TY - JOUR A1 - Pyšek, Petr A1 - Pergl, Jan A1 - Essl, Franz A1 - Lenzner, Bernd A1 - Dawson, Wayne A1 - Kreft, Holger A1 - Weigelt, Patrick A1 - Winter, Marten A1 - Kartesz, John A1 - Nishino, Misako A1 - Antonova, Liubov A. A1 - Barcelona, Julie F. A1 - Cabezas, Francisco José A1 - Cárdenas López, Dairon A1 - Cárdenas-Toro, Juliana A1 - Castańo, Nicolás A1 - Chacón, Eduardo A1 - Chatelain, Cyrille A1 - Dullinger, Stefan A1 - Ebel, Aleksandr L. A1 - Figueiredo, Estrela A1 - Fuentes, Nicol A1 - Genovesi, Piero A1 - Groom, Quentin J. A1 - Henderson, Lesley A1 - Inderjit, A1 - Kupriyanov, Andrey A1 - Masciadri, Silvana A1 - Maurel, Noëlie A1 - Meerman, Jan A1 - Morozova, Olʹga V. A1 - Moser, Dietmar A1 - Nickrent, Daniel A1 - Nowak, Pauline M. A1 - Pagad, Shyama A1 - Patzelt, Annette A1 - Pelser, Pieter B. A1 - Seebens, Hanno A1 - Shu, Wen-sheng A1 - Thomas, Jacob A1 - Velayos, Mauricio A1 - Weber, Ewald A1 - Wieringa, Jan J. A1 - Baptiste, Maria P. A1 - Kleunen, Mark van T1 - Naturalized alien flora of the world T1 - Naturalizovaná nepůvodní flóra světa BT - species diversity, taxonomic and phylogenetic patterns, geographic distribution and global hotspots of plant invasion BT - druhová diverzita, taxonomické a fylogenetické složení, geografické zákonitosti a globální ohniska rostlinných invazí JF - Preslia : the journal of the Czech Botanical Society N2 - Using the recently built Global Naturalized Alien Flora (GloNAF) database, containing data on the distribution of naturalized alien plants in 483 mainland and 361 island regions of the world, we describe patterns in diversity and geographic distribution of naturalized and invasive plant species, taxonomic, phylogenetic and life-history structure of the global naturalized flora as well as levels of naturalization and their determinants. The mainland regions with the highest numbers of naturalized aliens are some Australian states (with New South Wales being the richest on this continent) and several North American regions (of which California with 1753 naturalized plant species represents the world’s richest region in terms of naturalized alien vascular plants). England, Japan, New Zealand and the Hawaiian archipelago harbour most naturalized plants among islands or island groups. These regions also form the main hotspots of the regional levels of naturalization, measured as the percentage of naturalized aliens in the total flora of the region. Such hotspots of relative naturalized species richness appear on both the western and eastern coasts of North America, in north-western Europe, South Africa, south-eastern Australia, New Zealand, and India. High levels of island invasions by naturalized plants are concentrated in the Pacific, but also occur on individual islands across all oceans. The numbers of naturalized species are closely correlated with those of native species, with a stronger correlation and steeper increase for islands than mainland regions, indicating a greater vulnerability of islands to invasion by species that become successfully naturalized. South Africa, India, California, Cuba, Florida, Queensland and Japan have the highest numbers of invasive species. Regions in temperate and tropical zonobiomes harbour in total 9036 and 6774 naturalized species, respectively, followed by 3280 species naturalized in the Mediterranean zonobiome, 3057 in the subtropical zonobiome and 321 in the Arctic. The New World is richer in naturalized alien plants, with 9905 species compared to 7923 recorded in the Old World. While isolation is the key factor driving the level of naturalization on islands, zonobiomes differing in climatic regimes, and socioeconomy represented by per capita GDP, are central for mainland regions. The 11 most widely distributed species each occur in regions covering about one third of the globe or more in terms of the number of regions where they are naturalized and at least 35% of the Earth’s land surface in terms of those regions’ areas, with the most widely distributed species Sonchus oleraceus occuring in 48% of the regions that cover 42% of the world area. Other widely distributed species are Ricinus communis, Oxalis corniculata, Portulaca oleracea, Eleusine indica, Chenopodium album, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Stellaria media, Bidens pilosa, Datura stramonium and Echinochloa crus-galli. Using the occurrence as invasive rather than only naturalized yields a different ranking, with Lantana camara (120 regions out of 349 for which data on invasive status are known), Calotropis procera (118), Eichhornia crassipes (113), Sonchus oleraceus (108) and Leucaena leucocephala (103) on top. As to the life-history spectra, islands harbour more naturalized woody species (34.4%) thanmainland regions (29.5%), and fewer annual herbs (18.7% compared to 22.3%). Ranking families by their absolute numbers of naturalized species reveals that Compositae (1343 species), Poaceae (1267) and Leguminosae (1189) contribute most to the global naturalized alien flora. Some families are disproportionally represented by naturalized aliens on islands (Arecaceae, Araceae, Acanthaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae, Convolvulaceae, Rubiaceae, Malvaceae), and much fewer so on mainland (e.g. Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Boraginaceae). Relating the numbers of naturalized species in a family to its total global richness shows that some of the large species-rich families are over-represented among naturalized aliens (e.g. Poaceae, Leguminosae, Rosaceae, Amaranthaceae, Pinaceae), some under-represented (e.g. Euphorbiaceae, Rubiaceae), whereas the one richest in naturalized species, Compositae, reaches a value expected from its global species richness. Significant phylogenetic signal indicates that families with an increased potential of their species to naturalize are not distributed randomly on the evolutionary tree. Solanum (112 species), Euphorbia (108) and Carex (106) are the genera richest in terms of naturalized species; over-represented on islands are Cotoneaster, Juncus, Eucalyptus, Salix, Hypericum, Geranium and Persicaria, while those relatively richer in naturalized species on the mainland are Atriplex, Opuntia, Oenothera, Artemisia, Vicia, Galium and Rosa. The data presented in this paper also point to where information is lacking and set priorities for future data collection. The GloNAF database has potential for designing concerted action to fill such data gaps, and provide a basis for allocating resources most efficiently towards better understanding and management of plant invasions worldwide. KW - alien species KW - distribution KW - Global Naturalized Alien Flora (GloNAF) database KW - invasive species KW - islands KW - life history KW - mainland KW - naturalized species KW - phylogeny KW - plant invasion KW - regional floras KW - species richness KW - taxonomy KW - zonobiome Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.23855/preslia.2017.203 SN - 0032-7786 VL - 89 IS - 3 SP - 203 EP - 274 PB - Czech Botanical Soc. CY - Praha ER - TY - JOUR A1 - van Kleunen, Mark A1 - Essl, Franz A1 - Pergl, Jan A1 - Brundu, Giuseppe A1 - Carboni, Marta A1 - Dullinger, Stefan A1 - Early, Regan A1 - Gonzalez-Moreno, Pablo A1 - Groom, Quentin J. M. A1 - Hulme, Philip E. A1 - Kueffer, Christoph A1 - Kühn, Ingolf A1 - Maguas, Cristina A1 - Maurel, Noelie A1 - Novoa, Ana A1 - Parepa, Madalin A1 - Pysek, Petr A1 - Seebens, Hanno A1 - Tanner, Rob A1 - Touza, Julia A1 - Verbrugge, Laura A1 - Weber, Ewald A1 - Dawson, Wayne A1 - Kreft, Holger A1 - Weigelt, Patrick A1 - Winter, Marten A1 - Klonner, Guenther A1 - Talluto, Matthew V. A1 - Dehnen-Schmutz, Katharina T1 - The changing role of ornamental horticulture in alien plant invasions JF - Biological reviews N2 - The number of alien plants escaping from cultivation into native ecosystems is increasing steadily. We provide an overview of the historical, contemporary and potential future roles of ornamental horticulture in plant invasions. We show that currently at least 75% and 93% of the global naturalised alien flora is grown in domestic and botanical gardens, respectively. Species grown in gardens also have a larger naturalised range than those that are not. After the Middle Ages, particularly in the 18th and 19th centuries, a global trade network in plants emerged. Since then, cultivated alien species also started to appear in the wild more frequently than non-cultivated aliens globally, particularly during the 19th century. Horticulture still plays a prominent role in current plant introduction, and the monetary value of live-plant imports in different parts of the world is steadily increasing. Historically, botanical gardens - an important component of horticulture - played a major role in displaying, cultivating and distributing new plant discoveries. While the role of botanical gardens in the horticultural supply chain has declined, they are still a significant link, with one-third of institutions involved in retail-plant sales and horticultural research. However, botanical gardens have also become more dependent on commercial nurseries as plant sources, particularly in North America. Plants selected for ornamental purposes are not a random selection of the global flora, and some of the plant characteristics promoted through horticulture, such as fast growth, also promote invasion. Efforts to breed non-invasive plant cultivars are still rare. Socio-economical, technological, and environmental changes will lead to novel patterns of plant introductions and invasion opportunities for the species that are already cultivated. We describe the role that horticulture could play in mediating these changes. We identify current research challenges, and call for more research efforts on the past and current role of horticulture in plant invasions. This is required to develop science-based regulatory frameworks to prevent further plant invasions. KW - botanical gardens KW - climate change KW - horticulture KW - naturalised plants KW - ornamental plants KW - pathways KW - plant invasions KW - plant nurseries KW - trade KW - weeds Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12402 SN - 1464-7931 SN - 1469-185X VL - 93 IS - 3 SP - 1421 EP - 1437 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Essl, Franz A1 - Dawson, Wayne A1 - Kreft, Holger A1 - Pergl, Jan A1 - Pysek, Petr A1 - van Kleunen, Mark A1 - Weigelt, Patrick A1 - Mang, Thomas A1 - Dullinger, Stefan A1 - Lenzner, Bernd A1 - Moser, Dietmar A1 - Maurel, Noelie A1 - Seebens, Hanno A1 - Stein, Anke A1 - Weber, Ewald A1 - Chatelain, Cyrille A1 - Inderjit, A1 - Genovesi, Piero A1 - Kartesz, John A1 - Morozova, Olga A1 - Nishino, Misako A1 - Nowak, Pauline M. A1 - Pagad, Shyama A1 - Shu, Wen-sheng A1 - Winter, Marten T1 - Drivers of the relative richness of naturalized and invasive plant species on Earth JF - AoB PLANTS N2 - Biological invasions are a defining feature of the Anthropocene, but the factors that determine the spatially uneven distribution of alien plant species are still poorly understood. Here, we present the first global analysis of the effects of biogeographic factors, the physical environment and socio-economy on the richness of naturalized and invasive alien plants. We used generalized linear mixed-effects models and variation partitioning to disentangle the relative importance of individual factors, and, more broadly, of biogeography, physical environment and socio-economy. As measures of the magnitude of permanent anthropogenic additions to the regional species pool and of species with negative environmental impacts, we calculated the relative richness of naturalized (= RRN) and invasive (= RRI) alien plant species numbers adjusted for the number of native species in 838 terrestrial regions. Socio-economic factors (per-capita gross domestic product (GDP), population density, proportion of agricultural land) were more important in explaining RRI (similar to 50 % of the explained variation) than RRN (similar to 40 %). Warm-temperate and (sub)tropical regions have higher RRN than tropical or cooler regions. We found that socio-economic pressures are more relevant for invasive than for naturalized species richness. The expectation that the southern hemisphere is more invaded than the northern hemisphere was confirmed only for RRN on islands, but not for mainland regions nor for RRI. On average, islands have similar to 6-fold RRN, and >3-fold RRI compared to mainland regions. Eighty-two islands (=26 % of all islands) harbour more naturalized alien than native plants. Our findings challenge the widely held expectation that socio-economic pressures are more relevant for plant naturalization than for invasive plants. To meet international biodiversity targets and halt the detrimental consequences of plant invasions, it is essential to disrupt the connection between socio-economic development and plant invasions by improving pathway management, early detection and rapid response. KW - Alien species richness KW - biogeography KW - invasion stages KW - islands KW - pressures KW - vascular plants Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plz051 SN - 2041-2851 VL - 11 IS - 5 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lenzner, Bernd A1 - Magallon, Susana A1 - Dawson, Wayne A1 - Kreft, Holger A1 - König, Christian A1 - Pergl, Jan A1 - Pysek, Petr A1 - Weigelt, Patrick A1 - van Kleunen, Mark A1 - Winter, Marten A1 - Dullinger, Stefan A1 - Essl, Franz T1 - Role of diversification rates and evolutionary history as a driver of plant naturalization success JF - New phytologist : international journal of plant science N2 - Human introductions of species beyond their natural ranges and their subsequent establishment are defining features of global environmental change. However, naturalized plants are not uniformly distributed across phylogenetic lineages, with some families contributing disproportionately more to the global alien species pool than others. Additionally, lineages differ in diversification rates, and high diversification rates have been associated with characteristics that increase species naturalization success. Here, we investigate the role of diversification rates in explaining the naturalization success of angiosperm plant families. We use five global data sets that include native and alien plant species distribution, horticultural use of plants, and a time-calibrated angiosperm phylogeny. Using phylogenetic generalized linear mixed models, we analysed the effect of diversification rate, different geographical range measures, and horticultural use on the naturalization success of plant families. We show that a family's naturalization success is positively associated with its evolutionary history, native range size, and economic use. Investigating interactive effects of these predictors shows that native range size and geographic distribution additionally affect naturalization success. High diversification rates and large ranges increase naturalization success, especially of temperate families. We suggest this may result from lower ecological specialization in temperate families with large ranges, compared with tropical families with smaller ranges. KW - alien species KW - evolution KW - geographic distribution KW - invasion success KW - plant naturalization KW - range size Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.17014 SN - 0028-646X SN - 1469-8137 VL - 229 IS - 5 SP - 2998 EP - 3008 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Geyer, Juliane A1 - Kiefer, Iris A1 - Kreft, Stefan A1 - Chavez, Veronica A1 - Salafsky, Nick A1 - Jeltsch, Florian A1 - Ibisch, Pierre L. T1 - Classification of climate-change-induced stresses on biological diversity JF - Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology N2 - Conservation actions need to account for and be adapted to address changes that will occur under global climate change. The identification of stresses on biological diversity (as defined in the Convention on Biological Diversity) is key in the process of adaptive conservation management. We considered any impact of climate change on biological diversity a stress because such an effect represents a change (negative or positive) in key ecological attributes of an ecosystem or parts of it. We applied a systemic approach and a hierarchical framework in a comprehensive classification of stresses to biological diversity that are caused directly by global climate change. Through analyses of 20 conservation sites in 7 countries and a review of the literature, we identified climate-change-induced stresses. We grouped the identified stresses according to 3 levels of biological diversity: stresses that affect individuals and populations, stresses that affect biological communities, and stresses that affect ecosystem structure and function. For each stress category, we differentiated 3 hierarchical levels of stress: stress class (thematic grouping with the coarsest resolution, 8); general stresses (thematic groups of specific stresses, 21); and specific stresses (most detailed definition of stresses, 90). We also compiled an overview of effects of climate change on ecosystem services using the categories of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment and 2 additional categories. Our classification may be used to identify key climate-change-related stresses to biological diversity and may assist in the development of appropriate conservation strategies. The classification is in list format, but it accounts for relations among climate-change-induced stresses. KW - adaptation of conservation strategies KW - adaptive management KW - climate change KW - conservation planning KW - conservation targets KW - hierarchical framework KW - threats to biological diversity Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01676.x SN - 0888-8892 VL - 25 IS - 4 SP - 708 EP - 715 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Malden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Geyer, Juliane A1 - Strixner, Lena A1 - Kreft, Stefan A1 - Jeltsch, Florian A1 - Ibisch, Pierre L. T1 - Adapting conservation to climate change: a case study on feasibility and implementation in Brandenburg, Germany JF - Regional environmental change N2 - Conservation actions need to account for global climate change and adapt to it. The body of the literature on adaptation options is growing rapidly, but their feasibility and current state of implementation are rarely assessed. We discussed the practicability of adaptation options with conservation managers analysing three fields of action: reducing the vulnerability of conservation management, reducing the vulnerability of conservation targets (i.e. biodiversity) and climate change mitigation. For all options, feasibility, current state of implementation and existing obstacles to implementation were analysed, using the Federal State of Brandenburg, Germany, as a case study. Practitioners considered a large number of options useful, most of which have already been implemented at least in part. Those options considered broadly implemented resemble mainly conventional measures of conservation without direct relation to climate change. Managers are facing several obstacles for adapting to climate change, including political reluctance to change, financial and staff shortages in conservation administrations and conflictive EU funding schemes in agriculture. A certain reluctance to act, due to the high degree of uncertainty with regard to climate change scenarios and impacts, is widespread. A lack of knowledge of appropriate methods such as adaptive management often inhibits the implementation of adaptation options in the field of planning and management. Based on the findings for Brandenburg, we generally conclude that it is necessary to focus in particular on options that help to reduce vulnerability of conservation management itself, i.e. those that enhance management effectiveness. For instance, adaptive and proactive risk management can be applied as a no-regrets option, independently from specific climate change scenarios or impacts, strengthening action under uncertainty. KW - Climate change KW - Adaptation options KW - Nature conservation management KW - Vulnerability Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-014-0609-9 SN - 1436-3798 SN - 1436-378X VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - 139 EP - 153 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Geyer, Juliane A1 - Kreft, Stefan A1 - Jeltsch, Florian A1 - Ibisch, Pierre L. T1 - Assessing climate change-robustness of protected area management plans-The case of Germany JF - PLoS one N2 - Protected areas are arguably the most important instrument of biodiversity conservation. To keep them fit under climate change, their management needs to be adapted to address related direct and indirect changes. In our study we focus on the adaptation of conservation management planning, evaluating management plans of 60 protected areas throughout Germany with regard to their climate change-robustness. First, climate change-robust conservation management was defined using 11 principles and 44 criteria, which followed an approach similar to sustainability standards. We then evaluated the performance of individual management plans concerning the climate change-robustness framework. We found that climate change-robustness of protected areas hardly exceeded 50 percent of the potential performance, with most plans ranking in the lower quarter. Most Natura 2000 protected areas, established under conservation legislation of the European Union, belong to the sites with especially poor performance, with lower values in smaller areas. In general, the individual principles showed very different rates of accordance with our principles, but similarly low intensity. Principles with generally higher performance values included holistic knowledge management, public accountability and acceptance as well as systemic and strategic coherence. Deficiencies were connected to dealing with the future and uncertainty. Lastly, we recommended the presented principles and criteria as essential guideposts that can be used as a checklist for working towards more climate change-robust planning. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185972 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 12 PB - PLoS CY - San Fransisco ER - TY - GEN A1 - Lenzner, Bernd A1 - Magallon, Susana A1 - Dawson, Wayne A1 - Kreft, Holger A1 - König, Christian A1 - Pergl, Jan A1 - Pysek, Petr A1 - Weigelt, Patrick A1 - van Kleunen, Mark A1 - Winter, Marten A1 - Dullinger, Stefan A1 - Essl, Franz T1 - Role of diversification rates and evolutionary history as a driver of plant naturalization success T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Human introductions of species beyond their natural ranges and their subsequent establishment are defining features of global environmental change. However, naturalized plants are not uniformly distributed across phylogenetic lineages, with some families contributing disproportionately more to the global alien species pool than others. Additionally, lineages differ in diversification rates, and high diversification rates have been associated with characteristics that increase species naturalization success. Here, we investigate the role of diversification rates in explaining the naturalization success of angiosperm plant families. We use five global data sets that include native and alien plant species distribution, horticultural use of plants, and a time-calibrated angiosperm phylogeny. Using phylogenetic generalized linear mixed models, we analysed the effect of diversification rate, different geographical range measures, and horticultural use on the naturalization success of plant families. We show that a family's naturalization success is positively associated with its evolutionary history, native range size, and economic use. Investigating interactive effects of these predictors shows that native range size and geographic distribution additionally affect naturalization success. High diversification rates and large ranges increase naturalization success, especially of temperate families. We suggest this may result from lower ecological specialization in temperate families with large ranges, compared with tropical families with smaller ranges. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1363 KW - alien species KW - evolution KW - geographic distribution KW - invasion success KW - plant naturalization KW - range size Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-569996 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 5 ER -