TY - GEN A1 - Boston, Marisa Ferrara A1 - Hale, John T. A1 - Vasishth, Shravan A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Parallel processing and sentence comprehension difficulty N2 - Eye fixation durations during normal reading correlate with processing difficulty but the specific cognitive mechanisms reflected in these measures are not well understood. This study finds support in German readers’ eyefixations for two distinct difficulty metrics: surprisal, which reflects the change in probabilities across syntactic analyses as new words are integrated, and retrieval, which quantifies comprehension difficulty in terms of working memory constraints. We examine the predictions of both metrics using a family of dependency parsers indexed by an upper limit on the number of candidate syntactic analyses they retain at successive words. Surprisal models all fixation measures and regression probability. By contrast, retrieval does not model any measure in serial processing. As more candidate analyses are considered in parallel at each word, retrieval can account for the same measures as surprisal. This pattern suggests an important role for ranked parallelism in theories of sentence comprehension. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 252 Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57159 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hering, Robert A1 - Hauptfleisch, Morgan A1 - Jago, Mark A1 - Smith, Taylor A1 - Kramer-Schadt, Stephanie A1 - Stiegler, Jonas A1 - Blaum, Niels T1 - Don't stop me now: Managed fence gaps could allow migratory ungulates to track dynamic resources and reduce fence related energy loss JF - Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution N2 - In semi-arid environments characterized by erratic rainfall and scattered primary production, migratory movements are a key survival strategy of large herbivores to track resources over vast areas. Veterinary Cordon Fences (VCFs), intended to reduce wildlife-livestock disease transmission, fragment large parts of southern Africa and have limited the movements of large wild mammals for over 60 years. Consequently, wildlife-fence interactions are frequent and often result in perforations of the fence, mainly caused by elephants. Yet, we lack knowledge about at which times fences act as barriers, how fences directly alter the energy expenditure of native herbivores, and what the consequences of impermeability are. We studied 2-year ungulate movements in three common antelopes (springbok, kudu, eland) across a perforated part of Namibia's VCF separating a wildlife reserve and Etosha National Park using GPS telemetry, accelerometer measurements, and satellite imagery. We identified 2905 fence interaction events which we used to evaluate critical times of encounters and direct fence effects on energy expenditure. Using vegetation type-specific greenness dynamics, we quantified what animals gained in terms of high quality food resources from crossing the VCF. Our results show that the perforation of the VCF sustains herbivore-vegetation interactions in the savanna with its scattered resources. Fence permeability led to peaks in crossing numbers during the first flush of woody plants before the rain started. Kudu and eland often showed increased energy expenditure when crossing the fence. Energy expenditure was lowered during the frequent interactions of ungulates standing at the fence. We found no alteration of energy expenditure when springbok immediately found and crossed fence breaches. Our results indicate that constantly open gaps did not affect energy expenditure, while gaps with obstacles increased motion. Closing gaps may have confused ungulates and modified their intended movements. While browsing, sedentary kudu's use of space was less affected by the VCF; migratory, mixed-feeding springbok, and eland benefited from gaps by gaining forage quality and quantity after crossing. This highlights the importance of access to vast areas to allow ungulates to track vital vegetation patches. KW - veterinary cordon fence KW - ungulate KW - fence ecology KW - resource-tracking KW - energy expenditure KW - accelerometer KW - GPS KW - wildlife and habitat management Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.907079 SN - 2296-701X SP - 1 EP - 18 PB - Frontiers CY - Lausanne, Schweiz ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Lessmann, Kai A1 - Gruner, Friedemann A1 - Kalkuhl, Matthias A1 - Edenhofer, Ottmar T1 - Emissions Trading with Clean-up Certificates BT - Deterring Mitigation or Increasing Ambition? T2 - CEPA Discussion Papers N2 - We analyze how conventional emissions trading schemes (ETS) can be modified by introducing “clean-up certificates” to allow for a phase of net-negative emissions. Clean-up certificates bundle the permission to emit CO2 with the obligation for its removal. We show that demand for such certificates is determined by cost-saving technological progress, the discount rate and the length of the compliance period. Introducing extra clean-up certificates into an existing ETS reduces near-term carbon prices and mitigation efforts. In contrast, substituting ETS allowances with clean-up certificates reduces cumulative emissions without depressing carbon prices or mitigation in the near term. We calibrate our model to the EU ETS and identify reforms where simultaneously (i) ambition levels rise, (ii) climate damages fall, (iii) revenues from carbon prices rise and (iv) carbon prices and aggregate mitigation cost fall. For reducing climate damages, roughly half of the issued clean-up certificates should replace conventional ETS allowances. In the context of the EU ETS, a European Carbon Central Bank could manage the implementation of cleanup certificates and could serve as an enforcement mechanism. T3 - CEPA Discussion Papers - 79 KW - carbon removal KW - carbon pricing KW - net-negative emissions KW - carbon debt Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-641368 SN - 2628-653X IS - 79 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Schmidt, Thorsten Ingo A1 - Ulrich, Peter A1 - Büchner, Christiane A1 - Franzke, Jochen A1 - Jann, Werner A1 - Bauer, Hartmut A1 - Wagner, Dieter A1 - Brüning, Christoph A1 - Bickenbach, Christian A1 - Kuhlmann, Sabine A1 - Peters, Niklas A1 - Reichard, Christoph A1 - Tessmann, Jens A1 - Maaß, Christian A1 - Kern, Kristine A1 - Kochskämper, Elisa A1 - Gailing, Ludger A1 - Krzymuski, Marcin ED - Schmidt, Thorsten Ingo ED - Bickenbach, Christian ED - Gronewold, Ulfert ED - Kuhlmann, Sabine ED - Ulrich, Peter T1 - Kommunalwissenschaften an der Universität Potsdam BT - Rück- und Ausblick zum 30-jährigen Bestehen des Kommunalwissenschaftlichen Instituts (KWI) T3 - KWI-Schriften N2 - Zum dreißigjährigen Bestehen des Kommunalwissenschaftlichen Instituts an der Universität Potsdam vereint dieser Jubiläumsband kurze Aufsätze von ehemaligen und aktuellen Vorstandsmitgliedern, von Ehrenmitgliedern des Vorstands, langjährigen wissenschaftlichen Mitarbeitern des Instituts und aktuellen wissenschaftlichen Kooperationspartnern. Die insgesamt zwölf Beiträge befassen sich mit den Kommunalwissenschaften und der Geschichte des Kommunalwissenschaftlichen Instituts, mit aktuellen kommunalwissenschaftlichen Fragestellungen und wissenschaftlichen Kooperationen des KWI. Der vom KWI-Vorstand herausgegebene Band soll einen breiten Blick auf 30 Jahre Kommunalwissenschaften in Brandenburg und an der Universität Potsdam werfen und einen Ausblick auf zukünftige kommunalwissenschaftliche Forschung geben. T3 - KWI-Schriften - 15 KW - Kommunalwissenschaft KW - Institut KW - Brandenburg KW - Potsdam KW - Universität Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-636180 SN - 978-3-86956-581-1 SN - 1867-951X SN - 1867-9528 IS - 15 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maaß, Christian ED - Schmidt, Thorsten Ingo ED - Bickenbach, Christian ED - Gronewold, Ulfert ED - Kuhlmann, Sabine ED - Ulrich, Peter T1 - Brandenburg, (k)ein Land der Reformen? JF - Kommunalwissenschaften an der Universität Potsdam (KWI-Schriften ; 15) KW - Brandenburg KW - Kommunalverwaltung KW - Kommunalrecht KW - Kommunalreform KW - Kommunalfinanzen Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-647878 SN - 978-3-86956-581-1 SN - 1867-951X SN - 1867-9528 IS - 15 SP - 87 EP - 98 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kern, Kristine A1 - Kochskämper, Elisa ED - Schmidt, Thorsten Ingo ED - Bickenbach, Christian ED - Gronewold, Ulfert ED - Kuhlmann, Sabine ED - Ulrich, Peter T1 - Wege zur urbanen Transformation BT - Herausforderungen und Lösungsansätze für die Landeshauptstadt Potsdam JF - Kommunalwissenschaften an der Universität Potsdam (KWI-Schriften ; 15) KW - Transformation KW - Stadt KW - Potsdam KW - Klimapolitik KW - Kommune Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-647882 SN - 978-3-86956-581-1 SN - 1867-951X SN - 1867-9528 IS - 15 SP - 101 EP - 109 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gailing, Ludger ED - Schmidt, Thorsten Ingo ED - Bickenbach, Christian ED - Gronewold, Ulfert ED - Kuhlmann, Sabine ED - Ulrich, Peter T1 - Regionalplanung – und die Kommunalwissenschaften JF - Kommunalwissenschaften an der Universität Potsdam (KWI-Schriften ; 15) KW - Regionalplanung KW - Cottbus KW - Kommunalwissenschaften KW - Transformation KW - Kooperation Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-647899 SN - 978-3-86956-581-1 SN - 1867-951X SN - 1867-9528 IS - 15 SP - 111 EP - 120 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tessmann, Jens ED - Schmidt, Thorsten Ingo ED - Bickenbach, Christian ED - Gronewold, Ulfert ED - Kuhlmann, Sabine ED - Ulrich, Peter T1 - Organisationsvarianten kommunaler Selbstverwaltung in Deutschland JF - Kommunalwissenschaften an der Universität Potsdam (KWI-Schriften ; 15) KW - Kommune KW - kommunale Selbstverwaltung KW - Organisation KW - Steuerung KW - Territorialorganisation Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-647869 SN - 978-3-86956-581-1 SN - 1867-951X SN - 1867-9528 IS - 15 SP - 79 EP - 85 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krzymuski, Marcin ED - Schmidt, Thorsten Ingo ED - Bickenbach, Christian ED - Gronewold, Ulfert ED - Kuhlmann, Sabine ED - Ulrich, Peter T1 - Phänomen des Kollisionsrechts im Verwaltungsrecht? JF - Kommunalwissenschaften an der Universität Potsdam (KWI-Schriften ; 15) KW - Verwaltungsrecht KW - Kollisionsrecht KW - grenzüberschreitende Kooperation KW - Verwaltungskooperation KW - Daseinsvorsorge Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-647912 SN - 978-3-86956-581-1 SN - 1867-951X SN - 1867-9528 IS - 15 SP - 121 EP - 124 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - GEN A1 - Werner, John S. A1 - Cicerone, Carola M. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - DellaRosa, Denise T1 - Spectral efficiency of blackness induction N2 - The spectral efficiency of blackness induction was measured in three normal trichromatic observers and in one deuteranomalous observer. The psychophysical task was to adjust the radiance of a monochromatic 60–120′ annulus until a 45′ central broadband field just turned black and its contour became indiscriminable from a dark surrounding gap that separated it from the annulus. The reciprocal of the radiance required to induce blackness with annulus wavelengths between 420 and 680 nm was used to define a spectral-efficiency function for the blackness component of the achromatic process. For each observer, the shape of this blackness-sensitivity function agreed with the spectral-efficiency function based on heterochromatic flicker photometry when measured with the same 60–120′ annulus. Both of these functions matched the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage Vλ function except at short wavelengths. Ancillary measurements showed that the latter difference in sensitivity can be ascribed to nonuniformities of preretinal absorption, since the annular field excluded the central 60′ of the fovea. Thus our evidence indicates that, at least to a good first approximation, induced blackness is inversely related to the spectral-luminosity function. These findings are consistent with a model that separates the achromatic and the chromatic pathways. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 040 Y1 - 1984 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-16897 ER -