TY - JOUR A1 - Juang, Linda P. A1 - Shen, Yishan A1 - Kim, Su Yeong A1 - Wang, Yijie T1 - Development of an Asian American Parental Racial-Ethnic Socialization Scale JF - Learning and individual differences N2 - Objective: To develop a measure of parental racial-ethnic socialization that is appropriate for Asian American families. Method: To test the reliability and validity of this new measure, we surveyed 575 Asian American emerging adults (49% female, 79% U.S. born). Results: Using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, the results show 7 reliable subscales: maintenance of heritage culture, becoming American, awareness of discrimination, avoidance of other groups, minimization of race, promotion of equality, and cultural pluralism. Tests of factorial invariance show that overall, the subscales demonstrate, at minimum, partial metric invariance across gender, age, nativity, educational attainment, parent educational attainment, geographic region of residence, and Asian-heritage region. Thus, the relations among the subscales with other variables can be compared across these different subgroups. The subscales also correlated with ethnic identity, ethnic centrality, perceptions of discrimination, and pluralistic orientation, demonstrating construct validity. Conclusion: In an increasingly complex and diverse social world, our scale will be useful for gaining a better understanding of how Asian American parents socialize their children regarding issues of race, discrimination, culture, and diversity. KW - Asian American KW - parental racial-ethnic socialization KW - scale development Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000083 SN - 1099-9809 SN - 1939-0106 VL - 22 SP - 417 EP - 431 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Juang, Linda P. A1 - Moffitt, Ursula Elinor A1 - Kim, Su Yeong A1 - Lee, Richard M. A1 - Soto, Jose Angel A1 - Hurley, Eric A1 - Weisskirch, Robert S. A1 - Blozis, Shelley A. A1 - Castillo, Linda G. A1 - Huynh, Que-Lam A1 - Whitborne, Susan Krauss T1 - Cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression: Links to racial-ethnic discrimination and adjustment among Latino/a and Asian-heritage college students JF - Journal of adolescence N2 - Objective: We examined whether two key emotion regulation strategies, cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression, moderated the relations between discrimination (i.e., foreigner objectification and general denigration) and adjustment. Methods: Participants were U.S. Latino/a and Asian-heritage college students (N = 1,279, 67% female, 72% U.S. born) from the Multi-Site University Study of Identity and Culture (MUSIC). Students completed online self-report surveys in 2009. Results: Multi-group path analysis demonstrated that a fully constrained model fit well for both Latino/a and Asian-heritage student data. The results showed that with increasing levels of denigration (but not foreigner objectification), the combination of lower cognitive reappraisal and higher expressive suppression was related to greater depressive symptoms, anxiety, and aggression. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the importance of examining multiple emotion regulation strategies simultaneously considering what strategies are available to individuals and in what combination they are used to understand how best to deal with negative emotions resulting from experiencing discrimination. (C) 2016 The Foundation for Professionals in Services for Adolescents. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - Emotion regulation KW - Discrimination KW - Asian American KW - Latino/a KW - College students Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.08.012 SN - 0140-1971 SN - 1095-9254 VL - 53 SP - 21 EP - 33 PB - Elsevier CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Juang, Linda P. A1 - Hou, Yang A1 - Bayless, Sara Douglass A1 - Kim, Su Yeong T1 - Time-varying associations of parent–adolescent cultural conflict and youth adjustment among Chinese American families JF - Developmental psychology N2 - The purpose of this study was to examine time-varying associations of parent-adolescent cultural conflict with depressive symptoms and grade point average (GPA) among Chinese Americans from ages 11-22. We pooled two independently collected longitudinal data sets (N = 760 at Wave 1) and used time-varying effect modeling (TVEM) to show that the frequency of parent-adolescent conflict increased during early adolescence (12 years), peaked at mid adolescence (16 years), and gradually decreased throughout late adolescence and young adulthood. In general, parent-adolescent conflict was associated with negative adjustment (more depressive symptoms and lower GPA) more strongly during mid-to late-adolescence (15 to 17 years) compared with other developmental periods. These time-varying associations differed slightly by gender, at least for GPA. Our findings provide important developmental knowledge of parent-adolescent conflict for Chinese American youth and suggest that attention to conflict and links to adjustment is especially relevant during mid to late adolescence. Our study also illustrates the usefulness of integrative data analysis and TVEM to investigate how the strength of conflict-adjustment associations might change throughout development. KW - Chinese American KW - parent-adolescent cultural conflict KW - depressive symptoms KW - GPA KW - adolescence Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000475 SN - 0012-1649 SN - 1939-0599 VL - 54 IS - 5 SP - 938 EP - 949 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Juang, Linda P. A1 - Park, Irene A1 - Kim, Su Yeong A1 - Lee, Richard M. A1 - Qin, Desiree A1 - Okazaki, Sumie A1 - Swartz, Teresa Toguchi A1 - Lau, Anna T1 - Reactive and Proactive Ethnic-Racial Socialization Practices of Second-Generation Asian American Parents JF - Asian American journal of psychology N2 - Studies of Asian American parenting have primarily focused on first-generation immigrant parents. Few studies have examined the experiences of second-generation Asian American adults who now have children of their own. The purpose of this qualitative study, then, is to better understand the values, practices, and concerns of second-generation Asian American parents regarding ethnic and racial socialization. The sample included 34 Asian American parents from seven different cities across the United States. Using interviews and a focus group, the results show that (a) place, specific contexts, and transitions were important to second-generation parents’ motivation behind ethnic and racial socialization, (b) parents are reactive and proactive, especially with regard to promoting an awareness of discrimination, in the racial socialization of their children, (c) parents engage in predominantly proactive ethnic socialization when passing on heritage culture, which they believe is important, but also difficult to do, (d) in contrast to ethnic socialization, passing on American culture and passing on important values (that they did not see as solely “American” or “Asian”) came easily, and (e) parents consider the intersection of race and culture with religion and disability when socializing their children. Our findings highlight unique aspects of how second-generation Asian American parents engage in ethnic and racial socialization in an increasingly socially diverse world. KW - second-generation parenting KW - Asian American KW - ethnic-racial socialization Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/aap0000101 SN - 1948-1985 SN - 1948-1993 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 4 EP - 16 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kim, Su Yeong A1 - Schwartz, Seth J. A1 - Perreira, Krista M. A1 - Juang, Linda P. T1 - Culture's Influence on Stressors, Parental Socialization, and Developmental Processes in the Mental Health of Children of Immigrants JF - Annual Review of clinical psychologgy N2 - Children of immigrants represent one in four children in the United States and will represent one in three children by 2050. Children of Asian and Latino immigrants together represent the majority of children of immigrants in the United States. Children of immigrants may be immigrants themselves, or they may have been born in the United States to foreign-born parents; their status may be legal or undocumented. We review transcultural and culture-specific factors that influence the various ways in which stressors are experienced; we also discuss the ways in which parental socialization and developmental processes function as risk factors or protective factors in their influence on the mental health of children of immigrants. Children of immigrants with elevated risk for mental health problems are more likely to be undocumented immigrants, refugees, or unaccompanied minors. We describe interventions and policies that show promise for reducing mental health problems among children of immigrants in the United States. KW - children of immigrants KW - stressors KW - transcultural KW - culture specific KW - parental socialization KW - mental health Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050817-084925 SN - 1548-5943 VL - 14 SP - 343 EP - 370 PB - Annual Reviews CY - Palo Alto ER -