TY - JOUR A1 - Weisshuhn, Peter A1 - Reckling, Moritz A1 - Stachow, Ulrich A1 - Wiggering, Hubert T1 - Supporting Agricultural Ecosystem Services through the Integration of Perennial Polycultures into Crop Rotations JF - Sustainability N2 - This review analyzes the potential role and long-term effects of field perennial polycultures (mixtures) in agricultural systems, with the aim of reducing the trade-offs between provisioning and regulating ecosystem services. First, crop rotations are identified as a suitable tool for the assessment of the long-term effects of perennial polycultures on ecosystem services, which are not visible at the single-crop level. Second, the ability of perennial polycultures to support ecosystem services when used in crop rotations is quantified through eight agricultural ecosystem services. Legume-grass mixtures and wildflower mixtures are used as examples of perennial polycultures, and compared with silage maize as a typical crop for biomass production. Perennial polycultures enhance soil fertility, soil protection, climate regulation, pollination, pest and weed control, and landscape aesthetics compared with maize. They also score lower for biomass production compared with maize, which confirms the trade-off between provisioning and regulating ecosystem services. However, the additional positive factors provided by perennial polycultures, such as reduced costs for mineral fertilizer, pesticides, and soil tillage, and a significant preceding crop effect that increases the yields of subsequent crops, should be taken into account. However, a full assessment of agricultural ecosystem services requires a more holistic analysis that is beyond the capabilities of current frameworks. KW - agroecosystem KW - assessment KW - legume-grass mixture KW - wildflower mixture KW - perennial crop KW - mixed cropping Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/su9122267 SN - 2071-1050 VL - 9 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - GEN A1 - Weißhuhn, Peter A1 - Reckling, Moritz A1 - Stachow, Ulrich A1 - Wiggering, Hubert T1 - Supporting agricultural ecosystem services through the integration of perennial polycultures into crop rotations T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - This review analyzes the potential role and long-term effects of field perennial polycultures (mixtures) in agricultural systems, with the aim of reducing the trade-offs between provisioning and regulating ecosystem services. First, crop rotations are identified as a suitable tool for the assessment of the long-term effects of perennial polycultures on ecosystem services, which are not visible at the single-crop level. Second, the ability of perennial polycultures to support ecosystem services when used in crop rotations is quantified through eight agricultural ecosystem services. Legume-grass mixtures and wildflower mixtures are used as examples of perennial polycultures, and compared with silage maize as a typical crop for biomass production. Perennial polycultures enhance soil fertility, soil protection, climate regulation, pollination, pest and weed control, and landscape aesthetics compared with maize. They also score lower for biomass production compared with maize, which confirms the trade-off between provisioning and regulating ecosystem services. However, the additional positive factors provided by perennial polycultures, such as reduced costs for mineral fertilizer, pesticides, and soil tillage, and a significant preceding crop effect that increases the yields of subsequent crops, should be taken into account. However, a full assessment of agricultural ecosystem services requires a more holistic analysis that is beyond the capabilities of current frameworks. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1069 KW - agroecosystem KW - assessment KW - legume-grass mixture KW - wildflower mixture KW - perennial crop KW - mixed cropping Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-474410 IS - 1069 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weisshuhn, Peter A1 - Mueller, Felix A1 - Wiggering, Hubert T1 - Ecosystem Vulnerability Review BT - proposal of an interdisciplinary ecosystem assessment approach JF - Environmental Management N2 - To safeguard the sustainable use of ecosystems and their services, early detection of potentially damaging changes in functional capabilities is needed. To support a proper ecosystem management, the analysis of an ecosystem’s vulnerability provide information on its weaknesses as well as on its capacity to recover after suffering an impact. However, the application of the vulnerability concept to ecosystems is still an emerging topic. After providing background on the vulnerability concept, we summarize existing ecosystem vulnerability research on the basis of a systematic literature review with a special focus on ecosystem type, disciplinary background, and more detailed definition of the ecosystem vulnerability components. Using the Web of ScienceTM Core Collection, we overviewed the literature from 1991 onwards but used the 5 years from 2011 to 2015 for an in-depth analysis, including 129 articles. We found that ecosystem vulnerability analysis has been applied most notably in conservation biology, climate change research, and ecological risk assessments, pinpointing a limited spreading across the environmental sciences. It occurred primarily within marine and freshwater ecosystems. To avoid confusion, we recommend using the unambiguous term ecosystem vulnerability rather than ecological, environmental, population, or community vulnerability. Further, common ground has been identified, on which to define the ecosystem vulnerability components exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. We propose a framework for ecosystem assessments that coherently connects the concepts of vulnerability, resilience, and adaptability as different ecosystem responses. A short outlook on the possible operationalization of the concept by ecosystem vulnerabilty indices, and a conclusion section complete the review. KW - Environmental vulnerability KW - Ecological vulnerability KW - Ecosystem response KW - Interdisciplinarity KW - Resilience KW - Adaptability Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-018-1023-8 SN - 0364-152X SN - 1432-1009 VL - 61 IS - 6 SP - 904 EP - 915 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - THES A1 - Weißhuhn, Peter T1 - Assessing biotope vulnerability to landscape changes T1 - Bewertung der Vulnerabilität von Biotopen gegenüber Landschaftsveränderungen N2 - Largescale patterns of global land use change are very frequently accompanied by natural habitat loss. To assess the consequences of habitat loss for the remaining natural and semi-natural biotopes, inclusion of cumulative effects at the landscape level is required. The interdisciplinary concept of vulnerability constitutes an appropriate assessment framework at the landscape level, though with few examples of its application for ecological assessments. A comprehensive biotope vulnerability analysis allows identification of areas most affected by landscape change and at the same time with the lowest chances of regeneration. To this end, a series of ecological indicators were reviewed and developed. They measured spatial attributes of individual biotopes as well as some ecological and conservation characteristics of the respective resident species community. The final vulnerability index combined seven largely independent indicators, which covered exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity of biotopes to landscape changes. Results for biotope vulnerability were provided at the regional level. This seems to be an appropriate extent with relevance for spatial planning and designing the distribution of nature reserves. Using the vulnerability scores calculated for the German federal state of Brandenburg, hot spots and clusters within and across the distinguished types of biotopes were analysed. Biotope types with high dependence on water availability, as well as biotopes of the open landscape containing woody plants (e.g., orchard meadows) are particularly vulnerable to landscape changes. In contrast, the majority of forest biotopes appear to be less vulnerable. Despite the appeal of such generalised statements for some biotope types, the distribution of values suggests that conservation measures for the majority of biotopes should be designed specifically for individual sites. Taken together, size, shape and spatial context of individual biotopes often had a dominant influence on the vulnerability score. The implementation of biotope vulnerability analysis at the regional level indicated that large biotope datasets can be evaluated with high level of detail using geoinformatics. Drawing on previous work in landscape spatial analysis, the reproducible approach relies on transparent calculations of quantitative and qualitative indicators. At the same time, it provides a synoptic overview and information on the individual biotopes. It is expected to be most useful for nature conservation in combination with an understanding of population, species, and community attributes known for specific sites. The biotope vulnerability analysis facilitates a foresighted assessment of different land uses, aiding in identifying options to slow habitat loss to sustainable levels. It can also be incorporated into planning of restoration measures, guiding efforts to remedy ecological damage. Restoration of any specific site could yield synergies with the conservation objectives of other sites, through enhancing the habitat network or buffering against future landscape change. Biotope vulnerability analysis could be developed in line with other important ecological concepts, such as resilience and adaptability, further extending the broad thematic scope of the vulnerability concept. Vulnerability can increasingly serve as a common framework for the interdisciplinary research necessary to solve major societal challenges. N2 - Weltweit wurden in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten massive Veränderungen in der Landnutzung vorgenommen. Diese gingen meistens mit dem Verlust natürlicher Habitate einher. Um die Folgen auf die verbliebenen naturnahen Biotope zu bewerten, sind Analyseinstrumente notwendig, die neben einzelnen Flächen auch kumulative Effekte auf der Landschaftsebene einbeziehen. Das interdisziplinäre Konzept der Vulnerabilität kann einem solchen Analyseinstrument den Rahmen bieten. Bisher wurde es kaum für die Bewertung ökologischer Systeme herangezogen. Dabei kann eine flächendeckende Biotop-Vulnerabilitätsanalyse jene Gebiete identifizieren, die vom Landschaftswandel am stärksten betroffen sind und die gleichzeitig die geringsten Erholungsaussichten aufweisen. Dazu wurde eine Reihe ökologischer Indikatoren gesichtet und entwickelt, um die drei Vulnerabilitätsgrößen Exposition, Sensitivität und Anpassungskapazität abzudecken. Dabei wurden die Lagebeziehungen einzelner Biotope sowie die Eigenschaften der jeweils ansässigen Artengemeinschaft ausgewertet. Der errechnete Index kombiniert sieben voneinander weitestgehend unabhängige Indikatoren und stellt eine Übersicht der Biotop-Vulnerabilität dar. Liegt eine flächendeckende Vulnerabilitätsbewertung vor, können räumliche Häufungen von hohen Werten sowie die Verteilung der besonders hohen und besonders niedrigen Werte über die Biotoptypen hinweg analysiert werden. Dies erscheint besonders sinnvoll für Flächengrößen mit Relevanz für die Raumplanung und die Verteilung der Naturschutzflächen. Es stellte sich heraus, dass in der Planungsregion Brandenburg vor allem die Biotope mit hoher Abhängigkeit von der Wasserverfügbarkeit, sowie die Gehölze enthaltenden Offenlandbiotope (z.B. Streuobstwiesen) besonders vulnerabel gegenüber Landschaftsveränderungen sind. Im Gegensatz dazu erscheint die Mehrheit der Waldbiotope weniger verwundbar zu sein. Trotz der Möglichkeit zur Ableitung solcher verallgemeinerten Aussagen für einige Biotoptypen legt die Werteverteilung nahe, Naturschutzmaßnahmen mehrheitlich spezifisch für einzelne Flächen zu entwerfen. Größe, Form und räumlicher Kontext einzelner Biotopflächen üben zusammengenommen häufig einen dominanten Einfluss auf die Vulnerabilität gegenüber Landschaftsveränderungen aus. Die Demonstration der Biotop-Vulnerabilitätsanalyse auf regionaler Ebene zeigt, dass mit Methoden der Geoinformatik auch große Biotop-Datensätze detailliert ausgewertet werden können. Die damit erzielte naturschutzfachliche Analyse basiert auf transparent berechneten qualitativen und quantitativen Indikatoren und ist damit vollständig nachvollziehbar. Sie bietet gleichzeitig einen großräumigen Überblick sowie Informationen zu den einzelnen Biotopflächen. Mit der Vulnerabilitätsanalyse von Biotopen wird die vorausschauende Abwägung zwischen verschiedenen Landnutzungen erleichtert. Dies kann dazu beitragen, dass der Habitatverlust in Zukunft auf ein nachhaltigeres Maß gebremst wird. Auch kann eine solche Biotopbewertung in die Planung von Renaturierungsmaßnahmen einfließen, um ökologische Schäden zunächst dort zu beheben, wo große Synergieeffekte im Biotopverbund und mit anderen Naturschutzzielen zu erwarten sind. Die Biotop-Vulnerabilitätsanalyse konnte im Einklang mit wichtigen ökologischen Konzepten wie Resilienz und Anpassungsfähigkeit entwickelt werden. Sie erweitert damit den ohnehin breiten thematischen Anwendungsbereich des Vulnerabilitätskonzepts. Somit kann Vulnerabilität zunehmend als Brückenkonzept dienen und der zur Lösung der großen gesellschaftlichen Herausforderungen notwendigen interdisziplinären Forschung einen gemeinsamen Rahmen geben. KW - vulnerability KW - biotope KW - habitat KW - index KW - landscape KW - spatial ecology KW - landscape ecology KW - Vulnerabilität KW - Biotop KW - Habitat KW - Index KW - Landschaft KW - raumbezogene Ökologie KW - Landschaftsökologie Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-442777 ER -