TY - JOUR A1 - Cuong Nguyen Huu, A1 - Kappel, Christian A1 - Keller, Barbara A1 - Sicard, Adrien A1 - Takebayashi, Yumiko A1 - Breuninger, Holger A1 - Nowak, Michael D. A1 - Bäurle, Isabel A1 - Himmelbach, Axel A1 - Burkart, Michael A1 - Ebbing-Lohaus, Thomas A1 - Sakakibara, Hitoshi A1 - Altschmied, Lothar A1 - Conti, Elena A1 - Lenhard, Michael T1 - Presence versus absence of CYP734A50 underlies the style-length dimorphism in primroses JF - eLife N2 - Heterostyly is a wide-spread floral adaptation to promote outbreeding, yet its genetic basis and evolutionary origin remain poorly understood. In Primula (primroses), heterostyly is controlled by the S-locus supergene that determines the reciprocal arrangement of reproductive organs and incompatibility between the two morphs. However, the identities of the component genes remain unknown. Here, we identify the Primula CYP734A50 gene, encoding a putative brassinosteroid-degrading enzyme, as the G locus that determines the style-length dimorphism. CYP734A50 is only present on the short-styled S-morph haplotype, it is specifically expressed in S-morph styles, and its loss or inactivation leads to long styles. The gene arose by a duplication specific to the Primulaceae lineage and shows an accelerated rate of molecular evolution. Thus, our results provide a mechanistic explanation for the Primula style-length dimorphism and begin to shed light on the evolution of the S-locus as a prime model for a complex plant supergene. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.17956 SN - 2050-084X VL - 5 PB - eLife Sciences Publications CY - Cambridge ER - TY - GEN A1 - Nowak, Michael D. A1 - Russo, Giancarlo A1 - Schlapbach, Ralph A1 - Huu, Cuong Nguyen A1 - Lenhard, Michael A1 - Conti, Elena T1 - The draft genome of Primula veris yields insights into the molecular basis of heterostyly T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Background The flowering plant Primula veris is a common spring blooming perennial that is widely cultivated throughout Europe. This species is an established model system in the study of the genetics, evolution, and ecology of heterostylous floral polymorphisms. Despite the long history of research focused on this and related species, the continued development of this system has been restricted due the absence of genomic and transcriptomic resources. Results We present here a de novo draft genome assembly of P. veris covering 301.8 Mb, or approximately 63% of the estimated 479.22 Mb genome, with an N50 contig size of 9.5 Kb, an N50 scaffold size of 164 Kb, and containing an estimated 19,507 genes. The results of a RADseq bulk segregant analysis allow for the confident identification of four genome scaffolds that are linked to the P. veris S-locus. RNAseq data from both P. veris and the closely related species P. vulgaris allow for the characterization of 113 candidate heterostyly genes that show significant floral morph-specific differential expression. One candidate gene of particular interest is a duplicated GLOBOSA homolog that may be unique to Primula (PveGLO2), and is completely silenced in L-morph flowers. Conclusions The P. veris genome represents the first genome assembled from a heterostylous species, and thus provides an immensely important resource for future studies focused on the evolution and genetic dissection of heterostyly. As the first genome assembled from the Primulaceae, the P. veris genome will also facilitate the expanded application of phylogenomic methods in this diverse family and the eudicots as a whole. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 879 KW - pollen flow KW - reproductive success KW - natural-populations KW - genetic-variation KW - breeding system KW - floral morph KW - evolution KW - vulgaris KW - identification KW - transcriptome KW - Genome Assembly KW - Veris KW - Transcriptome Assembly KW - Corolla Tube KW - Genome Scaffold Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-435088 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 879 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Johnson, Kim L. A1 - Ramm, Sascha A1 - Kappel, Christian A1 - Ward, Sally A1 - Leyser, Ottoline A1 - Sakamoto, Tomoaki A1 - Kurata, Tetsuya A1 - Bevan, Michael W. A1 - Lenhard, Michael T1 - The tinkerbell (tink) mutation identifies the dual-specificity MAPK phosphatase INDOLE- 3-BUTYRIC ACID-RESPONSE5 (IBR5) as a novel regulator of organ size in Arabidopsis T2 - PLoS ONE N2 - Mitogen-activated dual-specificity MAPK phosphatases are important negative regulators in the MAPK signalling pathways responsible for many essential processes in plants. In a screen for mutants with reduced organ size we have identified a mutation in the active site of the dual-specificity MAPK phosphatase INDOLE-3-BUTYRIC ACID-RESPONSE5 (IBR5) that we named tinkerbell (tink) due to its small size. Analysis of the tink mutant indicates that IBR5 acts as a novel regulator of organ size that changes the rate of growth in petals and leaves. Organ size and shape regulation by IBR5 acts independently of the KLU growth-regulatory pathway. Microarray analysis of tink/ibr5-6 mutants identified a likely role for this phosphatase in male gametophyte development. We show that IBR5 may influence the size and shape of petals through auxin and TCP growth regulatory pathways. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 427 KW - class-i KW - protein phosphatase KW - auxin KW - responses KW - thaliana KW - kinase KW - growth KW - interacts KW - distinct KW - pathway Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-410245 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kappel, Christian A1 - Illing, Nicola A1 - Huu, Cuong Nguyen A1 - Barger, Nichole N. A1 - Cramer, Michael D. A1 - Lenhard, Michael A1 - Midgley, Jeremy J. T1 - Fairy circles in Namibia are assembled from genetically distinct grasses JF - Communications biology N2 - Fairy circles are striking regularly sized and spaced, bare circles surrounded by Stipagrostis grasses that occur over thousands of square kilometres in Namibia. The mechanisms explaining their origin, shape, persistence and regularity remain controversial. One hypothesis for the formation of vegetation rings is based on the centrifugal expansion of a single individual grass plant, via clonal growth and die-back in the centre. Clonality could explain FC origin, shape and long-term persistence as well as their regularity, if one clone competes with adjacent clones. Here, we show that for virtually all tested fairy circles the periphery is not exclusively made up of genetically identical grasses, but these peripheral grasses belong to more than one unrelated genet. These results do not support a clonal explanation for fairy circles. Lack of clonality implies that a biological reason for their origin, shape and regularity must emerge from competition between near neighbor individuals within each fairy circle. Such lack of clonality also suggests a mismatch between longevity of fairy circles versus their constituent plants. Furthermore, our findings of lack of clonality have implications for some models of spatial patterning of fairy circles that are based on self-organization. Christian Kappel et al. examine the genetic composition of fairy circles, regular circular patterns of grasses in the Namib Desert, using ddRAD-seq. They find that these grasses are made up of multiple unrelated genets rather than genetically identical grasses, suggesting non-clonality. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-01431-0 SN - 2399-3642 VL - 3 IS - 1 PB - Springer Nature CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nowak, Michael D. A1 - Russo, Giancarlo A1 - Schlapbach, Ralph A1 - Cuong Nguyen Huu, A1 - Lenhard, Michael A1 - Conti, Elena T1 - The draft genome of Primula veris yields insights into the molecular basis of heterostyly JF - Genome biology : biology for the post-genomic era N2 - Background: The flowering plant Primula veris is a common spring blooming perennial that is widely cultivated throughout Europe. This species is an established model system in the study of the genetics, evolution, and ecology of heterostylous floral polymorphisms. Despite the long history of research focused on this and related species, the continued development of this system has been restricted due the absence of genomic and transcriptomic resources. Results: We present here a de novo draft genome assembly of P. veris covering 301.8 Mb, or approximately 63% of the estimated 479.22 Mb genome, with an N50 contig size of 9.5 Kb, an N50 scaffold size of 164 Kb, and containing an estimated 19,507 genes. The results of a RADseq bulk segregant analysis allow for the confident identification of four genome scaffolds that are linked to the P. veris S-locus. RNAseq data from both P. veris and the closely related species P. vulgaris allow for the characterization of 113 candidate heterostyly genes that show significant floral morph-specific differential expression. One candidate gene of particular interest is a duplicated GLOBOSA homolog that may be unique to Primula (PveGLO2), and is completely silenced in L-morph flowers. Conclusions: The P. veris genome represents the first genome assembled from a heterostylous species, and thus provides an immensely important resource for future studies focused on the evolution and genetic dissection of heterostyly. As the first genome assembled from the Primulaceae, the P. veris genome will also facilitate the expanded application of phylogenomic methods in this diverse family and the eudicots as a whole. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-014-0567-z SN - 1465-6906 SN - 1474-760X VL - 16 PB - BioMed Central CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Johnson, Kim L. A1 - Ramm, Sascha A1 - Kappel, Christian A1 - Ward, Sally A1 - Leyser, Ottoline A1 - Sakamoto, Tomoaki A1 - Kurata, Tetsuya A1 - Bevan, Michael W. A1 - Lenhard, Michael T1 - The Tinkerbell (Tink) Mutation Identifies the Dual-Specificity MAPK Phosphatase INDOLE-3-BUTYRIC ACID-RESPONSE5 (IBR5) as a Novel Regulator of Organ Size in Arabidopsis JF - PLoS one N2 - Mitogen-activated dual-specificity MAPK phosphatases are important negative regulators in the MAPK signalling pathways responsible for many essential processes in plants. In a screen for mutants with reduced organ size we have identified a mutation in the active site of the dual-specificity MAPK phosphatase INDOLE-3-BUTYRIC ACID-RESPONSE5 (IBR5) that we named tinkerbell (tink) due to its small size. Analysis of the tink mutant indicates that IBR5 acts as a novel regulator of organ size that changes the rate of growth in petals and leaves. Organ size and shape regulation by IBR5 acts independently of the KLU growth-regulatory pathway. Microarray analysis of tink/ibr5-6 mutants identified a likely role for this phosphatase in male gametophyte development. We show that IBR5 may influence the size and shape of petals through auxin and TCP growth regulatory pathways. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131103 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 10 IS - 7 PB - PLoS CY - San Fransisco ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Johnson, Kim L. A1 - Lenhard, Michael T1 - Genetic control of plant organ growth JF - New phytologist : international journal of plant science N2 - The growth of plant organs is under genetic control. Work in model species has identified a considerable number of genes that regulate different aspects of organ growth. This has led to an increasingly detailed knowledge about how the basic cellular processes underlying organ growth are controlled, and which factors determine when proliferation gives way to expansion, with this transition emerging as a critical decision point during primordium growth. Progress has been made in elucidating the genetic basis of allometric growth and the role of tissue polarity in shaping organs. We are also beginning to understand how the mechanisms that determine organ identity influence local growth behaviour to generate organs with characteristic sizes and shapes. Lastly, growth needs to be coordinated at several levels, for example between different cell layers and different regions within one organ, and the genetic basis for such coordination is being elucidated. However, despite these impressive advances, a number of basic questions are still not fully answered, for example, whether and how a growing primordium keeps track of its size. Answering these questions will likely depend on including additional approaches that are gaining in power and popularity, such as combined live imaging and modelling. KW - growth coordination KW - organ growth KW - organ identity KW - organ shape KW - organ size Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03737.x SN - 0028-646X VL - 191 IS - 2 SP - 319 EP - 333 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Malden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Günther, Oliver A1 - Scholz, Jana A1 - Zimmermann, Matthias A1 - Lang, Agnetha A1 - Kampe, Heike A1 - Horn-Conrad, Antje A1 - Eckardt, Barbara A1 - Pohlmann, Markus A1 - Engel, Silke A1 - Hackel, Manuela A1 - Lenhard, Michael A1 - Schwarz, Wolfgang T1 - Portal = Schillernd, sensibel, kraftvoll: Meere und Ozeane BT - Das Potsdamer Universitätsmagazin N2 - Aus dem Inhalt: - Schillernd, sensibel, kraftvoll: Meere und Ozeane - Erdoberfläche im Fokus - Reine Theorie T3 - Portal: Das Potsdamer Universitätsmagazin - 03/2016 Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-440678 SN - 1618-6893 IS - 03/2016 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kappel, Christian A1 - Trost, Gerda A1 - Czesnick, Hjördis A1 - Ramming, Anna A1 - Kolbe, Benjamin A1 - Vi, Song Lang A1 - Bispo, Cláudia A1 - Becker, Jörg D. A1 - de Moor, Cornelia A1 - Lenhard, Michael T1 - Genome-Wide Analysis of PAPS1-Dependent Polyadenylation Identifies Novel Roles for Functionally Specialized Poly(A) Polymerases in Arabidopsis thaliana N2 - The poly(A) tail at 3’ ends of eukaryotic mRNAs promotes their nuclear export, stability and translational efficiency, and changes in its length can strongly impact gene expression. The Arabidopsis thaliana genome encodes three canonical nuclear poly(A) polymerases, PAPS1, PAPS2 and PAPS4. As shown by their different mutant phenotypes, these three isoforms are functionally specialized, with PAPS1 modifying organ growth and suppressing a constitutive immune response. However, the molecular basis of this specialization is largely unknown. Here, we have estimated poly(A)-tail lengths on a transcriptome-wide scale in wild-type and paps1 mutants. This identified categories of genes as particularly strongly affected in paps1 mutants, including genes encoding ribosomal proteins, cell-division factors and major carbohydrate-metabolic proteins. We experimentally verified two novel functions of PAPS1 in ribosome biogenesis and redox homoeostasis that were predicted based on the analysis of poly(A)-tail length changes in paps1 mutants. When overlaying the PAPS1-dependent effects observed here with coexpression analysis based on independent microarray data, the two clusters of transcripts that are most closely coexpressed with PAPS1 show the strongest change in poly(A)-tail length and transcript abundance in paps1 mutants in our analysis. This suggests that their coexpression reflects at least partly the preferential polyadenylation of these transcripts by PAPS1 versus the other two poly(A)-polymerase isoforms. Thus, transcriptome-wide analysis of poly(A)-tail lengths identifies novel biological functions and likely target transcripts for polyadenylation by PAPS1. Data integration with large-scale co-expression data suggests that changes in the relative activities of the isoforms are used as an endogenous mechanism to co-ordinately modulate plant gene expression. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 259 KW - comprehensive analysis KW - cytoplasmic polyadenylation KW - differential expression analysis KW - gene-expression KW - mammalian-cells KW - messenger-rna polyadenylation KW - poly(a)-binding protein KW - specificity factor KW - tail-length KW - translational control Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-96400 SP - 1 EP - 30 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sas, Claudia A1 - Müller, Frank A1 - Kappel, Christian A1 - Kent, Tyler V. A1 - Wright, Stephen I. A1 - Hilker, Monika A1 - Lenhard, Michael T1 - Repeated inactivation of the first committed enzyme underlies the loss of benzaldehyde emission after the selfing transition in Capsella T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - The enormous species richness of flowering plants is at least partly due to floral diversification driven by interactions between plants and their animal pollinators [1, 2]. Specific pollinator attraction relies on visual and olfactory floral cues [3-5]; floral scent can not only attract pollinators but also attract or repel herbivorous insects [6-8]. However, despite its central role for plant-animal interactions, the genetic control of floral scent production and its evolutionary modification remain incompletely understood [9-13]. Benzenoids are an important class of floral scent compounds that are generated from phenylalanine via several enzymatic pathways [14-17]. Here we address the genetic basis of the loss of floral scent associated with the transition from outbreeding to selfing in the genus Capsella. While the outbreeding C. grandiflora emits benzaldehyde as a major constituent of its floral scent, this has been lost in the selfing C. rubella. We identify the Capsella CNL1 gene encoding cinnamate: CoA ligase as responsible for this variation. Population genetic analysis indicates that CNL1 has been inactivated twice independently in C. rubella via different novel mutations to its coding sequence. Together with a recent study in Petunia [18], this identifies cinnamate: CoA ligase as an evolutionary hotspot for mutations causing the loss of benzenoid scent compounds in association with a shift in the reproductive strategy of Capsella from pollination by insects to self-fertilization. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 904 KW - benzyl alcohol-dehydrogenase KW - floral scent KW - recent speciation KW - petunia flowers KW - genus capsella KW - evolution KW - biosynthesis KW - fragrance KW - purification KW - pollinators KW - benzaldehyde KW - selfing syndrome KW - shepherd’s purse KW - cinnamate:CoA ligase Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-438018 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 904 SP - 3313 EP - 3319 ER -