TY - JOUR A1 - Schittko, Conrad A1 - Bernard-Verdier, Maud A1 - Heger, Tina A1 - Buchholz, Sascha A1 - Kowarik, Ingo A1 - von der Lippe, Moritz A1 - Seitz, Birgit A1 - Joshi, Jasmin Radha A1 - Jeschke, Jonathan M. T1 - A multidimensional framework for measuring biotic novelty: How novel is a community? JF - Global Change Biology N2 - Anthropogenic changes in climate, land use, and disturbance regimes, as well as introductions of non-native species can lead to the transformation of many ecosystems. The resulting novel ecosystems are usually characterized by species assemblages that have not occurred previously in a given area. Quantifying the ecological novelty of communities (i.e., biotic novelty) would enhance the understanding of environmental change. However, quantification remains challenging since current novelty metrics, such as the number and/or proportion of non-native species in a community, fall short of considering both functional and evolutionary aspects of biotic novelty. Here, we propose the Biotic Novelty Index (BNI), an intuitive and flexible multidimensional measure that combines (a) functional differences between native and non-native introduced species with (b) temporal dynamics of species introductions. We show that the BNI is an additive partition of Rao's quadratic entropy, capturing the novel interaction component of the community's functional diversity. Simulations show that the index varies predictably with the relative amount of functional novelty added by recently arrived species, and they illustrate the need to provide an additional standardized version of the index. We present a detailed R code and two applications of the BNI by (a) measuring changes of biotic novelty of dry grassland plant communities along an urbanization gradient in a metropolitan region and (b) determining the biotic novelty of plant species assemblages at a national scale. The results illustrate the applicability of the index across scales and its flexibility in the use of data of different quality. Both case studies revealed strong connections between biotic novelty and increasing urbanization, a measure of abiotic novelty. We conclude that the BNI framework may help building a basis for better understanding the ecological and evolutionary consequences of global change. KW - alien species KW - biological invasions KW - coexistence KW - ecological novelty KW - functional diversity KW - novel ecosystems KW - novel species KW - standard metrics Y1 - 2019 VL - 26 IS - 8 PB - John Wiley & Sons, Inc. CY - New Jersey ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schittko, Conrad A1 - Bernard-Verdier, Maud A1 - Heger, Tina A1 - Buchholz, Sascha A1 - Kowarik, Ingo A1 - von der Lippe, Moritz A1 - Seitz, Birgit A1 - Joshi, Jasmin Radha A1 - Jeschke, Jonathan M. T1 - A multidimensional framework for measuring biotic novelty: How novel is a community? T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Anthropogenic changes in climate, land use, and disturbance regimes, as well as introductions of non-native species can lead to the transformation of many ecosystems. The resulting novel ecosystems are usually characterized by species assemblages that have not occurred previously in a given area. Quantifying the ecological novelty of communities (i.e., biotic novelty) would enhance the understanding of environmental change. However, quantification remains challenging since current novelty metrics, such as the number and/or proportion of non-native species in a community, fall short of considering both functional and evolutionary aspects of biotic novelty. Here, we propose the Biotic Novelty Index (BNI), an intuitive and flexible multidimensional measure that combines (a) functional differences between native and non-native introduced species with (b) temporal dynamics of species introductions. We show that the BNI is an additive partition of Rao's quadratic entropy, capturing the novel interaction component of the community's functional diversity. Simulations show that the index varies predictably with the relative amount of functional novelty added by recently arrived species, and they illustrate the need to provide an additional standardized version of the index. We present a detailed R code and two applications of the BNI by (a) measuring changes of biotic novelty of dry grassland plant communities along an urbanization gradient in a metropolitan region and (b) determining the biotic novelty of plant species assemblages at a national scale. The results illustrate the applicability of the index across scales and its flexibility in the use of data of different quality. Both case studies revealed strong connections between biotic novelty and increasing urbanization, a measure of abiotic novelty. We conclude that the BNI framework may help building a basis for better understanding the ecological and evolutionary consequences of global change. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1209 KW - alien species KW - biological invasions KW - coexistence KW - ecological novelty KW - functional diversity KW - novel ecosystems KW - novel species KW - standard metrics Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-525657 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Uhr, Linda A1 - Buchholz, Tina A1 - Homann, Thomas A1 - Huschek, Gerd A1 - Rawel, Harshadrai Manilal T1 - Targeted proteomics-based analysis of technical enzymes from fungal origin in baked products JF - Journal of cereal science N2 - The application of technical enzymes is a potential tool in modulating the dough and baking quality of cereal products. No endogenous amylases (alpha- and beta-forms) are present in mature wheat grains; they may be synthesized or activated during germination. Hence, microbial alpha-amylases are added to the dough, being resistant to the endogenous alpha-amylase/trypsin inhibitors. Here, we report on the initial identification of two technical enzymes from a commercial sample based on an in-gel tryptic digestion coupled with MALDI-MS analysis. The primary component of the protein fraction with 51.3 kDa was alpha-amylase from Aspergillus species. A second major protein with 24.8 kDa was identified as endo-1,4-xylanase from Thermomyces lanuginosus. In the following experimental work up, a targeted proteomics approach utilizing the combination of specific proteolytic digestion of the added amylase and xylanase in wheat flour, dough or baked products, solid phase extraction of released peptides and their detection using LC-MS/MS was optimized. The targeted (MRM) MS/MS peptide signals showed that the peptide "ALSSALHER" (MW = 983) originating from amylase and "GWNPGLNAR" (MW = 983) from xylanase can be used to identify the corresponding technical enzymes added. Consequently, locally available baked products were tested and found to contain these enzymes as supplementary ingredients. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - Technical enzymes KW - Amylase KW - Xylanase KW - Mass spectrometry Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2014.04.007 SN - 0733-5210 SN - 1095-9963 VL - 60 IS - 2 SP - 440 EP - 447 PB - Elsevier CY - London ER -