TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schmidt, Hendrikje
A1  - Felisatti, Arianna
A1  - Aster, Michael von
A1  - Wilbert, Jürgen
A1  - Moers, Arpad von
A1  - Fischer, Martin H.
T1  - Neuromuscular diseases affect number representation and processing
BT  - An exploratory study
JF  - Frontiers in psychology / Frontiers Research Foundation
N2  - Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) both are rare genetic neuromuscular diseases with progressive loss of motor ability. The neuromotor developmental course of those diseases is well documented. In contrast, there is only little evidence about characteristics of general and specific cognitive development. In both conditions the final motor outcome is characterized by an inability to move autonomously: children with SMA never accomplish independent motoric exploration of their environment, while children with DMD do but later lose this ability again. These profound differences in developmental pathways might affect cognitive development of SMA vs. DMD children, as cognition is shaped by individual motor experiences. DMD patients show impaired executive functions, working memory, and verbal IQ, whereas only motor ability seems to be impaired in SMA. Advanced cognitive capacity in SMA may serve as a compensatory mechanism for achieving in education, career progression, and social satisfaction. This study aimed to relate differences in basic numerical concepts and arithmetic achievement in SMA and DMD patients to differences in their motor development and resulting sensorimotor and environmental experiences. Horizontal and vertical spatial-numerical associations were explored in SMA/DMD children ranging between 6 and 12 years through the random number generation task. Furthermore, arithmetic skills as well as general cognitive ability were assessed. Groups differed in spatial number processing as well as in arithmetic and domain-general cognitive functions. Children with SMA showed no horizontal and even reversed vertical spatial-numerical associations. Children with DMD on the other hand revealed patterns in spatial numerical associations comparable to healthy developing children. From the embodied Cognition perspective, early sensorimotor experience does play a role in development of mental number representations. However, it remains open whether and how this becomes relevant for the acquisition of higher order cognitive and arithmetic skills.
KW  - spatial-numerical associations
KW  - numerical processing
KW  - mathematics
KW  - child development
KW  - embodied cognition
KW  - neuromuscular disease
KW  - spinal muscular atrophy
KW  - Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.697881
SN  - 1664-1078
VL  - 12
PB  - Frontiers Research Foundation
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
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A1  - Walter, P.
A1  - Walter, R.
A1  - Warwick, R.
A1  - Wawer, P.
A1  - Wawrzaszek, R.
A1  - Webb, N.
A1  - Wegner, P.
A1  - Weinstein, A.
A1  - Weitzel, Q.
A1  - Welsing, R.
A1  - Wetteskind, H.
A1  - White, R.
A1  - Wierzcholska, A.
A1  - Wilkinson, M. I.
A1  - Williams, D. A.
A1  - Winde, M.
A1  - Wischnewski, R.
A1  - Wisniewski, L.
A1  - Wolczko, A.
A1  - Wood, M.
A1  - Xiong, Q.
A1  - Yamamoto, T.
A1  - Yamaoka, K.
A1  - Yamazaki, R.
A1  - Yanagita, S.
A1  - Yoffo, B.
A1  - Yonetani, M.
A1  - Yoshida, A.
A1  - Yoshida, T.
A1  - Yoshikoshi, T.
A1  - Zabalza, V.
A1  - Zagdanski, A.
A1  - Zajczyk, A.
A1  - Zdziarski, A.
A1  - Zech, Alraune
A1  - Zietara, K.
A1  - Ziolkowski, P.
A1  - Zitelli, V.
A1  - Zychowski, P.
T1  - Design concepts for the Cherenkov Telescope Array CTA an advanced facility for ground-based high-energy gamma-ray astronomy
JF  - Experimental astronomy : an international journal on astronomical instrumentation and data analysis
N2  - Ground-based gamma-ray astronomy has had a major breakthrough with the impressive results obtained using systems of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes. Ground-based gamma-ray astronomy has a huge potential in astrophysics, particle physics and cosmology. CTA is an international initiative to build the next generation instrument, with a factor of 5-10 improvement in sensitivity in the 100 GeV-10 TeV range and the extension to energies well below 100 GeV and above 100 TeV. CTA will consist of two arrays (one in the north, one in the south) for full sky coverage and will be operated as open observatory. The design of CTA is based on currently available technology. This document reports on the status and presents the major design concepts of CTA.
KW  - Ground based gamma ray astronomy
KW  - Next generation Cherenkov telescopes
KW  - Design concepts
Y1  - 2011
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10686-011-9247-0
SN  - 0922-6435
SN  - 1572-9508
VL  - 32
IS  - 3
SP  - 193
EP  - 316
PB  - Springer
CY  - Dordrecht
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schmidt, Lena Katharina
A1  - Francke, Till
A1  - Grosse, Peter Martin
A1  - Mayer, Christoph
A1  - Bronstert, Axel
T1  - Reconstructing five decades of sediment export from two glacierized high-alpine catchments in Tyrol, Austria, using nonparametric regression
JF  - Hydrology and earth system sciences : HESS
N2  - Knowledge on the response of sediment export to recent climate change in glacierized areas in the European Alps is limited, primarily because long-term records of suspended sediment concentrations (SSCs) are scarce. Here we tested the estimation of sediment export of the past five decades using quantile regression forest (QRF), a nonparametric, multivariate regression based on random forest. The regression builds on short-term records of SSCs and long records of the most important hydroclimatic drivers (discharge, precipitation and air temperature - QPT). We trained independent models for two nested and partially glacier-covered catchments, Vent (98 km(2)) and Vernagt (11.4 km(2)), in the upper otztal in Tyrol, Austria (1891 to 3772 m a.s.l.), where available QPT records start in 1967 and 1975. To assess temporal extrapolation ability, we used two 2-year SSC datasets at gauge Vernagt, which are almost 20 years apart, for a validation. For Vent, we performed a five-fold cross-validation on the 15 years of SSC measurements. Further, we quantified the number of days where predictors exceeded the range represented in the training dataset, as the inability to extrapolate beyond this range is a known limitation of QRF. Finally, we compared QRF performance to sediment rating curves (SRCs). We analyzed the modeled sediment export time series, the predictors and glacier mass balance data for trends (Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator) and step-like changes (using the widely applied Pettitt test and a complementary Bayesian approach).Our validation at gauge Vernagt demonstrated that QRF performs well in estimating past daily sediment export (Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.73) and satisfactorily for SSCs (NSE of 0.51), despite the small training dataset. The temporal extrapolation ability of QRF was superior to SRCs, especially in periods with high-SSC events, which demonstrated the ability of QRF to model threshold effects. Days with high SSCs tended to be underestimated, but the effect on annual yields was small. Days with predictor exceedances were rare, indicating a good representativity of the training dataset. Finally, the QRF reconstruction models outperformed SRCs by about 20 percent points of the explained variance.Significant positive trends in the reconstructed annual suspended sediment yields were found at both gauges, with distinct step-like increases around 1981. This was linked to increased glacier melt, which became apparent through step-like increases in discharge at both gauges as well as change points in mass balances of the two largest glaciers in the Vent catchment. We identified exceptionally high July temperatures in 1982 and 1983 as a likely cause. In contrast, we did not find coinciding change points in precipitation. Opposing trends at the two gauges after 1981 suggest different timings of "peak sediment". We conclude that, given large-enough training datasets, the presented QRF approach is a promising tool with the ability to deepen our understanding of the response of high-alpine areas to decadal climate change.
Y1  - 2023
U6  - https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1841-2023
SN  - 1027-5606
SN  - 1607-7938
VL  - 27
IS  - 9
SP  - 1841
EP  - 1863
PB  - Copernicus
CY  - Göttingen
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - McKenna, Russell
A1  - Pfenninger, Stefan
A1  - Heinrichs, Heidi
A1  - Schmidt, Johannes
A1  - Staffell, Iain
A1  - Bauer, Christian
A1  - Gruber, Katharina
A1  - Hahmann, Andrea N.
A1  - Jansen, Malte
A1  - Klingler, Michael
A1  - Landwehr, Natascha
A1  - Larsén, Xiaoli Guo
A1  - Lilliestam, Johan
A1  - Pickering, Bryn
A1  - Robinius, Martin
A1  - Tröndle, Tim
A1  - Turkovska, Olga
A1  - Wehrle, Sebastian
A1  - Weinand, Jann Michael
A1  - Wohland, Jan
T1  - High-resolution large-scale onshore wind energy assessments
BT  - a review of potential definitions, methodologies and future research needs
JF  - Renewable energy
N2  - The rapid uptake of renewable energy technologies in recent decades has increased the demand of energy researchers, policymakers and energy planners for reliable data on the spatial distribution of their costs and potentials. For onshore wind energy this has resulted in an active research field devoted to analysing these resources for regions, countries or globally. A particular thread of this research attempts to go beyond purely technical or spatial restrictions and determine the realistic, feasible or actual potential for wind energy. Motivated by these developments, this paper reviews methods and assumptions for analysing geographical, technical, economic and, finally, feasible onshore wind potentials. We address each of these potentials in turn, including aspects related to land eligibility criteria, energy meteorology, and technical developments of wind turbine characteristics such as power density, specific rotor power and spacing aspects. Economic aspects of potential assessments are central to future deployment and are discussed on a turbine and system level covering levelized costs depending on locations, and the system integration costs which are often overlooked in such analyses. Non-technical approaches include scenicness assessments of the landscape, constraints due to regulation or public opposition, expert and stakeholder workshops, willingness to pay/accept elicitations and socioeconomic cost-benefit studies. For each of these different potential estimations, the state of the art is critically discussed, with an attempt to derive best practice recommendations and highlight avenues for future research.
KW  - onshore wind
KW  - resource assessments
KW  - social acceptance
KW  - planning constraints
KW  - research priorities
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.10.027
SN  - 0960-1481
VL  - 182
SP  - 659
EP  - 684
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Schrön, Martin
A1  - Köhli, Markus
A1  - Scheiffele, Lena
A1  - Iwema, Joost
A1  - Bogena, Heye R.
A1  - Lv, Ling
A1  - Martini, Edoardo
A1  - Baroni, Gabriele
A1  - Rosolem, Rafael
A1  - Weimar, Jannis
A1  - Mai, Juliane
A1  - Cuntz, Matthias
A1  - Rebmann, Corinna
A1  - Oswald, Sascha
A1  - Dietrich, Peter
A1  - Schmidt, Ulrich
A1  - Zacharias, Steffen
T1  - Improving calibration and validation of cosmic-ray neutron sensors in the light of spatial sensitivity
T2  - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - In the last few years the method of cosmic-ray neutron sensing (CRNS) has gained popularity among hydrologists, physicists, and land-surface modelers. The sensor provides continuous soil moisture data, averaged over several hectares and tens of decimeters in depth. However, the signal still may contain unidentified features of hydrological processes, and many calibration datasets are often required in order to find reliable relations between neutron intensity and water dynamics. Recent insights into environmental neutrons accurately described the spatial sensitivity of the sensor and thus allowed one to quantify the contribution of individual sample locations to the CRNS signal. Consequently, data points of calibration and validation datasets are suggested to be averaged using a more physically based weighting approach. In this work, a revised sensitivity function is used to calculate weighted averages of point data. The function is different from the simple exponential convention by the extraordinary sensitivity to the first few meters around the probe, and by dependencies on air pressure, air humidity, soil moisture, and vegetation. The approach is extensively tested at six distinct monitoring sites: two sites with multiple calibration datasets and four sites with continuous time series datasets. In all cases, the revised averaging method improved the performance of the CRNS products. The revised approach further helped to reveal hidden hydrological processes which otherwise remained unexplained in the data or were lost in the process of overcalibration. The presented weighting approach increases the overall accuracy of CRNS products and will have an impact on all their applications in agriculture, hydrology, and modeling.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 636 
KW  - forested headwater catchment
KW  - moisture observing system
KW  - soil-water content
KW  - parameterization methods
KW  - scale
KW  - field
KW  - dynamics
KW  - observatories
KW  - networks
Y1  - 2019
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-419134
IS  - 636
SP  - 5009
EP  - 5030
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schulte, Luise
A1  - Meucci, Stefano
A1  - Stoof-Leichsenring, Kathleen R.
A1  - Heitkam, Tony
A1  - Schmidt, Nicola
A1  - von Hippel, Barbara
A1  - Andreev, Andrei A.
A1  - Diekmann, Bernhard
A1  - Biskaborn, Boris
A1  - Wagner, Bernd
A1  - Melles, Martin
A1  - Pestryakova, Lyudmila A.
A1  - Alsos, Inger G.
A1  - Clarke, Charlotte
A1  - Krutovsky, Konstantin
A1  - Herzschuh, Ulrike
T1  - Larix species range dynamics in Siberia since the Last Glacial captured from sedimentary ancient DNA
JF  - Communications biology
N2  - Climate change is expected to cause major shifts in boreal forests which are in vast areas of Siberia dominated by two species of the deciduous needle tree larch (Larix). The species differ markedly in their ecosystem functions, thus shifts in their respective ranges are of global relevance. 
However, drivers of species distribution are not well understood, in part because paleoecological data at species level are lacking. This study tracks Larix species distribution in time and space using target enrichment on sedimentary ancient DNA extracts from eight lakes across Siberia. We discovered that Larix sibirica, presently dominating in western Siberia, likely migrated to its northern distribution area only in the Holocene at around 10,000 years before present (ka BP), and had a much wider eastern distribution around 33 ka BP. Samples dated to the Last Glacial Maximum (around 21 ka BP), consistently show genotypes of L. gmelinii. 
Our results suggest climate as a strong determinant of species distribution in Larix and provide temporal and spatial data for species projection in a changing climate. 
Using ancient sedimentary DNA from up to 50 kya, dramatic distributional shifts are documented in two dominant boreal larch species, likely guided by environmental changes suggesting climate as a strong determinant of species distribution.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-022-03455-0
SN  - 2399-3642
VL  - 5
IS  - 1
PB  - Springer Nature
CY  - London
ER  -