TY - JOUR A1 - Boch, Steffen A1 - Prati, Daniel A1 - Müller, Jörg A1 - Socher, Stephanie A1 - Baumbach, Henryk A1 - Buscot, Francois A1 - Gockel, Sonja A1 - Hemp, Andreas A1 - Hessenmöller, Dominik A1 - Kalko, Elisabeth K. V. A1 - Linsenmair, K. Eduard A1 - Pfeiffer, Simone A1 - Pommer, Ulf A1 - Schöning, Ingo A1 - Schulze, Ernst-Detlef A1 - Seilwinder, Claudia A1 - Weisser, Wolfgang W. A1 - Wells, Konstans A1 - Fischer, Markus T1 - High plant species richness indicates management-related disturbances rather than the conservation status of forests JF - Basic and applied ecology : Journal of the Gesellschaft für Ökologie N2 - There is a wealth of smaller-scale studies on the effects of forest management on plant diversity. However, studies comparing plant species diversity in forests with different management types and intensity, extending over different regions and forest stages, and including detailed information on site conditions are missing. We studied vascular plants on 1500 20 m x 20 m forest plots in three regions of Germany (Schwabische Alb, Hainich-Dun, Schorfheide-Chorin). In all regions, our study plots comprised different management types (unmanaged, selection cutting, deciduous and coniferous age-class forests, which resulted from clear cutting or shelterwood logging), various stand ages, site conditions, and levels of management-related disturbances. We analyzed how overall richness and richness of different plant functional groups (trees, shrubs, herbs, herbaceous species typically growing in forests and herbaceous light-demanding species) responded to the different management types. On average, plant species richness was 13% higher in age-class than in unmanaged forests, and did not differ between deciduous age-class and selection forests. In age-class forests of the Schwabische Alb and Hainich-Dun, coniferous stands had higher species richness than deciduous stands. Among age-class forests, older stands with large quantities of standing biomass were slightly poorer in shrub and light-demanding herb species than younger stands. Among deciduous forests, the richness of herbaceous forest species was generally lower in unmanaged than in managed forests, and it was even 20% lower in unmanaged than in selection forests in Hainich-Dun. Overall, these findings show that disturbances by management generally increase plant species richness. This suggests that total plant species richness is not suited as an indicator for the conservation status of forests, but rather indicates disturbances. KW - Biodiversity Exploratories KW - Coniferous plantations KW - Disturbance KW - Ellenberg indicator values KW - Forest management KW - Selection vs. age-class forests KW - Silviculture KW - Standing biomass KW - Typical forest species KW - Unmanaged vs. managed forests Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2013.06.001 SN - 1439-1791 VL - 14 IS - 6 SP - 496 EP - 505 PB - Elsevier CY - Jena ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klaus, Valentin H. A1 - Kleinebecker, Till A1 - Prati, Daniel A1 - Gossner, Martin M. A1 - Alt, Fabian A1 - Boch, Steffen A1 - Gockel, Sonja A1 - Hemp, Andreas A1 - Lange, Markus A1 - Müller, Jörg A1 - Oelmann, Yvonne A1 - Pasalic, Esther A1 - Renner, Swen C. A1 - Socher, Stephanie A. A1 - Türke, Manfred A1 - Weisser, Wolfgang W. A1 - Fischer, Markus A1 - Hölzel, Norbert T1 - Does organic grassland farming benefit plant and arthropod diversity at the expense of yield and soil fertility? JF - Agriculture, ecosystems & environment : an international journal for scientific research on the relationship of agriculture and food production to the biosphere N2 - Organic management is one of the most popular strategies to reduce negative environmental impacts of intensive agriculture. However, little is known about benefits for biodiversity and potential worsening of yield under organic grasslands management across different grassland types, i.e. meadow, pasture and mown pasture. Therefore, we studied the diversity of vascular plants and foliage-living arthropods (Coleoptera, Araneae, Heteroptera, Auchenorrhyncha), yield, fodder quality, soil phosphorus concentrations and land-use intensity of organic and conventional grasslands across three study regions in Germany. Furthermore, all variables were related to the time since conversion to organic management in order to assess temporal developments reaching up to 18 years. Arthropod diversity was significantly higher under organic than conventional management, although this was not the case for Araneae, Heteroptera and Auchenorrhyncha when analyzed separately. On the contrary, arthropod abundance, vascular plant diversity and also yield and fodder quality did not considerably differ between organic and conventional grasslands. Analyses did not reveal differences in the effect of organic management among grassland types. None of the recorded abiotic and biotic parameters showed a significant trend with time since transition to organic management, except soil organic phosphorus concentrations which decreased with time. This implies that permanent grasslands respond slower and probably weaker to organic management than crop fields do. However, as land-use intensity and inorganic soil phosphorus concentrations were significantly lower in organic grasslands, overcoming seed and dispersal limitation by re-introducing plant species might be needed to exploit the full ecological potential of organic grassland management. We conclude that although organic management did not automatically increase the diversity of all studied taxa, it is a reasonable and useful way to support agro-biodiversity. KW - Agri-environmental schemes KW - Fertilization KW - Fodder quality KW - Land-use intensity KW - Nitrogen KW - Biomass nutrient concentrations KW - Organic farming KW - Phosphorus KW - Species richness KW - Nutrient availability Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.05.019 SN - 0167-8809 VL - 177 IS - 3 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klaus, Valentin H. A1 - Hölzel, Norbert A1 - Boch, Steffen A1 - Müller, Jorg A1 - Socher, Stephanie A. A1 - Prati, Daniel A1 - Fischer, Markus A1 - Kleinebecker, Till T1 - Direct and indirect associations between plant species richness and productivity in grasslands regional differences preclude simple generalization of productivity-biodiversity relationships JF - Preslia : the journal of the Czech Botanical Society N2 - Plant species richness of permanent grasslands has often been found to be significantly associated with productivity. Concentrations of nutrients in biomass can give further insight into these productivity-plant species richness relationships, e.g. by reflecting land use or soil characteristics. However, the consistency of such relationships across different regions has rarely been taken into account, which might significantly compromise our potential for generalization. We recorded plant species richness and measured above-ground biomass and concentrations of nutrients in biomass in 295 grasslands in three regions in Germany that differ in soil and climatic conditions. Structural equation modelling revealed that nutrient concentrations were mostly indirectly associated with plant species richness via biomass production. However, negative associations between the concentrations of different nutrients and biomass and plant species richness differed considerably among regions. While in two regions, more than 40% of the variation in plant species richness could be attributed to variation in biomass, K, P. and to some degree also N concentrations, in the third region only 15% of the variation could be explained in this way. Generally, highest plant species richness was recorded in grasslands where N and P were co-limiting plant growth, in contrast to N or K (co-) limitation. But again, this pattern was not recorded in the third region. While for two regions land-use intensity and especially the application of fertilizers are suggested to be the main drivers causing the observed negative associations with productivity, in the third region the little variance accounted for, low species richness and weak relationships implied that former intensive grassland management, ongoing mineralization of peat and fluctuating water levels in fen grasslands have overruled effects of current land-use intensity and productivity. Finally, we conclude that regional replication is of major importance for studies seeking general insights into productivity-diversity relationships. KW - anthropogenic effect KW - Biodiversity Exploratories project KW - fen grasslands KW - generalizability KW - land-use history KW - nitrogen KW - phosphorus KW - potassium KW - plant species richness KW - structural equation modeling Y1 - 2013 SN - 0032-7786 VL - 85 IS - 2 SP - 97 EP - 112 PB - Czech Botanical Soc. CY - Praha ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klaus, Valentin H. A1 - Kleinebecker, Till A1 - Boch, Steffen A1 - Müller, Jörg A1 - Socher, Stephanie A. A1 - Prati, Daniel A1 - Fischer, Markus A1 - Hoelzel, Norbert T1 - NIRS meets Ellenberg's indicator values prediction of moisture and nitrogen values of agricultural grassland vegetation by means of near-infrared spectral characteristics JF - Ecological indicators : integrating monitoring, assessment and management N2 - Ellenberg indicator values are widely used ecological tools to elucidate relationships between vegetation and environment in ecological research and environmental planning. However, they are mainly deduced from expert knowledge on plant species and are thus subject of ongoing discussion. We researched if Ellenberg indicator values can be directly extracted from the vegetation biomass itself. Mean Ellenberg "moisture" (mF) and "nitrogen" (mN) values of 141 grassland plots were related to nutrient concentrations, fibre fractions and spectral information of the aboveground biomass. We developed calibration models for the prediction of mF and mN using spectral characteristics of biomass samples with near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). Prediction goodness was evaluated with internal cross-validations and with an external validation data set. NIRS could accurately predict Ellenberg mN, and with less accuracy Ellenberg mF. Predictions were not more precise for cover-weighted Ellenberg values compared with un-weighted values. Both Ellenberg mN and mF showed significant and strong correlations with some of the nutrient and fibre concentrations in the biomass. Against expectations, Ellenberg mN was more closely related to phosphorus than to nitrogen concentrations, suggesting that this value rather indicates productivity than solely nitrogen. To our knowledge we showed for the first time that mean Ellenberg indicator values could be directly predicted from the aboveground biomass, which underlines the usefulness of the NIRS technology for ecological studies, especially in grasslands ecosystems. KW - Biodiversity exploratories KW - Cover-weighting KW - Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) KW - Nitrogen KW - Nutrient concentrations KW - Phosphorus Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.07.016 SN - 1470-160X VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - 82 EP - 86 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lange, Markus A1 - Türke, Manfred A1 - Pasalic, Esther A1 - Boch, Steffen A1 - Hessenmöller, Dominik A1 - Müller, Jörg A1 - Prati, Daniel A1 - Socher, Stephanie A. A1 - Fischer, Markus A1 - Weisser, Wolfgang W. A1 - Gossner, Martin M. T1 - Effects of forest management on ground-dwelling beetles (Coleoptera; Carabidae, Staphylinidae) in Central Europe are mainly mediated by changes in forest structure JF - Forest ecology and management N2 - Forest management is known to influence species diversity of various taxa but inconsistent or even contrasting effects are reported for arthropods. Regional differences in management as well as differences in regional species pools might be responsible for these inconsistencies, but, inter-regional replicated studies that account for regional variability are rare. We investigated the effect of forest type on the abundance, diversity, community structure and composition of two important ground-dwelling beetle families, Carabidae and Staphylinidae, in 149 forest stands distributed over three regions in Germany. In particular we focused on recent forestry history, stand age and dominant tree species, in addition to a number of environmental descriptors. Overall management effects on beetle communities were small and mainly mediated by structural habitat parameters such as the cover of forest canopy or the plant diversity on forest stands. The general response of both beetle taxa to forest management was similar in all regions: abundance and species richness of beetles was higher in older than in younger stands and species richness was lower in unmanaged than in managed stands. The abundance ratio of forest species-to-open habitat species differed between regions, but generally increased from young to old stands, from coniferous to deciduous stands and from managed to unmanaged stands. The response of both beetle families to dominant tree species was variable among regions and staphylinid richness varied in the response to recent forestry history. Our results suggest that current forest management practices change the composition of ground-dwelling beetle communities mainly by favoring generalists and open habitat species. To protect important forest beetle communities and thus the ecosystem functions and services provided by them, we suggest to shelter remaining ancient forests and to develop near-to-nature management strategies by prolonging rotation periods and increasing structural diversity of managed forests. Possible geographic variations in the response of beetle communities need to be considered in conservation-orientated forest management strategies. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - Beech forest KW - Biodiversity Exploratories KW - Conifer plantations KW - Habitat preferences KW - Insects KW - Land use Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.06.012 SN - 0378-1127 SN - 1872-7042 VL - 329 SP - 166 EP - 176 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Socher, Stephanie A. A1 - Prati, Daniel A1 - Boch, Steffen A1 - Müller, Jörg A1 - Klaus, Valentin H. A1 - Hölzel, Norbert A1 - Fischer, Markus T1 - Direct and productivity-mediated indirect effects of fertilization, mowing and grazing on grassland species richness JF - The journal of ecology N2 - Recent declines in biodiversity have given new urgency to questions about the relationship between land-use change, biodiversity and ecosystem processes. Despite the existence of a large body of research on the effects of land use on species richness, it is unclear whether the effects of land use on species richness are principally direct or indirect, mediated by concomitant changes in ecosystem processes. Therefore, we compared the direct effects of land use (fertilization, mowing and grazing) on species richness with indirect ones (mediated via grassland productivity) for grasslands in central Europe. We measured the richness and above-ground biomass in 150 grassland plots in 3 regions of Germany (the so-called Biodiversity Exploratories). We used univariate and structural equation models to examine direct and indirect land-use effects. The direct effects of mowing (-0.37, effect size) and grazing (0.04) intensity on species richness were stronger compared with the indirect effects of mowing (-0.04) and grazing (-0.01). However, the strong negative effect of fertilization (-0.23) on species richness was mainly indirect, mediated by increased productivity compared with the weak direct negative effect (-0.07). Differences between regions in land-use effects showed five times weaker negative effects of mowing (-0.13) in the region with organic soils (Schorfheide-Chorin), strong overall negative effects of grazing (-0.29) for the region with organic soils opposed to a similar strong positive effect (0.30) in the Hainich-Dun region, whereas the Schwabische Alb region displayed a five times weaker positive effect (0.06) only. Further, fertilization effects on species richness were positive (0.03) for the region with organic soils compared to up to 25 times stronger negative effects in the other two regions. Synthesis. Our results clearly show the importance of studying both direct and indirect effects of land-use intensity. They demonstrate the indirect nature, via productivity, of the negative effect of fertilization intensity on plant species richness in the real-world context of management-induced gradients of intensity of fertilization, mowing and grazing. Finally, they highlight that careful consideration of regional environments is necessary before attempting to generalize land-use effects on species diversity. KW - biodiversity KW - determinants of plant community diversity and structure KW - ecosystem functioning KW - functional plant group KW - land use KW - productivity KW - species richness KW - structural equation modelling Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2012.02020.x SN - 0022-0477 VL - 100 IS - 6 SP - 1391 EP - 1399 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Jörg A1 - Heinze, Johannes A1 - Joshi, Jasmin Radha A1 - Boch, Steffen A1 - Klaus, Valentin H. A1 - Fischer, Markus A1 - Prati, Daniel T1 - Influence of experimental soil disturbances on the diversity of plants in agricultural grasslands JF - Journal of plant ecology N2 - Disturbance is supposed to play an important role for biodiversity and ecosystem stability as described by the intermediate disturbance hypothesis (IDH), which predicts highest species richness at intermediate levels of disturbances. In this study, we tested the effects of artificial soil disturbances on diversity of annual and perennial vascular plants and bryophytes in a field experiment in 86 agricultural grasslands differing in land use in two regions of Germany. On each grassland, we implemented four treatments: three treatments differing in application time of soil disturbances and one control. One year after experimental disturbance, we recorded vegetation and measured biomass productivity and bare ground. We analysed the disturbance response taking effects of region and land-use-accompanied disturbance regimes into account. Region and land-use type strongly determined plant species richness. Experimental disturbances had small positive effects on the species richness of annuals, but none on perennials or bryophytes. Bare ground was positively related to species richness of bryophytes. However, exceeding the creation of 12% bare ground further disturbance had a detrimental effect on bryophyte species richness, which corresponds to the IDH. As biomass productivity was unaffected by disturbance our results indicate that the disturbance effect on species richness of annuals was not due to decreased overall productivity, but rather due to short-term lowered inter- and intraspecific competition at the newly created microsites. Generally, our results highlight the importance of soil disturbances for species richness of annual plants and bryophytes in agricultural grasslands. However, most grasslands were disturbed naturally or by land-use practices and our additional experimental soil disturbances only had a small short-term effect. Overall, total plant diversity in grasslands seemed to be more limited by the availability of propagules rather than by suitable microsites for germination. Thus, nature conservation efforts to increase grassland diversity should focus on overcoming propagule limitation, for instance by additional sowing of seeds, while the creation of additional open patches by disturbance might only be appropriate where natural disturbances are scarce. KW - annuals KW - bryophytes KW - colonization KW - intermediate disturbance hypothesis KW - microsites Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtt062 SN - 1752-9921 SN - 1752-993X VL - 7 IS - 6 SP - 509 EP - 517 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Manning, Pete A1 - Gossner, Martin M. A1 - Bossdorf, Oliver A1 - Allan, Eric A1 - Zhang, Yuan-Ye A1 - Prati, Daniel A1 - Blüthgen, Nico A1 - Boch, Steffen A1 - Böhm, Stefan A1 - Börschig, Carmen A1 - Hölzel, Norbert A1 - Jung, Kirsten A1 - Klaus, Valentin H. A1 - Klein, Alexandra Maria A1 - Kleinebecker, Till A1 - Krauss, Jochen A1 - Lange, Markus A1 - Müller, Jörg A1 - Pasalic, Esther A1 - Socher, Stephanie A. A1 - Tschapka, Marco A1 - Türke, Manfred A1 - Weiner, Christiane A1 - Werner, Michael A1 - Gockel, Sonja A1 - Hemp, Andreas A1 - Renner, Swen C. A1 - Wells, Konstans A1 - Buscot, Francois A1 - Kalko, Elisabeth K. V. A1 - Linsenmair, Karl Eduard A1 - Weisser, Wolfgang W. A1 - Fischer, Markus T1 - Grassland management intensification weakens the associations among the diversities of multiple plant and animal taxa JF - Ecology : a publication of the Ecological Society of America N2 - Land-use intensification is a key driver of biodiversity change. However, little is known about how it alters relationships between the diversities of different taxonomic groups, which are often correlated due to shared environmental drivers and trophic interactions. Using data from 150 grassland sites, we examined how land-use intensification (increased fertilization, higher livestock densities, and increased mowing frequency) altered correlations between the species richness of 15 plant, invertebrate, and vertebrate taxa. We found that 54% of pairwise correlations between taxonomic groups were significant and positive among all grasslands, while only one was negative. Higher land-use intensity substantially weakened these correlations(35% decrease in rand 43% fewer significant pairwise correlations at high intensity), a pattern which may emerge as a result of biodiversity declines and the breakdown of specialized relationships in these conditions. Nevertheless, some groups (Coleoptera, Heteroptera, Hymenoptera and Orthoptera) were consistently correlated with multidiversity, an aggregate measure of total biodiversity comprised of the standardized diversities of multiple taxa, at both high and lowland-use intensity. The form of intensification was also important; increased fertilization and mowing frequency typically weakened plant-plant and plant-primary consumer correlations, whereas grazing intensification did not. This may reflect decreased habitat heterogeneity under mowing and fertilization and increased habitat heterogeneity under grazing. While these results urge caution in using certain taxonomic groups to monitor impacts of agricultural management on biodiversity, they also suggest that the diversities of some groups are reasonably robust indicators of total biodiversity across a range of conditions. KW - Biodiversity indicators KW - correlation KW - fertilization KW - grassland management KW - grazing KW - land-use change KW - land-use intensity KW - mowing KW - multidiversity KW - multitrophic interactions Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1890/14-1307.1 SN - 0012-9658 SN - 1939-9170 VL - 96 IS - 6 SP - 1492 EP - 1501 PB - Wiley CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Blüthgen, Nico A1 - Dormann, Carsten F. A1 - Prati, Daniel A1 - Klaus, Valentin H. A1 - Kleinebecker, Till A1 - Hoelzel, Norbert A1 - Alt, Fabian A1 - Boch, Steffen A1 - Gockel, Sonja A1 - Hemp, Andreas A1 - Müller, Jörg A1 - Nieschulze, Jens A1 - Renner, Swen C. A1 - Schöning, Ingo A1 - Schumacher, Uta A1 - Socher, Stephanie A. A1 - Wells, Konstans A1 - Birkhofer, Klaus A1 - Buscot, Francois A1 - Oelmann, Yvonne A1 - Rothenwöhrer, Christoph A1 - Scherber, Christoph A1 - Tscharntke, Teja A1 - Weiner, Christiane N. A1 - Fischer, Markus A1 - Kalko, Elisabeth K. V. A1 - Linsenmair, Karl Eduard A1 - Schulze, Ernst-Detlef A1 - Weisser, Wolfgang W. T1 - A quantitative index of land-use intensity in grasslands integrating mowing, grazing and fertilization JF - Basic and applied ecology : Journal of the Gesellschaft für Ökologie N2 - Land use is increasingly recognized as a major driver of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in many current research projects. In grasslands, land use is often classified by categorical descriptors such as pastures versus meadows or fertilized versus unfertilized sites. However, to account for the quantitative variation of multiple land-use types in heterogeneous landscapes, a quantitative, continuous index of land-use intensity (LUI) is desirable. Here we define such a compound, additive LUI index for managed grasslands including meadows and pastures. The LUI index summarizes the standardized intensity of three components of land use, namely fertilization, mowing, and livestock grazing at each site. We examined the performance of the LUI index to predict selected response variables on up to 150 grassland sites in the Biodiversity Exploratories in three regions in Germany(Alb, Hainich, Schorlheide). We tested the average Ellenberg nitrogen indicator values of the plant community, nitrogen and phosphorus concentration in the aboveground plant biomass, plant-available phosphorus concentration in the top soil, and soil C/N ratio, and the first principle component of these five response variables. The LUI index significantly predicted the principal component of all five response variables, as well as some of the individual responses. Moreover, vascular plant diversity decreased significantly with LUI in two regions (Alb and Hainich). Inter-annual changes in management practice were pronounced from 2006 to 2008, particularly due to variation in grazing intensity. This rendered the selection of the appropriate reference year(s) an important decision for analyses of land-use effects, whereas details in the standardization of the index were of minor importance. We also tested several alternative calculations of a LUI index, but all are strongly linearly correlated to the proposed index. The proposed LUI index reduces the complexity of agricultural practices to a single dimension and may serve as a baseline to test how different groups of organisms and processes respond to land use. In combination with more detailed analyses, this index may help to unravel whether and how land-use intensities, associated disturbance levels or other local or regional influences drive ecological processes. KW - Agro-ecosystems KW - Biodiversity exploratories KW - Grassland management KW - Land-use impacts KW - Livestock density KW - Meadows KW - Nitrogen KW - Pastures Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2012.04.001 SN - 1439-1791 VL - 13 IS - 3 SP - 207 EP - 220 PB - Elsevier CY - Jena ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pfestorf, H. A1 - Weiss, L. A1 - Müller, J. A1 - Boch, Steffen A1 - Socher, S. A. A1 - Prati, Daniel A1 - Schöning, Ingo A1 - Weisser, W. A1 - Fischer, M. A1 - Jeltsch, Florian T1 - Community mean traits as additional indicators to monitor effects of land-use intensity On grassland plant diversity JF - Perspectives in plant ecology, evolution and systematics N2 - Semi-natural grasslands, biodiversity hotspots in Central-Europe, suffer from the cessation of traditional land-use. Amount and intensity of these changes challenge current monitoring frameworks typically based on classic indicators such as selected target species or diversity indices. Indicators based on plant functional traits provide an interesting extension since they reflect ecological strategies at individual and ecological processes at community levels. They typically show convergent responses to gradients of land-use intensity over scales and regions, are more directly related to environmental drivers than diversity components themselves and enable detecting directional changes in whole community dynamics. However, probably due to their labor- and cost intensive assessment in the field, they have been rarely applied as indicators so far. Here we suggest overcoming these limitations by calculating indicators with plant traits derived from online accessible databases. Aiming to provide a minimal trait set to monitor effects of land-use intensification on plant diversity we investigated relationships between 12 community mean traits, 2 diversity indices and 6 predictors of land-use intensity within grassland communities of 3 different regions in Germany (part of the German 'Biodiversity Exploratory' research network). By standardization of traits and diversity measures, use of null models and linear mixed models we confirmed (i) strong links between functional community composition and plant diversity, (ii) that traits are closely related to land-use intensity, and (iii) that functional indicators are equally, or even more sensitive to land-use intensity than traditional diversity indices. The deduced trait set consisted of 5 traits, i.e., specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), seed release height, leaf distribution, and onset of flowering. These database derived traits enable the early detection of changes in community structure indicative for future diversity loss. As an addition to current monitoring measures they allow to better link environmental drivers to processes controlling community dynamics. KW - Biodiversity Exploratories KW - Biological conservation KW - (Semi-natural) Grasslands KW - Plant functional traits KW - Indicators KW - Land-use intensity Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2012.10.003 SN - 1433-8319 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Elsevier CY - Jena ER -