of the Armed Service Vocational Aptitude Battery. Study 2 analyzed the norming sample of the Berlin Intelligence Structure Test with 1,506 German students (44% female; M-age = 14.54, SD = 1.35, range = 10.00-18.42). Results of Study 1 supported the ability differentiation hypothesis but not the developmental differentiation hypothesis. Rather, the findings pointed to age-dedifferentiation (i.e., higher correlations between different abilities with increasing age). There was evidence for an interaction between age and ability differentiation, with greater ability differentiation found for older adolescents. Study 2 provided little evidence for ability differentiation but largely replicated the findings for age dedifferentiation and the interaction between age and ability differentiation. The present results provide insight into the complex dynamics underlying the development of intelligence structure during adolescence. Implications for the assessment of intelligence are discussed. KW - intelligence KW - ability differentiation KW - age differentiation KW - nonlinear KW - factor analysis KW - adolescence Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000876 SN - 0012-1649 SN - 1939-0599 VL - 56 IS - 2 SP - 364 EP - 384 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Levy, Jessica A1 - Mussack, Dominic A1 - Brunner, Martin A1 - Keller, Ulrich A1 - Cardoso-Leite, Pedro A1 - Fischbach, Antoine T1 - Contrasting classical and machine learning approaches in the estimation of value-added scores in large-scale educational data JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - There is no consensus on which statistical model estimates school value-added (VA) most accurately. To date, the two most common statistical models used for the calculation of VA scores are two classical methods: linear regression and multilevel models. These models have the advantage of being relatively transparent and thus understandable for most researchers and practitioners. However, these statistical models are bound to certain assumptions (e.g., linearity) that might limit their prediction accuracy. Machine learning methods, which have yielded spectacular results in numerous fields, may be a valuable alternative to these classical models. Although big data is not new in general, it is relatively new in the realm of social sciences and education. New types of data require new data analytical approaches. Such techniques have already evolved in fields with a long tradition in crunching big data (e.g., gene technology). The objective of the present paper is to competently apply these "imported" techniques to education data, more precisely VA scores, and assess when and how they can extend or replace the classical psychometrics toolbox. The different models include linear and non-linear methods and extend classical models with the most commonly used machine learning methods (i.e., random forest, neural networks, support vector machines, and boosting). We used representative data of 3,026 students in 153 schools who took part in the standardized achievement tests of the Luxembourg School Monitoring Program in grades 1 and 3. Multilevel models outperformed classical linear and polynomial regressions, as well as different machine learning models. However, it could be observed that across all schools, school VA scores from different model types correlated highly. Yet, the percentage of disagreements as compared to multilevel models was not trivial and real-life implications for individual schools may still be dramatic depending on the model type used. Implications of these results and possible ethical concerns regarding the use of machine learning methods for decision-making in education are discussed. KW - value-added modeling KW - school effectiveness KW - machine learning KW - model KW - comparison KW - longitudinal data Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02190 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 11 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Dinter, Anja T1 - Bewegte Schule für alle BT - Modifizierungen eines Konzeptes der bewegten Schulen für die Förderschwerpunkte Lernen, geistige, motorische, emotionale und soziale Entwicklung, Sprache sowie Hören N2 - Die Forschungsgruppe „Bewegtes Lernen“ der Universität Leipzig arbeitet seit Mitte der 1990er Jahre an der Zielstellung, Kindern und Jugendlichen in der Schule mehr Bewegung zu ermöglichen. Jedoch können viele Ansätze der „Bewegten Schule“ nicht ohne Weiteres auf die Bedürfnisse von Schülern mit Entwicklungsbesonderheiten übertragen werden. Diese spezifischen Modifizierungen finden sich im vorliegenden Band, auch aber nicht nur als Ergänzung zu den Bänden „Bewegte Schule“ und „Bewegte Grundschule“. Zielgruppen sind dabei sowohl Lehrkräfte in inklusiven Klassen als auch an spezifischen Förderschulen. Y1 - 2020 SN - 978-3-89665-880-7 PB - Academia CY - Bade-Baden ET - 2., aktualisiert Aufl. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pauly, Dennis Nikolas A1 - Nottbusch, Guido T1 - The Influence of the German Capitalization Rules on Reading JF - Frontiers in Communication N2 - German orthography systematically marks all nouns (even other nominalized word classes) by capitalizing their first letter. It is often claimed that readers benefit from the uppercase-letter syntactic and semantic information, which makes the processing of sentences easier (e.g., Bock et al., 1985, 1989). In order to test this hypothesis, we asked 54 German readers to read single sentences systematically manipulated by a target word (N). In the experimental condition (EXP), we used semantic priming (in the following example: sick -> cold) in order to build up a strong expectation of a noun, which was actually an attribute for the following noun (N+1) (translated to English e.g., "The sick writer had a cold (N) nose (N+1) ..."). The sentences in the control condition were built analogously, but word N was purposefully altered (keeping word length and frequency constant) to make its interpretation as a noun extremely unlikely (e.g., "The sick writer had a blue (N) nose (N+1) ..."). In both conditions, the sentences were presented either following German standard orthography (Cap) or in lowercase spelling (NoCap). The capitalized nouns in the EXP/Cap condition should then prevent garden-path parsing, as capital letters can be recognized parafoveally. However, in the EXP/NoCap condition, we expected a garden-path effect on word N+1 affecting first-pass fixations and the number of regressions, as the reader realizes that word N is instead an adjective. As the control condition does not include a garden-path, we expected to find (small) effects of the violation of the orthographic rule in the CON/NoCap condition, but no garden-path effect. As a global result, it can be stated that reading sentences in which nouns are not marked by a majuscule slows a native German reader down significantly, but from an absolute point of view, the effect is small. Compared with other manipulations (e.g., transpositions or substitutions), a lowercase letter still represents the correct allograph in the correct position without affecting phonology. Furthermore, most German readers do have experience with other alphabetic writing systems that lack consistent noun capitalization, and in (private) digital communication lowercase nouns are quite common. Although our garden-path sentences did not show the desired effect, we found an indication of grammatical pre-processing enabled by the majuscule in the regularly spelled sentences: In the case of high noun frequency, we post hoc located parafovea-on-fovea effects, i.e., longer fixation durations, on the attributive adjective (word N). These benefits of capitalization could only be detected under specific circumstances. In other cases, we conclude that longer reading durations are mainly the result of disturbance in readers' habituation when the expected capitalization is missing. KW - orthography KW - eye-tracking KW - reading KW - noun KW - parafoveal and foveal KW - processing Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2020.00015 SN - 2297-900X VL - 5 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meyer, André A1 - Richter, Eric A1 - Richter, Dirk A1 - Gronostaj, Anna T1 - Professionalisierung von Schulleitungen am Beispiel der Werkstatt „Schule leiten“ T1 - Evaluation of the professional development program “Schule leiten” [“School Leadership”] for principals BT - Evaluationsergebnisse einer Fortbildungsreihe für Schulleitungen zum Thema Schulentwicklung BT - results from a program on school improvement JF - Die deutsche Schule N2 - Empirische Studien und schulische Rechtsvorschriften betonen die Relevanz von Schulleiter*innen für die Schulentwicklung. Auf diese Aufgabe müssen Schulleiter*innen in Aus- und Fortbildungen vorbereitet werden. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht in einem längsschnittlichen Design Effekte der Fortbildungsreihe Werkstatt „Schule leiten“. Die Teilnehmer*innen bewerten die Werkstatt zumeist positiv und es zeigen sich geringe bis moderate Veränderungen in ihrem selbstberichteten beruflichen Handeln. Schulleiter*innen mit wenigen Jahren Leitungserfahrung berichten dabei über die größten Zuwächse. Der Beitrag diskutiert Implikationen für die Forschung und Fortbildung von Schulleiter*innen. N2 - Empirical studies and legal documents of school law highlight the importance of principals for school improvement. Professional development (PD) needs to be provided for principals in this field accordingly. This longitudinal study investigates effects of a PD program addressing principals’ self-reported skills that are related to school improvement. Participants are highly satisfied with the PD program and they report small to moderate changes of their leadership behaviour. Principals with little experience on the job report higher gains of their leadership than highly experienced principals. Implications for future research and professional development are discussed. KW - Schulleitungsfortbildung KW - Evaluation KW - Wirkungen von Fortbildungen KW - Längsschnittstudie KW - principal professional development KW - evaluation research KW - ffects of professional developmen KW - longitudinal study KW - multiple regression Y1 - 2020 UR - https://www.waxmann.com/artikelART104135 U6 - https://doi.org/10.31244/dds.2020.03.03 SN - 0012-0731 SN - 2699-5379 VL - 112 IS - 3 SP - 277 EP - 295 PB - Waxmann CY - Münster ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wenger, Marina A1 - Gärtner, Holger A1 - Brunner, Martin T1 - To what extent are characteristics of a school's student body, instructional quality, school quality, and school achievement interrelated? JF - School effectiveness and school improvement N2 - The aim of educational policy should be to provide a good education to all students. Thus, a key question arises regarding the extent to which key characteristics of school composition (proportion of students with migration background, socioeconomic status [SES], prior school achievement, and achievement heterogeneity), instructional quality, school quality, and later school achievement are interrelated. The present study addressed this research question by examining school inspection data, official school statistics, and large-scale achievement data from all primary schools in Berlin, Germany (N = 343). The results of correlation and path analyses showed that school composition (average SES, average prior school achievement) predicted components of instructional quality (SES: classroom management, cognitive activation; achievement: cognitive activation, individual learning support). The relation between school composition characteristics and most components of school quality was close to zero. Contrary to our expectations, only the effect of school SES on later achievement was mediated by instructional quality. KW - school composition KW - instructional quality KW - school quality Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2020.1754243 SN - 0924-3453 SN - 1744-5124 VL - 31 IS - 4 SP - 548 EP - 575 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - THES A1 - Eckler, Susanne T1 - Das ‚Brandenburgische Mädchenfürsorgeheim‘ in Prenzlau 1902 – 1935 BT - im Kontext staatlicher Ersatzerziehung in Brandenburg-Preußen N2 - Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt einen Abriss über die Grundlagen des Brandenburgisch-Preußischen Fürsorgeerziehungssystems am Beispiel des Brandenburgischen Mädchenfürsorgeheims in Prenzlau, das in den Jahren 1902 bis 1935 bestand. Basierend auf historischer und erziehungswissenschaftlicher Forschung werden die Lebens- und Arbeitsverhältnisse junger Mädchen und Frauen und Erzieherinnen im Fürsorgesystem epochenübergreifend aufgezeigt. Vor diesem Hintergrund erfolgte (in der Forschung erstmalig) die Rekonstruktion des geografischen und sozialen Raums des Brandenburgischen Mädchenfürsorgeheims mit seinen Spezifika als Heim für ‚verwahrloste‘, schulentlassene Mädchen, also Mädchen und junge Frauen im Alter von 14 bis 21 bzw. 19 Jahren. Dabei wird die Anstalt als eigenes System betrachtet, das von der Gesellschaft durch herrschende Diskurse, Normsetzungen und ökonomische Rahmenbedingungen beeinflusst war, gleichzeitig aber ein eigenes Regelsystem in Form einer festen Tagesstruktur, Disziplinierungsmaßnahmen und religiösen Ritualen ausbildete und den historischen Akteur*innen sehr eigene Handlungsspielräume und Grenzen aufzeigte. Grundlage der Arbeit sind ungedruckte und gedruckte Quellen wie die Verwaltungsberichte des Provinzialausschusses, die „Statistiken über die Fürsorgeerziehung Minderjähriger und über die Zwangserziehung Jugendlicher“ des Preußischen Innenministeriums, zahlreiches Kartenmaterial und Gebäudezeichnungen, Verwaltungsunterlagen sowie vier persönliche Briefe von Zöglingen und Angehörigen. Die verfügbaren statistischen Angaben zu den Mädchen des Heims sind in Form von Diagrammen zusammengefasst, aufgearbeitet und der Arbeit angehängt worden. KW - Fürsorgeerziehung KW - Brandenburg-Preußen KW - Mädchenfürsorge KW - Fürsorgesystem KW - Mädchenheim Prenzlau KW - Mädchenfürsorgeheim Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-505671 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Moffitt, Ursula E. A1 - Nardon, Luciara A1 - Zhang, Hui T1 - Becoming Canadian BT - immigrant narratives of professional attainment JF - International journal of intercultural relations N2 - We investigate how economic immigrants in Canada negotiate their identity in the process of "becoming Canadian" through an analysis of public texts. Drawing on the master narrative framework, we examine the interplay between individual and societal narratives as immigrants grapple with the tension between notions of "desirable" immigrants as those that are well integrated professionally and the reality of facing career related barriers. Among those whose success stories align with the master narrative of professional attainment there was little questioning of this expectation, thereby allowing it to remain invisible. Among those who had not (yet) achieved work related success in the receiving country, they tended to engage alternative narratives elaborating on the antecedents, outcomes, and barriers to labor market participation. Despite the countering nature of these alternative narratives, they strengthen the societal expectation of professional success as a key pathway to inclusion, thereby reinforcing the rigidity of this narrative. We contribute to literature on the social construction of national identity by examining the process of becoming national and the role of labor market participation in immigrants' perceptions of inclusion in their new society. Our study highlights the importance of including immigrants' voices in the construction of a more inclusive society, which may aid in breaking down exclusionary narratives of national identity. KW - inclusion KW - national identity KW - identity work KW - markers of inclusion KW - immigrants KW - master narratives Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2019.06.004 SN - 0147-1767 SN - 1873-7552 VL - 78 SP - 84 EP - 95 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kirchner, Vera A1 - Penning, Isabelle T1 - An Fragen wachsen T1 - Learning through questions BT - forschendes Lernen in der technischen und ökonomischen Bildung BT - research oriented learning in technical and economic educatio JF - Forschendes Lernen Y1 - 2020 SN - 978-3-7815-2420-0 SP - 44 EP - 56 PB - Klinkhardt CY - Bad Heilbrunn ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scharf, Jan A1 - Becker, Michael A1 - Stallasch, Sophie E. A1 - Neumann, Marko A1 - Maaz, Kai T1 - Primary and secondary effects of social background across secondary education T1 - Primäre und sekundäre Herkunftseffekte über den Verlauf der Sekundarstufe BT - eine Dekomposition an drei Bildungsübergängen BT - decomposing effects at three educational transitions JF - Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft N2 - Secondary education is characterised by a sequence of transitions that are linked to educational inequality. Regarding social background effects, inequalities relate to disparities in educational achievement (primary effects) and educational decisions (secondary effects). In the present study, both primary and secondary effects are analysed based on an entire student cohort in the Hamburg school system (KESS study) across the course of secondary education, i.e. from entering secondary school to aiming for higher education. The KHB method is applied in order to decompose the effects, including transitions to upper secondary education. In line with previous research, total social background effects decrease across educational trajectories. No clear pattern emerges concerning an assumed increase in the relative importance of secondary effects. Primary effects operationalised by school grades are slightly predominant in the transition to lower secondary education, and nearly the same ratio is found for the transition to upper secondary education. However, regarding the aim to enter higher education, the relative importance of secondary effects is more clearly discernible. N2 - Die Sekundarstufe ist gekennzeichnet durch eine Sequenz von Übergängen, an denen Ungleichheiten durch Leistungsdisparitäten (primäre Effekte) und Bildungsentscheidungen (sekundäre Effekte) nach sozialer Herkunft relevant werden. Diese Herkunftseffekte werden mit dem vorliegenden Beitrag erstmals anhand von Daten einer vollständigen Schülerkohorte (Hamburger KESS-Studie) über den gesamten Verlauf der Sekundarstufe vom Übergang ins Gymnasium bis zur Studienintention analysiert. Eine Dekomposition und Quantifizierung primärer und sekundärer Effekte mit der KHB-Methode erfolgt dabei erstmals auch für den Eintritt in die Oberstufe. Abnehmende absolute Herkunftseffekte über den Bildungsverlauf, auf die bisherige Befunde verschiedener Stichproben verweisen, können mit dieser Studie zum Teil bestätigt werden. Zum vermuteten relativen Bedeutungszuwachs sekundärer Effekte zeigen die Ergebnisse kein eindeutiges Muster: Beim Wechsel ins Gymnasium überwiegen primäre Effekte leicht, wenn Noten als Leistungsindikator verwendet werden. Beim Eintritt in die Oberstufe bleibt die Relation nahezu unverändert. Erst bei der Studienintention fällt die relative Bedeutung sekundärer Effekte größer aus. KW - Complete survey KW - Decomposition KW - Educational transitions KW - Primary and KW - secondary effects KW - Social inequality KW - Bildungsübergänge KW - primäre und sekundäre Herkunftseffekte KW - Effektdekomposition KW - Vollerhebung KW - soziale Ungleichheit Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11618-020-00981-7 SN - 1434-663X SN - 1862-5215 VL - 23 IS - 6 SP - 1251 EP - 1282 PB - Springer CY - Wiesbaden ER -