TY - THES A1 - Herrero Alonso, Yohana T1 - Properties of high-redshift galaxies in different environments T1 - Eigenschaften von Galaxien mit hoher Rotverschiebung in verschiedenen Umgebungen N2 - The Lyman-đ›Œ (Lyđ›Œ) line commonly assists in the detection of high-redshift galaxies, the so-called Lyman-alpha emitters (LAEs). LAEs are useful tools to study the baryonic matter distribution of the high-redshift universe. Exploring their spatial distribution not only reveals the large-scale structure of the universe at early epochs, but it also provides an insight into the early formation and evolution of the galaxies we observe today. Because dark matter halos (DMHs) serve as sites of galaxy formation, the LAE distribution also traces that of the underlying dark matter. However, the details of this relation and their co-evolution over time remain unclear. Moreover, theoretical studies predict that the spatial distribution of LAEs also impacts their own circumgalactic medium (CGM) by influencing their extended Lyđ›Œ gaseous halos (LAHs), whose origin is still under investigation. In this thesis, I make several contributions to improve the knowledge on these fields using samples of LAEs observed with the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) at redshifts of 3 < 𝑧 < 6. N2 - Die Lyman-đ›Œ (Lyđ›Œ)-Linie erleichtert die Detektion von Galaxien bei hoher Rotverschiebung, sogenannten den Lyman-Alpha-Emittern (LAEs). Die Erforschung ihrer Verteilung enthĂŒllt nicht nur die großrĂ€umige Struktur des Universums in frĂŒhen Epochen, sondern bietet auch einen Einblick in die Entstehung und Entwicklung der Galaxien, die wir heute beobachten. Da Halos aus Dunkler Materie (DMHs) als Orte der Galaxienentstehung dienen, spiegelt die LAE-Verteilung auch die der zugrunde liegenden Dunklen Materie wider. DarĂŒber hinaus sagen theoretische Studien voraus, dass die Verteilung von LAEs auch Auswirkungen auf ihr eigenes zirkumgalaktisches Medium (CGM) hat, indem sie ihre ausgedehnten gasförmigen Lyđ›Œ-Halos (LAHs) beeinflusst. In dieser Dissertation leiste ich mehrere BeitrĂ€ge zur Verbesserung des Wissens ĂŒber diese Felder anhand von Stichproben von LAEs, die mit dem Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) bei Rotverschiebungen von 3 < 𝑧 < 6 beobachtet wurden. KW - high-redshift KW - Lyman-alpha emitters KW - clustering KW - large-scale structure KW - Lyman-Alpha-Emitter KW - Clustering KW - hoher Rotverschiebung KW - großrĂ€umige Struktur des Universums Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-613288 ER - TY - THES A1 - Breitenbach, Sebastian Franz Martin T1 - Changes in monsoonal precipitation and atmospheric circulation during the Holocene reconstructed from stalagmites from Northeastern India T1 - VerĂ€nderungen monsunalen Niederschlages und atmosphĂ€rischer Zirkulation wĂ€hrend des HolozĂ€ns, rekonstruiert aus Stalagmiten aus Nordostindien N2 - Recent years witnessed a vast advent of stalagmites as palaeoclimate archives. The multitude of geochemical and physical proxies and a promise of a precise and accurate age model greatly appeal to palaeoclimatologists. Although substantial progress was made in speleothem-based palaeoclimate research and despite high-resolution records from low-latitudinal regions, proving that palaeo-environmental changes can be archived on sub-annual to millennial time scales our comprehension of climate dynamics is still fragmentary. This is in particular true for the summer monsoon system on the Indian subcontinent. The Indian summer monsoon (ISM) is an integral part of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). As this rainfall belt migrates northward during boreal summer, it brings monsoonal rainfall. ISM strength depends however on a variety of factors, including snow cover in Central Asia and oceanic conditions in the Indic and Pacific. Presently, many of the factors influencing the ISM are known, though their exact forcing mechanism and mutual relations remain ambiguous. Attempts to make an accurate prediction of rainfall intensity and frequency and drought recurrence, which is extremely important for South Asian countries, resemble a puzzle game; all interaction need to fall into the right place to obtain a complete picture. My thesis aims to create a faithful picture of climate change in India, covering the last 11,000 ka. NE India represents a key region for the Bay of Bengal (BoB) branch of the ISM, as it is here where the monsoon splits into a northwestward and a northeastward directed arm. The Meghalaya Plateau is the first barrier for northward moving air masses and receives excessive summer rainfall, while the winter season is very dry. The proximity of Meghalaya to the Tibetan Plateau on the one hand and the BoB on the other hand make the study area a key location for investigating the interaction between different forcings that governs the ISM. A basis for the interpretation of palaeoclimate records, and a first important outcome of my thesis is a conceptual model which explains the observed pattern of seasonal changes in stable isotopes (d18O and d2H) in rainfall. I show that although in tropical and subtropical regions the amount effect is commonly called to explain strongly depleted isotope values during enhanced rainfall, alone it cannot account for observed rainwater isotope variability in Meghalaya. Monitoring of rainwater isotopes shows no expected negative correlation between precipitation amount and d18O of rainfall. In turn I find evidence that the runoff from high elevations carries an inherited isotopic signature into the BoB, where during the ISM season the freshwater builds a strongly depleted plume on top of the marine water. The vapor originating from this plume is likely to memorize' and transmit further very negative d18O values. The lack of data does not allow for quantication of this plume effect' on isotopes in rainfall over Meghalaya but I suggest that it varies on seasonal to millennial timescales, depending on the runoff amount and source characteristics. The focal point of my thesis is the extraction of climatic signals archived in stalagmites from NE India. High uranium concentration in the stalagmites ensured excellent age control required for successful high-resolution climate reconstructions. Stable isotope (d18O and d13C) and grey-scale data allow unprecedented insights into millennial to seasonal dynamics of the summer and winter monsoon in NE India. ISM strength (i. e. rainfall amount) is recorded in changes in d18Ostalagmites. The d13C signal, reflecting drip rate changes, renders a powerful proxy for dry season conditions, and shows similarities to temperature-related changes on the Tibetan Plateau. A sub-annual grey-scale profile supports a concept of lower drip rate and slower stalagmite growth during dry conditions. During the Holocene, ISM followed a millennial-scale decrease of insolation, with decadal to centennial failures resulting from atmospheric changes. The period of maximum rainfall and enhanced seasonality corresponds to the Holocene Thermal Optimum observed in Europe. After a phase of rather stable conditions, 4.5 kyr ago, the strengthening ENSO system dominated the ISM. Strong El Nino events weakened the ISM, especially when in concert with positive Indian Ocean dipole events. The strongest droughts of the last 11 kyr are recorded during the past 2 kyr. Using the advantage of a well-dated stalagmite record at hand I tested the application of laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to detect sub-annual to sub-decadal changes in element concentrations in stalagmites. The development of a large ablation cell allows for ablating sample slabs of up to 22 cm total length. Each analyzed element is a potential proxy for different climatic parameters. Combining my previous results with the LAICP- MS-generated data shows that element concentration depends not only on rainfall amount and associated leaching from the soil. Additional factors, like biological activity and hydrogeochemical conditions in the soil and vadose zone can eventually affect the element content in drip water and in stalagmites. I present a theoretical conceptual model for my study site to explain how climatic signals can be transmitted and archived in stalagmite carbonate. Further, I establish a first 1500 year long element record, reconstructing rainfall variability. Additionally, I hypothesize that volcanic eruptions, producing large amounts of sulfuric acid, can influence soil acidity and hence element mobilization. N2 - Stalagmiten erfuhren in den letzten Jahren vermehrt Aufmerksamkeit als bedeutende PalĂ€oklima- Archive. PalĂ€oklimatologen sind beeindruckt von der grossen Zahl geochemischer und physikalischer Indikatoren (Proxies) und der Möglichkeit, prĂ€zise absolute Altersmodelle zu erstellen. Doch obwohl substantielle Fortschritte in der speleothem-basierten Klimaforschung gemacht wurden, und trotz hochaufgelöster Archive aus niederen Breiten, welche zeigen, das UmweltverĂ€nderungen auf Zeitskalen von Jahren bis Jahrtausenden archiviert und rekonstruiert werden können, bleibt unser VerstĂ€ndnis der Klimadynamik fragmentarisch. Ganz besonders gilt dies fĂŒr den Indischen Sommermonsun (ISM) auf dem Indischen Subkontinent. Der ISM ist heute als ein integraler Bestandteil der intertropischen Konvergenzzone verstanden. Sobald dieser RegengĂŒrtel wĂ€hrend des borealen Sommer nordwĂ€rts migriert kann der ISM seine feuchten Luftmassen auf dem Asiatischen Festland entladen. Dabei hĂ€ngt die StĂ€rke des ISM von einer Vielzahl von Faktoren ab. Zu diesen gehören die Schneedicke in Zentralasien im vorhergehenden Winter und ozeanische Bedingungen im Indischen und Pazifschen Ozean. Heute sind viele dieser Faktoren bekannt. Trotzdem bleiben deren Mechanismen und internen Verbindungen weiterhin mysteriös. Versuche, korrekte Vorhersagen zu NiederschlagsintensitĂ€t und HĂ€ufigkeit oder zu DĂŒrreereignissen zu erstellen Ă€hneln einem Puzzle. All die verschiedenen Interaktionen mĂŒssen an die richtige Stelle gelegt werden, um ein sinnvolles Bild entstehen zu lassen. Meine Dissertation versucht, ein vertrauenswĂŒrdiges Bild des sich wandelnden HolozĂ€nen Klimas in Indien zu erstellen. NE Indien ist eine SchlĂŒsselregion fĂŒr den östlichen Arm des ISM, da sich hier der ISM in zwei Arme aufteilt, einen nordwestwĂ€rts und einen nordostwĂ€rts gerichteten. Das Meghalaya Plateau ist das erste Hindernis fĂŒr die sich nordwĂ€rts bewegenden Luftmassen und erhĂ€lt entsprechend exzessive NiederschlĂ€ge wĂ€hrend des Sommers. Die winterliche Jahreszeit dagegen ist sehr trocken. Die NĂ€he zum Tibetplateau einerseits und der Bucht von Bengalen andererseits determinieren die SchlĂŒsselposition dieser Region fĂŒr das Studium der Interaktionen der den ISM beeinflussenden KrĂ€fte. Ein Fundament fĂŒr die Interpretation der PalĂ€oklimarecords und ein erstes wichtiges Ergebnis meiner Arbeit ist ein konzeptuelles Modell, welches die beobachteten saisonalen VerĂ€nderungen stabiler Isotope (d18O und d2H) im Niederschlag erklĂ€rt. Ich zeige, das obwohl in tropischen und subtropischen Regionen meist der amount effect zur ErklĂ€rung stark negativer Isotopenwerte wĂ€hrend starker NiederschlĂ€ge herangezogen wird, dieser allein nicht ausreicht, um die IsotopenvariabilitĂ€t im Niederschlag Meghalaya's zu erklĂ€ren. Die Langzeitbeobachtung der Regenwasserisotopie zeigt keine negative Korrelation zwischen Niederschlagsmenge und d18O. Es finden sich Hinweise, das der Abfluss aus den Hochgebirgsregionen Tibets und des Himalaya eine Isotopensignatur an das OberflĂ€chenwasser der Bucht von Bengalen vererbt. Dort bildet sich aus isotopisch stark abgereicherten WĂ€ssern wĂ€hrend des ISM eine SĂŒsswasserlinse aus. Es ist wahrscheinlich, das Wasserdampf, der aus dieser Linse stammt, ein Isotopensignal aufgeprĂ€gt bekommt, welches abgereichertes d18O weitertransportiert. Der Mangel an Daten lĂ€sst es bisher leider nicht zu, quantitative Aussagen ĂŒber den Einfluss dieses plume effect' auf NiederschlĂ€ge in Meghalaya zu treffen. Es lĂ€sst sich allerdings vermuten, das dieser Einfluss auf saisonalen wie auch auf langen Zeitskalen variabel ist, abhĂ€ngig vom Abfluss und der Quellencharacteristik. Der Fokus meiner Arbeit liegt in der Herauslösung klimatischer Signale aus nordostindischen Stalagmiten. Hohe Urankonzentrationen in diesen Stalagmiten erlaubt eine exzellente Alterskontrolle, die fĂŒr hochauflösende Klimarekonstruktionen unerlĂ€sslich ist. Die stabilen Isotope (d18O und d13C), sowie Grauwertdaten, erlauben einmalige Einblicke in die Dynamik des Sommer und auch des Wintermonsun in NE Indien. Die ISM StĂ€rke (d. h. Niederschlagsmenge) wird in VerĂ€nderungen in den d18Ostalagmites reflektiert. Das d13C Signal, welches TropfratenĂ€nderungen speichert, dient als potenter Indikator fĂŒr winterliche Trockenheitsbedingungen. Es zeigt Ähnlichkeit zu temperaturabhĂ€ngigen VerĂ€nderungen auf dem Tibetplateau. Das sub-annuell aufgelöste Grauwertprofil stĂ€rkt das Konzept, das verminderte Tropfraten und langsameres Stalagmitenwachstum eine Folge von Trockenheit sind. WĂ€hrend des HolozĂ€ns folgte der ISM der jahrtausendelangen Verringerung der Insolation. Es finden sich aber ebenso rapide Anomalien, die aus atmosphĂ€rischen VerĂ€nderungen resultieren. Die Phase des höchsten Niederschlages und erhöhter SaisonalitĂ€t korrespondiert mit dem HolozĂ€nen Thermalen Maximum. Nach einer Phase einigermassen stabilen Bedingungen begann vor ca. 4500 Jahren ENSO einen zunehmenden Einfluss auf den ISM auszuĂŒben. Starke El Nino Ereignisse schwĂ€chen den ISM, besonders wenn diese zeitgleich mit positiven Indian Ocean Dipole Ereignissen auftreten. Die stĂ€rksten DĂŒrren des gesamten HolozĂ€ns traten in den letzten 2000 Jahren auf. Um zusĂ€tzliche Informationen aus den hervorragenden Proben zu gewinnen nutzte ich die Vorteile der laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Diese erlaubt die Detektion sub-annueller bis sub-dekadischer ElementkonzentrationsverĂ€nderungen in Stalagmiten. Mittels einer neu entwickelten Ablationszelle konnten Proben von maximal 22 cm LĂ€nge untersucht werden. Jedes analysierte Element ist ein potentieller TrĂ€ger einer Klimainformation. Die Kombination der frĂŒheren Ergebnisse mit denen der LA-IPC-MS zeigt, das die Elementkonzentrationen nicht nur von NiederschlagsverĂ€nderungen und assoziiertem Auswaschen aus dem Boden abhĂ€ngen. ZusĂ€tzlich können auch die biologische AktivitĂ€t und hydrogeochemische Bedingungen in der vadosen Zone Einfluss auf die Elementzusammensetzung im Tropfwasser und in den Stalagmiten haben. Darum entwickelte ich ein theoretisches Modell fĂŒr meinen Standort, um zu klĂ€ren, wie Klimasignale von der AtmosphĂ€re in die Höhle transportiert werden können. Ein anschliessend rekonstruierter 1500 Jahre langer Proxyrecord zeigt NiederschlagsvariabilitĂ€t an. Zudem besteht die Möglichkeit, das Vulkaneruptionen, welche grosse Mengen an SchwefelsĂ€ure produzieren, eine Bodenversauerung verursachen und damit die Elementmobilisierung verstĂ€rken können. KW - Indischer Sommermonsun KW - Stabile Isotope KW - Stalagmiten KW - HolozĂ€n KW - Bucht von Bengalen KW - Indian Summer Monsoon KW - Bay of Bengal KW - stable isotopes KW - stalagmites KW - Laser ablation Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-37807 ER - TY - THES A1 - Sieg, Tobias T1 - Reliability of flood damage estimations across spatial scales T1 - VerlĂ€sslichkeit von HochwasserschadensschĂ€tzungen ĂŒber rĂ€umliche Skalen N2 - Extreme Naturereignisse sind ein integraler Bestandteil der Natur der Erde. Sie werden erst dann zu Gefahren fĂŒr die Gesellschaft, wenn sie diesen Ereignissen ausgesetzt ist. Dann allerdings können Naturgefahren verheerende Folgen fĂŒr die Gesellschaft haben. Besonders hydro-meteorologische Gefahren wie zum Beispiel Flusshochwasser, Starkregenereignisse, WinterstĂŒrme, Orkane oder Tornados haben ein hohes Schadenspotential und treten rund um den Globus auf. Einhergehend mit einer immer wĂ€rmer werdenden Welt, werden auch Extremwetterereignisse, welche potentiell Naturgefahren auslösen können, immer wahrscheinlicher. Allerdings trĂ€gt nicht nur eine sich verĂ€ndernde Umwelt zur Erhöhung des Risikos von Naturgefahren bei, sondern auch eine sich verĂ€ndernde Gesellschaft. Daher ist ein angemessenes Risikomanagement erforderlich um die Gesellschaft auf jeder rĂ€umlichen Ebene an diese VerĂ€nderungen anzupassen. Ein essentieller Bestandteil dieses Managements ist die AbschĂ€tzung der ökonomischen Auswirkungen der Naturgefahren. Bisher allerdings fehlen verlĂ€ssliche Methoden um die Auswirkungen von hydro-meteorologischen Gefahren abzuschĂ€tzen. Ein Hauptbestandteil dieser Arbeit ist daher die Entwicklung und Anwendung einer neuen Methode, welche die VerlĂ€sslichkeit der SchadensschĂ€tzung verbessert. Die Methode wurde beispielhaft zur SchĂ€tzung der ökonomischen Auswirkungen eines Flusshochwassers auf einzelne Unternehmen bis hin zu den Auswirkungen auf das gesamte Wirtschaftssystem Deutschlands erfolgreich angewendet. Bestehende Methoden geben meist wenig Information ĂŒber die VerlĂ€sslichkeit ihrer SchĂ€tzungen. Da diese Informationen Entscheidungen zur Anpassung an das Risiko erleichtern, wird die VerlĂ€sslichkeit der SchadensschĂ€tzungen mit der neuen Methode dargestellt. Die VerlĂ€sslichkeit bezieht sich dabei nicht nur auf die SchadensschĂ€tzung selber, sondern auch auf die Annahmen, die ĂŒber betroffene GebĂ€ude gemacht werden. Nach diesem Prinzip kann auch die VerlĂ€sslichkeit von Annahmen ĂŒber die Zukunft dargestellt werden, dies ist ein wesentlicher Aspekt fĂŒr Prognosen. Die Darstellung der VerlĂ€sslichkeit und die erfolgreiche Anwendung zeigt das Potential der Methode zur Verwendung von Analysen fĂŒr gegenwĂ€rtige und zukĂŒnftige hydro-meteorologische Gefahren. N2 - Natural extreme events are an integral part of nature on planet earth. Usually these events are only considered hazardous to humans, in case they are exposed. In this case, however, natural hazards can have devastating impacts on human societies. Especially hydro-meteorological hazards have a high damage potential in form of e.g. riverine and pluvial floods, winter storms, hurricanes and tornadoes, which can occur all over the globe. Along with an increasingly warm climate also an increase in extreme weather which potentially triggers natural hazards can be expected. Yet, not only changing natural systems, but also changing societal systems contribute to an increasing risk associated with these hazards. These can comprise increasing exposure and possibly also increasing vulnerability to the impacts of natural events. Thus, appropriate risk management is required to adapt all parts of society to existing and upcoming risks at various spatial scales. One essential part of risk management is the risk assessment including the estimation of the economic impacts. However, reliable methods for the estimation of economic impacts due to hydro-meteorological hazards are still missing. Therefore, this thesis deals with the question of how the reliability of hazard damage estimates can be improved, represented and propagated across all spatial scales. This question is investigated using the specific example of economic impacts to companies as a result of riverine floods in Germany. Flood damage models aim to describe the damage processes during a given flood event. In other words they describe the vulnerability of a specific object to a flood. The models can be based on empirical data sets collected after flood events. In this thesis tree-based models trained with survey data are used for the estimation of direct economic flood impacts on the objects. It is found that these machine learning models, in conjunction with increasing sizes of data sets used to derive the models, outperform state-of-the-art damage models. However, despite the performance improvements induced by using multiple variables and more data points, large prediction errors remain at the object level. The occurrence of the high errors was explained by a further investigation using distributions derived from tree-based models. The investigation showed that direct economic impacts to individual objects cannot be modeled by a normal distribution. Yet, most state-of-the-art approaches assume a normal distribution and take mean values as point estimators. Subsequently, the predictions are unlikely values within the distributions resulting in high errors. At larger spatial scales more objects are considered for the damage estimation. This leads to a better fit of the damage estimates to a normal distribution. Consequently, also the performance of the point estimators get better, although large errors can still occur due to the variance of the normal distribution. It is recommended to use distributions instead of point estimates in order to represent the reliability of damage estimates. In addition current approaches also mostly ignore the uncertainty associated with the characteristics of the hazard and the exposed objects. For a given flood event e.g. the estimation of the water level at a certain building is prone to uncertainties. Current approaches define exposed objects mostly by the use of land use data sets. These data sets often show inconsistencies, which introduce additional uncertainties. Furthermore, state-of-the-art approaches also imply problems of missing consistency when predicting the damage at different spatial scales. This is due to the use of different types of exposure data sets for model derivation and application. In order to face these issues a novel object-based method was developed in this thesis. The method enables a seamless estimation of hydro-meteorological hazard damage across spatial scales including uncertainty quantification. The application and validation of the method resulted in plausible estimations at all spatial scales without overestimating the uncertainty. Mainly newly available data sets containing individual buildings make the application of the method possible as they allow for the identification of flood affected objects by overlaying the data sets with water masks. However, the identification of affected objects with two different water masks revealed huge differences in the number of identified objects. Thus, more effort is needed for their identification, since the number of objects affected determines the order of magnitude of the economic flood impacts to a large extent. In general the method represents the uncertainties associated with the three components of risk namely hazard, exposure and vulnerability, in form of probability distributions. The object-based approach enables a consistent propagation of these uncertainties in space. Aside from the propagation of damage estimates and their uncertainties across spatial scales, a propagation between models estimating direct and indirect economic impacts was demonstrated. This enables the inclusion of uncertainties associated with the direct economic impacts within the estimation of the indirect economic impacts. Consequently, the modeling procedure facilitates the representation of the reliability of estimated total economic impacts. The representation of the estimates' reliability prevents reasoning based on a false certainty, which might be attributed to point estimates. Therefore, the developed approach facilitates a meaningful flood risk management and adaptation planning. The successful post-event application and the representation of the uncertainties qualifies the method also for the use for future risk assessments. Thus, the developed method enables the representation of the assumptions made for the future risk assessments, which is crucial information for future risk management. This is an important step forward, since the representation of reliability associated with all components of risk is currently lacking in all state-of-the-art methods assessing future risk. In conclusion, the use of object-based methods giving results in the form of distributions instead of point estimations is recommended. The improvement of the model performance by the means of multi-variable models and additional data points is possible, but small. Uncertainties associated with all components of damage estimation should be included and represented within the results. Furthermore, the findings of the thesis suggest that, at larger scales, the influence of the uncertainty associated with the vulnerability is smaller than those associated with the hazard and exposure. This leads to the conclusion that for an increased reliability of flood damage estimations and risk assessments, the improvement and active inclusion of hazard and exposure, including their uncertainties, is needed in addition to the improvements of the models describing the vulnerability of the objects. KW - hydro-meteorological risk KW - damage modeling KW - uncertainty KW - probabilistic approach KW - economic impacts KW - OpenStreetMap KW - hydro-meteorologische Risiken KW - Schadensmodellierung KW - Unsicherheiten KW - probabilistischer Ansatz KW - ökonomische Auswirkungen KW - OpenStreetMap Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-426161 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Kritikos, Alexander A1 - Maliranta, Mika A1 - Nippala, Veera A1 - Nurmi, Satu T1 - Does gender of firm ownership matter? BT - Female entrepreneurs and the gender pay gap T2 - CEPA Discussion Papers N2 - We examine how the gender of business-owners is related to the wages paid to female relative to male employees working in their firms. Using Finnish register data and employing firm fixed effects, we find that the gender pay gap is – starting from a gender pay gap of 11 to 12 percent - two to three percentage-points lower for hourly wages in female-owned firms than in male-owned firms. Results are robust to how the wage is measured, as well as to various further robustness checks. More importantly, we find substantial differences between industries. While, for instance, in the manufacturing sector, the gender of the owner plays no role for the gender pay gap, in several service sector industries, like ICT or business services, no or a negligible gender pay gap can be found, but only when firms are led by female business owners. Businesses in male ownership maintain a gender pay gap of around 10 percent also in the latter industries. With increasing firm size, the influence of the gender of the owner, however, fades. In large firms, it seems that others – firm managers – determine wages and no differences in the pay gap are observed between male- and female-owned firms. T3 - CEPA Discussion Papers - 76 KW - entrepreneurship KW - gender pay gap KW - discrimination KW - linked employer-employee data Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-636194 SN - 2628-653X IS - 76 SP - 1 EP - 39 ER - TY - THES A1 - Wischnewski, Juliane T1 - Reconstructing climate variability on the Tibetan Plateau : comparing aquatic and terrestrial signals T1 - Klimarekonstruktionen auf dem Tibet Plateau : aquatische und terrestrische Signale im Vergleich N2 - Spatial and temporal temperature and moisture patterns across the Tibetan Plateau are very complex. The onset and magnitude of the Holocene climate optimum in the Asian monsoon realm, in particular, is a subject of considerable debate as this time period is often used as an analogue for recent global warming. In the light of contradictory inferences regarding past climate and environmental change on the Tibetan Plateau, I have attempted to explain mismatches in the timing and magnitude of change. Therefore, I analysed the temporal variation of fossil pollen and diatom spectra and the geochemical record from palaeo-ecological records covering different time scales (late Quaternary and the last 200 years) from two core regions in the NE and SE Tibetan Plateau. For interpretation purposes I combined my data with other available palaeo-ecological data to set up corresponding aquatic and terrestrial proxy data sets of two lake pairs and two sets of sites. I focused on the direct comparison of proxies representing lacustrine response to climate signals (e.g., diatoms, ostracods, geochemical record) and proxies representing changes in the terrestrial environment (i.e., terrestrial pollen), in order to asses whether the lake and its catchments respond at similar times and magnitudes to environmental changes. Therefore, I introduced the established numerical technique procrustes rotation as a new approach in palaeoecology to quantitatively compare raw data of any two sedimentary records of interest in order to assess their degree of concordance. Focusing on the late Quaternary, sediment cores from two lakes (Kuhai Lake 35.3°N; 99.2°E; 4150 m asl; and Koucha Lake 34.0°N; 97.2°E; 4540 m asl) on the semi-arid northeastern Tibetan Plateau were analysed to identify post-glacial vegetation and environmental changes, and to investigate the responses of lake ecosystems to such changes. Based on the pollen record, five major vegetation and climate changes could be identified: (1) A shift from alpine desert to alpine steppe indicates a change from cold, dry conditions to warmer and more moist conditions at 14.8 cal. ka BP, (2) alpine steppe with tundra elements points to conditions of higher effective moisture and a stepwise warming climate at 13.6 cal. ka BP, (3) the appearance of high-alpine meadow vegetation indicates a further change towards increased moisture, but with colder temperatures, at 7.0 cal. ka BP, (4) the reoccurrence of alpine steppe with desert elements suggests a return to a significantly colder and drier phase at 6.3 cal. ka BP, and (5) the establishment of alpine steppe-meadow vegetation indicates a change back to relatively moist conditions at 2.2 cal. ka BP. To place the reconstructed climate inferences from the NE Tibetan Plateau into the context of Holocene moisture evolution across the Tibetan Plateau, I applied a five-scale moisture index and average link clustering to all available continuous pollen and non-pollen palaeoclimate records from the Tibetan Plateau, in an attempt to detect coherent regional and temporal patterns of moisture evolution on the Plateau. However, no common temporal or spatial pattern of moisture evolution during the Holocene could be detected, which can be assigned to the complex responses of different proxies to environmental changes in an already very heterogeneous mountain landscape, where minor differences in elevation can result in marked variations in microenvironments. Focusing on the past 200 years, I analysed the sedimentary records (LC6 Lake 29.5°N, 94.3°E, 4132 m asl; and Wuxu Lake 29.9°N, 101.1°E, 3705 m asl) from the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. I found that despite presumed significant temperature increases over that period, pollen and diatom records from the SE Tibetan Plateau reveal only very subtle changes throughout their profiles. The compositional species turnover investigated over the last 200 years appears relatively low in comparison to the species reorganisations during the Holocene. The results indicate that climatically induced ecological thresholds are not yet crossed, but that human activity has an increasing influence, particularly on the terrestrial ecosystem. Forest clearances and reforestation have not caused forest decline in our study area, but a conversion of natural forests to semi-natural secondary forests. The results from the numerical proxy comparison of the two sets of two pairs of Tibetan lakes indicate that the use of different proxies and the work with palaeo-ecological records from different lake types can cause deviant stories of inferred change. Irrespective of the timescale (Holocene or last 200 years) or region (SE or NE Tibetan Plateau) analysed, the agreement in terms of the direction, timing, and magnitude of change between the corresponding terrestrial data sets is generally better than the match between the corresponding lacustrine data sets, suggesting that lacustrine proxies may partly be influenced by in-lake or local catchment processes whereas the terrestrial proxy reflects a more regional climatic signal. The current disaccord on coherent temporal and spatial climate patterns on the Tibetan Plateau can partly be ascribed to the complexity of proxy response and lake systems on the Tibetan Plateau. Therefore, a multi-proxy, multi-site approach is important in order to gain a reliable climate interpretation for the complex mountain landscape of the Tibetan Plateau. N2 - Die rĂ€umlichen und zeitlichen Temperatur- und Feuchtigkeitsmuster auf dem Tibet-Plateau sind sehr komplex. Im Einzugsbereich der asiatischen Monsune sind insbesondere der Beginn und das Ausmaß des Klimaoptimums wĂ€hrend des HolozĂ€ns von wissenschaftlichem Interesse, da diese Periode oft als Analogie fĂŒr die derzeitige globale KlimaerwĂ€rmung herangezogen wird. In Hinblick auf sich teilweise widersprechende PalĂ€oklima- und Umweltrekonstruktionen fĂŒr das Tibet-Plateau, ist es mein Ziel, die bestehenden Unstimmigkeiten bezĂŒglich des Zeitpunktes und des Ausmaßes des Umweltwandels zu erklĂ€ren. DafĂŒr wurden von mir zeitliche Variationen fossiler Pollen- und Diatomeenspektren und geochemische Untersuchungen an Seesedimenten unterschiedlicher Zeitskalen (SpĂ€tquartĂ€r und die letzten 200 Jahre) aus zwei Kernregionen auf dem NO und SO Tibet-Plateau analysiert. Zur UnterstĂŒtzung der Interpretation wurden die hier erhobenen Daten mit bereits vorhandenen palĂ€oökologischen Aufzeichnungen der LokalitĂ€ten kombiniert, um DatensĂ€tze der entsprechenden aquatischen und terrestrischen Proxy-Daten (Stellvertreterdaten) zweier Seenpaare aus den beiden Regionen gegenĂŒberstellen zu können. Hierbei konzentrierte ich mich auf den direkten Vergleich von Proxies, die die Seenentwicklung reflektieren (z.B. Diatomeen, Ostracoden, geochemische Eigenschaften), mit Proxies, die VerĂ€nderungen der terrestrischen Umgebung des Sees beschreiben (terrestrische Pollen). Durch diesen Vergleich lĂ€sst sich beurteilen, ob VerĂ€nderungen im See selbst mit UmweltverĂ€nderungen in dem jeweiligen Einzugsgebiet zeitlich ĂŒbereinstimmen. DafĂŒr habe ich die bereits etablierte numerische Methode Procrustes-Rotation als neuen Ansatz in der PalĂ€oökologie eingefĂŒhrt. Damit ist ein quantitativer Vergleich von Rohdaten zweier beliebiger sedimentĂ€rer DatensĂ€tze möglich, um den Grad der Übereinstimmung zu prĂŒfen. Um die in dieser Arbeit rekonstruierten Umwelt- und Klimaereignisse des nordöstlichen Tibet-Plateaus in einen grĂ¶ĂŸeren Zusammenhang hinsichtlich holozĂ€ner Klimaentwicklung des gesamten Plateaus setzen zu können, und um schlĂŒssige zeitliche und rĂ€umliche Klimatrends auf dem Plateau erkennen zu können, habe ich auf alle vorhandenen PalĂ€oklimadatensĂ€tze einen FĂŒnf-Skalen Feuchtigkeitsindex und eine Clusteranalyse angewandt. Es konnten jedoch keine einheitlichen zeitlichen und rĂ€umlichen Trends der holozĂ€nen Klimaentwicklung nachgewiesen werden, was meiner Analyse entsprechend, auf die komplexen Reaktionen verschiedener Proxies auf UmweltverĂ€nderungen in einer ohnehin sehr heterogen Berglandschaft, zurĂŒckgefĂŒhrt werden kann. Die Ergebnisse des numerischen Proxy-Vergleichs beider Seenpaare zeigen, dass die Verwendung von verschiedenen Proxies und die Arbeit mit palĂ€o-ökologischen DatensĂ€tzen unterschiedlicher See-Typen zu abweichenden Klimaableitungen fĂŒhren können. UnabhĂ€ngig vom untersuchten Zeitraum (HolozĂ€n oder die letzten 200 Jahren) oder der Region (SO oder NO Tibet-Plateau), ist die Übereinstimmung zweier DatensĂ€tze hinsichtlich der Richtung, des Zeitpunktes und des Ausmaßes der abgeleiteten PalĂ€o-UmweltverhĂ€ltnisse in der Regel zwischen den entsprechenden terrestrischen DatensĂ€tzen besser als zwischen den entsprechenden lakustrinen DatensĂ€tzen. Die derzeitige Uneinigkeit ĂŒber stimmige zeitliche und rĂ€umliche Klimatrends auf dem Tibet-Plateau kann daher teilweise der KomplexitĂ€t der verschieden Proxies und ihrer individuellen Empfindlichkeiten gegenĂŒber UmweltverĂ€nderungen sowie der unterschiedlichen Reaktionsweise verschiedenartiger See-Systeme auf dem Plateau zugeschrieben werden. Meine Ergebnisse zeigen, dass ein „Multi-Proxy-Multi-Site-Ansatz“ fĂŒr zuverlĂ€ssige PalĂ€oklimaableitungen fĂŒr das Tibet-Plateau von zentraler Bedeutung ist. KW - Tibet Plateau KW - HolozĂ€n KW - Pollen KW - Diatomeen KW - Prokrustes Analyse KW - Tibetan Plateau KW - Holocene KW - Pollen KW - Diatoms KW - Procrustes rotation analysis Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-52453 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Reich, Oliver A1 - Löhmannsröben, Hans-Gerd A1 - Schael, Frank T1 - Optical sensing with photon density waves: investigation of model media N2 - Investigations with frequency domain photon density waves allow elucidation of absorption and scattering properties of turbid media. The temporal and spatial propagation of intensity modulated light with frequencies up to more than 1 GHz can be described by the P1 approximation to the Boltzmann transport equation. In this study, we establish requirements for the appropriate choice of turbid model media and characterize mixtures of isosulfan blue as absorber and polystyrene beads as scatterer. For these model media, the independent determination of absorption and reduced scattering coefficients over large absorber and scatterer concentration ranges is demonstrated with a frequency domain photon density wave spectrometer employing intensity and phase measurements at various modulation frequencies. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der UniversitĂ€t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 026 Y1 - 2003 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13147 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Popp, Alexander A1 - Blaum, Niels A1 - Domptail, Stephanie A1 - Herpel, Nicole A1 - Gröngröft, Alexander A1 - Hoffman, T. T. A1 - JĂŒrgens, Norbert A1 - Milton, Sue A1 - Nuppenau, Ernst-August A1 - Rossmanith, Eva A1 - Schmidt, Michael A1 - Vogel, Melanie A1 - Vohland, Katrin A1 - Jeltsch, Florian T1 - From satellite imagery to soil-plant interactions BT - integrating disciplines and scales in process based simulation models N2 - Decisions for the conservation of biodiversity and sustainable management of natural resources are typically related to large scales, i.e. the landscape level. However, understanding and predicting the effects of land use and climate change on scales relevant for decision-making requires to include both, large scale vegetation dynamics and small scale processes, such as soil-plant interactions. Integrating the results of multiple BIOTA subprojects enabled us to include necessary data of soil science, botany, socio-economics and remote sensing into a high resolution, process-based and spatially-explicit model. Using an example from a sustainably-used research farm and a communally used and degraded farming area in semiarid southern Namibia we show the power of simulation models as a tool to integrate processes across disciplines and scales. Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-7302 N1 - InterdisziplinĂ€res Zentrum fĂŒr Musterdynamik und Angewandte Fernerkundung Workshop vom 9. - 10. Februar 2006. [Poster] ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rossmanith, Eva A1 - Blaum, Niels A1 - Keil, Manfred A1 - Langerwisch, F. A1 - Meyer, Jork A1 - Popp, Alexander A1 - Schmidt, Michael A1 - Schultz, Christoph A1 - Schwager, Monika A1 - Vogel, Melanie A1 - Wasiolka, Bernd A1 - Jeltsch, Florian T1 - Scaling up local population dynamics to regional scales BT - an integrated approach N2 - In semi-arid savannas, unsustainable land use can lead to degradation of entire landscapes, e.g. in the form of shrub encroachment. This leads to habitat loss and is assumed to reduce species diversity. In BIOTA phase 1, we investigated the effects of land use on population dynamics on farm scale. In phase 2 we scale up to consider the whole regional landscape consisting of a diverse mosaic of farms with different historic and present land use intensities. This mosaic creates a heterogeneous, dynamic pattern of structural diversity at a large spatial scale. Understanding how the region-wide dynamic land use pattern affects the abundance of animal and plant species requires the integration of processes on large as well as on small spatial scales. In our multidisciplinary approach, we integrate information from remote sensing, genetic and ecological field studies as well as small scale process models in a dynamic region-wide simulation tool.
InterdisziplinĂ€res Zentrum fĂŒr Musterdynamik und Angewandte Fernerkundung Workshop vom 9. - 10. Februar 2006. Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-7320 N1 - [Poster] ER - TY - THES A1 - Zeuschner, Steffen Peer T1 - Magnetoacoustics observed with ultrafast x-ray diffraction N2 - In the present thesis I investigate the lattice dynamics of thin film hetero structures of magnetically ordered materials upon femtosecond laser excitation as a probing and manipulation scheme for the spin system. The quantitative assessment of laser induced thermal dynamics as well as generated picosecond acoustic pulses and their respective impact on the magnetization dynamics of thin films is a challenging endeavor. All the more, the development and implementation of effective experimental tools and comprehensive models are paramount to propel future academic and technological progress. In all experiments in the scope of this cumulative dissertation, I examine the crystal lattice of nanoscale thin films upon the excitation with femtosecond laser pulses. The relative change of the lattice constant due to thermal expansion or picosecond strain pulses is directly monitored by an ultrafast X-ray diffraction (UXRD) setup with a femtosecond laser-driven plasma X-ray source (PXS). Phonons and spins alike exert stress on the lattice, which responds according to the elastic properties of the material, rendering the lattice a versatile sensor for all sorts of ultrafast interactions. On the one hand, I investigate materials with strong magneto-elastic properties; The highly magnetostrictive rare-earth compound TbFe2, elemental Dysprosium or the technological relevant Invar material FePt. On the other hand I conduct a comprehensive study on the lattice dynamics of Bi1Y2Fe5O12 (Bi:YIG), which exhibits high-frequency coherent spin dynamics upon femtosecond laser excitation according to the literature. Higher order standing spinwaves (SSWs) are triggered by coherent and incoherent motion of atoms, in other words phonons, which I quantified with UXRD. We are able to unite the experimental observations of the lattice and magnetization dynamics qualitatively and quantitatively. This is done with a combination of multi-temperature, elastic, magneto-elastic, anisotropy and micro-magnetic modeling. The collective data from UXRD, to probe the lattice, and time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect (tr-MOKE) measurements, to monitor the magnetization, were previously collected at different experimental setups. To improve the precision of the quantitative assessment of lattice and magnetization dynamics alike, our group implemented a combination of UXRD and tr-MOKE in a singular experimental setup, which is to my knowledge, the first of its kind. I helped with the conception and commissioning of this novel experimental station, which allows the simultaneous observation of lattice and magnetization dynamics on an ultrafast timescale under identical excitation conditions. Furthermore, I developed a new X-ray diffraction measurement routine which significantly reduces the measurement time of UXRD experiments by up to an order of magnitude. It is called reciprocal space slicing (RSS) and utilizes an area detector to monitor the angular motion of X-ray diffraction peaks, which is associated with lattice constant changes, without a time-consuming scan of the diffraction angles with the goniometer. RSS is particularly useful for ultrafast diffraction experiments, since measurement time at large scale facilities like synchrotrons and free electron lasers is a scarce and expensive resource. However, RSS is not limited to ultrafast experiments and can even be extended to other diffraction techniques with neutrons or electrons. N2 - In der vorliegenden Arbeit untersuche ich die Gitterdynamik von magnetisch geordneten und dĂŒnnen Filmen, deren Spinsystem mit Femtosekunden-Laserpulsen angeregt und untersucht wird. Die Quantifizierung der laserinduzierten thermischen Dynamik, der erzeugten Pikosekunden-Schallpulse sowie deren jeweiliger Einfluss auf die Magnetisierungsdynamik ist ein schwieriges Unterfangen. Umso mehr ist die Entwicklung und Anwendung von effizienten experimentellen Konzepten und umfangreichen Modellen grundlegend fĂŒr das Antreiben des zukĂŒnftigen wissenschaftlichen und technologischen Fortschritt. In jedem Experiment dieser kummulativen Dissertation untersuche ich das Kristallgitter von Nanometer dĂŒnnen Filmen nach der Anregung mit Femtosekunden-Laserpulsen. Die relative Änderung der Gitterkonstante, hervorgerufen durch thermische Ausdehnung oder Pikosekunden-Schallpulse, wird dabei direkt mittels ultraschneller Röntgenbeugung (UXRD) gemessen. Der Aufbau nutzt zur Bereitstellung von ultrakurzen Röntgenpulsen eine lasergetriebene Plasma-Röntgenquelle (PXS). Phononen und Spins ĂŒben gleichermaßen einen Druck auf das Gitter aus, welches entsprechend der elastsischen Eigenschaften des Materials reagiert, was das Gitter zu einem vielseitigen Sensor fĂŒr ultraschenlle Wechselwirkungen macht. Zum einen untersuche ich Materialien mit starken magnetoelastischen Eigentschaften: die stark magnetostriktive Seltenen-Erden-Verbindung TbFe2, elementares Dysprosium oder das technologisch relavante Invar-Material FePt. Zum anderen habe ich eine umfangreiche Studie der Gitterdynamik von Bi1Y2Fe5O12 (Bi:YIG) angestellt, in dem der Literatur zufolge hochfrequente kohĂ€rente Spindynamiken durch Femtosekunden-Laseranregung zu beobachten sind. Diese stehenden Spinwellen (SSWs) höherer Ordnung entstehen durch die kohĂ€rente und inkohĂ€rente Bewegung von Atomen, in anderen Worten Phononen, welche ich durch UXRD vermessen habe. Somit sind wir in der Lage, die experimentellen Beobachtungen der Gitter- und Spindynamik qualitativ und quantitativ zu vereinigen. Dies geschieht durch eine Kombination von Viel-Temperatur- und Anisotropiemodellierung sowie elastische, magnetoelastische, und mikromagnetsiche Modelle. Die gemeinsamen Daten von UXRD und der zeitaufgelösten magnetooptischen Kerr-Effekt Messungen (tr-MOKE), um jeweils die Gitter- und Spindynamik zu messen, wurden in der Vergangenheit noch an unterschiedlichen experimentellen Aufbauten gemessen. Um die Quantifizierung prĂ€ziser zu gestalten, haben wir in unserer Arbeitsgruppe UXRD und tr-MOKE in einem einzigen Aufbau kombiniert, welcher somit meines Wissens der erste seiner Art ist. Ich half bei dem Entwurf und der Inbetriebnahme des neuen Aufbaus, welcher die gleichzeitige Messung von Gitter- und Spindynamik auf einer ultraschnellen Zeitskala unter identischen Anregungsbedingungen ermöglicht. Außerdem entwickelte ich eine neue Messroutine fĂŒr Röntgenbeugung, welche die Messzeit von UXRD-Experimenten um bis zu einer GrĂ¶ĂŸenordnungen reduziert. Es nennt sich das Schneiden des reziproken Raumes (reciprocal space slicing, RSS) und nutzt den Vorteil von FlĂ€chendetektoren die Bewegung von Beugungsreflexen zu detektieren, was von einer Änderung der Gitterkonstante einhergeht, ohne zeitintensive Scans der Beugungswinkel mit dem Goniometer durchzufĂŒhren. RSS ist besonders nĂŒtzlich fĂŒr ultraschnelle Beugungsexperimente, weil die Messzeit an GroßgerĂ€ten wie Synchrotrons oder Freie Elektronen Laser eine seltene und teure Ressource ist. DarĂŒber hinaus ist RSS nicht zwangslĂ€ufig auf die Anwendung in ultraschnellen Experimenten beschrĂ€nkt und kann sogar auf andere Beugungsexperimente, wie die mit Neutronen und Elektronen, ausgeweitet werden. KW - ultrafast KW - X-ray diffraction KW - thin films KW - magnetoelasticity KW - ultraschnell KW - Röntgenbeugung KW - dĂŒnne Filme KW - MagnetoelastizitĂ€t Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-561098 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Dimigen, Olaf A1 - Valsecchi, Matteo A1 - Sommer, Werner A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Human Microsaccade-Related Visual Brain Responses N2 - Microsaccades are very small, involuntary flicks in eye position that occur on average once or twice per second during attempted visual fixation. Microsaccades give rise to EMG eye muscle spikes that can distort the spectrum of the scalp EEG and mimic increases in gamma band power. Here we demonstrate that microsaccades are also accompanied by genuine and sizeable cortical activity, manifested in the EEG. In three experiments, high-resolution eye movements were corecorded with the EEG: during sustained fixation of checkerboard and face stimuli and in a standard visual oddball task that required the counting of target stimuli. Results show that microsaccades as small as 0.15° generate a field potential over occipital cortex and midcentral scalp sites 100 –140 ms after movement onset, which resembles the visual lambda response evoked by larger voluntary saccades. This challenges the standard assumption of human brain imaging studies that saccade-related brain activity is precluded by fixation, even when fully complied with. Instead, additional cortical potentials from microsaccades were present in 86% of the oddball task trials and of similar amplitude as the visual response to stimulus onset. Furthermore, microsaccade probability varied systematically according to the proportion of target stimuli in the oddball task, causing modulations of late stimulus-locked event-related potential (ERP) components. Microsaccades present an unrecognized source of visual brain signal that is of interest for vision research and may have influenced the data of many ERP and neuroimaging studies. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der UniversitĂ€t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 240 Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-56923 ER -