TY - JOUR A1 - Deeken, Friederike A1 - Reichert, Markus A1 - Zech, Hilmar A1 - Wenzel, Julia A1 - Wedemeyer, Friederike A1 - Aguilera, Alvaro A1 - Aslan, Acelya A1 - Bach, Patrick A1 - Bahr, Nadja Samia A1 - Ebrahimi, Claudia A1 - Fischbach, Pascale Christine A1 - Ganz, Marvin A1 - Garbusow, Maria A1 - Großkopf, Charlotte M. A1 - Heigert, Marie A1 - Hentschel, Angela A1 - Karl, Damian A1 - Pelz, Patricia A1 - Pinger, Mathieu A1 - Riemerschmid, Carlotta A1 - Rosenthal, Annika A1 - Steffen, Johannes A1 - Strehle, Jens A1 - Weiss,, Franziska A1 - Wieder, Gesine A1 - Wieland, Alfred A1 - Zaiser, Judith A1 - Zimmermann, Sina A1 - Walter, Henrik A1 - Lenz, Bernd A1 - Deserno, Lorenz A1 - Smolka, Michael N. A1 - Liu, Shuyan A1 - Ebner-Priemer, Ulrich Walter A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Rapp, Michael A. T1 - Patterns of Alcohol Consumption Among Individuals With Alcohol Use Disorder During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Lockdowns in Germany JF - JAMA Network Open N2 - Importance Alcohol consumption (AC) leads to death and disability worldwide. Ongoing discussions on potential negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on AC need to be informed by real-world evidence. Objective To examine whether lockdown measures are associated with AC and consumption-related temporal and psychological within-person mechanisms. Design, Setting, and Participants This quantitative, intensive, longitudinal cohort study recruited 1743 participants from 3 sites from February 20, 2020, to February 28, 2021. Data were provided before and within the second lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: before lockdown (October 2 to November 1, 2020); light lockdown (November 2 to December 15, 2020); and hard lockdown (December 16, 2020, to February 28, 2021). Main Outcomes and Measures Daily ratings of AC (main outcome) captured during 3 lockdown phases (main variable) and temporal (weekends and holidays) and psychological (social isolation and drinking intention) correlates. Results Of the 1743 screened participants, 189 (119 [63.0%] male; median [IQR] age, 37 [27.5-52.0] years) with at least 2 alcohol use disorder (AUD) criteria according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) yet without the need for medically supervised alcohol withdrawal were included. These individuals provided 14 694 smartphone ratings from October 2020 through February 2021. Multilevel modeling revealed significantly higher AC (grams of alcohol per day) on weekend days vs weekdays (β = 11.39; 95% CI, 10.00-12.77; P < .001). Alcohol consumption was above the overall average on Christmas (β = 26.82; 95% CI, 21.87-31.77; P < .001) and New Year’s Eve (β = 66.88; 95% CI, 59.22-74.54; P < .001). During the hard lockdown, perceived social isolation was significantly higher (β = 0.12; 95% CI, 0.06-0.15; P < .001), but AC was significantly lower (β = −5.45; 95% CI, −8.00 to −2.90; P = .001). Independent of lockdown, intention to drink less alcohol was associated with lower AC (β = −11.10; 95% CI, −13.63 to −8.58; P < .001). Notably, differences in AC between weekend and weekdays decreased both during the hard lockdown (β = −6.14; 95% CI, −9.96 to −2.31; P = .002) and in participants with severe AUD (β = −6.26; 95% CI, −10.18 to −2.34; P = .002). Conclusions and Relevance This 5-month cohort study found no immediate negative associations of lockdown measures with overall AC. Rather, weekend-weekday and holiday AC patterns exceeded lockdown effects. Differences in AC between weekend days and weekdays evinced that weekend drinking cycles decreased as a function of AUD severity and lockdown measures, indicating a potential mechanism of losing and regaining control. This finding suggests that temporal patterns and drinking intention constitute promising targets for prevention and intervention, even in high-risk individuals. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.24641 SN - 2574-3805 VL - 5 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - JAMA Network / American Medical Association CY - Chicago, Illinois, USA ET - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chen, Hao A1 - Nebe, Stephan A1 - Mojtahedzadeh, Negin A1 - Kuitunen-Paul, Soren A1 - Garbusow, Maria A1 - Schad, Daniel A1 - Rapp, Michael A. A1 - Huys, Quentin J. M. A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Smolka, Michael N. T1 - Susceptibility to interference between Pavlovian and instrumental control is associated with early hazardous alcohol use JF - Addiction biology N2 - Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) tasks examine the influence of Pavlovian stimuli on ongoing instrumental behaviour. Previous studies reported associations between a strong PIT effect, high-risk drinking and alcohol use disorder. This study investigated whether susceptibility to interference between Pavlovian and instrumental control is linked to risky alcohol use in a community sample of 18-year-old male adults. Participants (N = 191) were instructed to 'collect good shells' and 'leave bad shells' during the presentation of appetitive (monetary reward), aversive (monetary loss) or neutral Pavlovian stimuli. We compared instrumental error rates (ER) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) brain responses between the congruent and incongruent conditions, as well as among high-risk and low-risk drinking groups. On average, individuals showed a substantial PIT effect, that is, increased ER when Pavlovian cues and instrumental stimuli were in conflict compared with congruent trials. Neural PIT correlates were found in the ventral striatum and the dorsomedial and lateral prefrontal cortices (lPFC). Importantly, high-risk drinking was associated with a stronger behavioural PIT effect, a decreased lPFC response and an increased neural response in the ventral striatum on the trend level. Moreover, high-risk drinkers showed weaker connectivity from the ventral striatum to the lPFC during incongruent trials. Our study links interference during PIT to drinking behaviour in healthy, young adults. High-risk drinkers showed higher susceptibility to Pavlovian cues, especially when they conflicted with instrumental behaviour, indicating lower interference control abilities. Increased activity in the ventral striatum (bottom-up), decreased lPFC response (top-down), and their altered interplay may contribute to poor interference control in the high-risk drinkers. KW - high‐risk drinking KW - interference control KW - Pavlovian‐to‐instrumental transfer Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.12983 SN - 1355-6215 SN - 1369-1600 VL - 26 IS - 4 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Förstner, Bernd R. A1 - Tschorn, Mira A1 - Reinoso-Schiller, Nicolas A1 - Maričić, Lea Mascarell A1 - Röcher, Erik A1 - Kalman, Janos L. A1 - Stroth, Sanna A1 - Mayer, Annalina V. A1 - Schwarz, Kristina A1 - Kaiser, Anna A1 - Pfennig, Andrea A1 - Manook, André A1 - Ising, Marcus A1 - Heinig, Ingmar A1 - Pittig, Andre A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Mathiak, Klaus A1 - Schulze, Thomas G. A1 - Schneider, Frank A1 - Kamp-Becker, Inge A1 - Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas A1 - Padberg, Frank A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Bauer, Michael A1 - Rupprecht, Rainer A1 - Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich A1 - Rapp, Michael A. T1 - Mapping research domain criteria using a transdiagnostic mini-RDoC assessment in mental disorders: a confirmatory factor analysis JF - European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience N2 - This study aimed to build on the relationship of well-established self-report and behavioral assessments to the latent constructs positive (PVS) and negative valence systems (NVS), cognitive systems (CS), and social processes (SP) of the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework in a large transnosological population which cuts across DSM/ICD-10 disorder criteria categories. One thousand four hundred and thirty one participants (42.1% suffering from anxiety/fear-related, 18.2% from depressive, 7.9% from schizophrenia spectrum, 7.5% from bipolar, 3.4% from autism spectrum, 2.2% from other disorders, 18.4% healthy controls, and 0.2% with no diagnosis specified) recruited in studies within the German research network for mental disorders for the Phenotypic, Diagnostic and Clinical Domain Assessment Network Germany (PD-CAN) were examined with a Mini-RDoC-Assessment including behavioral and self-report measures. The respective data was analyzed with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to delineate the underlying latent RDoC-structure. A revised four-factor model reflecting the core domains positive and negative valence systems as well as cognitive systems and social processes showed a good fit across this sample and showed significantly better fit compared to a one factor solution. The connections between the domains PVS, NVS and SP could be substantiated, indicating a universal latent structure spanning across known nosological entities. This study is the first to give an impression on the latent structure and intercorrelations between four core Research Domain Criteria in a transnosological sample. We emphasize the possibility of using already existing and well validated self-report and behavioral measurements to capture aspects of the latent structure informed by the RDoC matrix. KW - Diagnosis and classification KW - Research Domain Criteria KW - PD-CAN KW - Confirmatory factor analysis CFA KW - RDoC KW - Transdiagnostic Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-022-01440-6 SN - 0940-1334 SN - 1433-8491 VL - 273 IS - 3 SP - 527 EP - 539 PB - Springer Nature CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Deserno, Lorenz A1 - Beck, Anne A1 - Huys, Quentin J. M. A1 - Lorenz, Robert C. A1 - Buchert, Ralph A1 - Buchholz, Hans-Georg A1 - Plotkin, Michail A1 - Kumakara, Yoshitaka A1 - Cumming, Paul A1 - Heinze, Hans-Jochen A1 - Grace, Anthony A. A1 - Rapp, Michael A. A1 - Schlagenhauf, Florian A1 - Heinz, Andreas T1 - Chronic alcohol intake abolishes the relationship between dopamine synthesis capacity and learning signals in the ventral striatum JF - European journal of neuroscience N2 - Drugs of abuse elicit dopamine release in the ventral striatum, possibly biasing dopamine-driven reinforcement learning towards drug-related reward at the expense of non-drug-related reward. Indeed, in alcohol-dependent patients, reactivity in dopaminergic target areas is shifted from non-drug-related stimuli towards drug-related stimuli. Such hijacked' dopamine signals may impair flexible learning from non-drug-related rewards, and thus promote craving for the drug of abuse. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure ventral striatal activation by reward prediction errors (RPEs) during a probabilistic reversal learning task in recently detoxified alcohol-dependent patients and healthy controls (N=27). All participants also underwent 6-[F-18]fluoro-DOPA positron emission tomography to assess ventral striatal dopamine synthesis capacity. Neither ventral striatal activation by RPEs nor striatal dopamine synthesis capacity differed between groups. However, ventral striatal coding of RPEs correlated inversely with craving in patients. Furthermore, we found a negative correlation between ventral striatal coding of RPEs and dopamine synthesis capacity in healthy controls, but not in alcohol-dependent patients. Moderator analyses showed that the magnitude of the association between dopamine synthesis capacity and RPE coding depended on the amount of chronic, habitual alcohol intake. Despite the relatively small sample size, a power analysis supports the reported results. Using a multimodal imaging approach, this study suggests that dopaminergic modulation of neural learning signals is disrupted in alcohol dependence in proportion to long-term alcohol intake of patients. Alcohol intake may perpetuate itself by interfering with dopaminergic modulation of neural learning signals in the ventral striatum, thus increasing craving for habitual drug intake. KW - alcohol addiction KW - dopamine KW - fMRI KW - PET KW - prediction error Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.12802 SN - 0953-816X SN - 1460-9568 VL - 41 IS - 4 SP - 477 EP - 486 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Garbusow, Maria A1 - Schad, Daniel A1 - Sommer, Christian A1 - Juenger, Elisabeth A1 - Sebold, Miriam A1 - Friedel, Eva A1 - Wendt, Jean A1 - Kathmann, Norbert A1 - Schlagenhauf, Florian A1 - Zimmermann, Ulrich S. A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Huys, Quentin J. M. A1 - Rapp, Michael A. T1 - Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer in alcohol dependence: a pilot study JF - Neuropsychobiology : international journal of experimental and clinical research in biological psychiatry, pharmacopsychiatry, Biological Psychology/Pharmacopsychology and Pharmacoelectroencephalography N2 - Background: Pavlovian processes are thought to play an important role in the development, maintenance and relapse of alcohol dependence, possibly by influencing and usurping ongoing thought and behavior. The influence of pavlovian stimuli on ongoing behavior is paradigmatically measured by pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) tasks. These involve multiple stages and are complex. Whether increased PIT is involved in human alcohol dependence is uncertain. We therefore aimed to establish and validate a modified PIT paradigm that would be robust, consistent and tolerated by healthy controls as well as by patients suffering from alcohol dependence, and to explore whether alcohol dependence is associated with enhanced PIT. Methods: Thirty-two recently detoxified alcohol-dependent patients and 32 age- and gender-matched healthy controls performed a PIT task with instrumental go/no-go approach behaviors. The task involved both pavlovian stimuli associated with monetary rewards and losses, and images of drinks. Results: Both patients and healthy controls showed a robust and temporally stable PIT effect. Strengths of PIT effects to drug-related and monetary conditioned stimuli were highly correlated. Patients more frequently showed a PIT effect, and the effect was stronger in response to aversively conditioned CSs (conditioned suppression), but there was no group difference in response to appetitive CSs. Conclusion: The implementation of PIT has favorably robust properties in chronic alcohol-dependent patients and in healthy controls. It shows internal consistency between monetary and drug-related cues. The findings support an association of alcohol dependence with an increased propensity towards PIT. KW - Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer KW - Alcohol dependence KW - Human Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1159/000363507 SN - 0302-282X SN - 1423-0224 VL - 70 IS - 2 SP - 111 EP - 121 PB - Karger CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rapp, Michael A. A1 - Mell, Thomas A1 - Majic, Tomislav A1 - Treusch, Yvonne A1 - Nordheim, Johanna A1 - Niemann-Mirmehdi, Mechthild A1 - Gutzmann, Hans A1 - Heinz, Andreas T1 - Agitation in Nursing Home Residents With Dementia (VIDEANT Trial) - Effects of a Cluster-Randomized, Controlled, Guideline Implementation Trial JF - Journal of the American Medical Directors Association N2 - Objective: To test the effect of a complex guideline-based intervention on agitation and psychotropic prescriptions. Design, Setting, Participants: Cluster randomized controlled trial (VIDEANT) with blinded assessment of outcome in 18 nursing homes in Berlin, Germany, comprising 304 dementia patients. Intervention: Training, support, and activity therapy intervention, delivered at the level of each nursing home, focusing on the management of agitation in dementia. Control group nursing homes received treatment as usual. Measurements: Levels of agitated and disruptive behavior (Cohen-Mansfield agitation inventory [CMAI]) as the primary outcome. Number of neuroleptics, antidepressants, and cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) prescribed in defined daily dosages (DDDs). Results: Of 326 patients screened, 304 (93.3%) were eligible and cluster-randomized to 9 intervention (n = 163) and 9 control (n = 141) nursing homes. Data were collected from 287 (94.4%) patients at 10 months. At 10 months, compared with controls, nursing home residents with dementia in the intervention group exhibited significantly less agitation as measured with the CMAI (adjusted mean difference, 6.24; 95% CI 2.03-14.14; P = .009; Cohen's d = 0.43), received fewer neuroleptics (P < .05), more ChEIs (P < .05), and more antidepressants (P < .05). Conclusion: Complex guideline-based interventions are effective in reducing agitated and disruptive behavior in nursing home residents with dementia. At the same time, increased prescription of ChEIs and antidepressants together with decreased neuroleptic prescription suggests an effect toward guideline-based pharmacotherapy. KW - Dementia KW - agitation KW - nursing home KW - guideline KW - trial Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2013.05.017 SN - 1525-8610 VL - 14 IS - 9 SP - 690 EP - 695 PB - Elsevier CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Treusch, Yvonne A1 - Majic, Tomislav A1 - Page, Julie A1 - Gutzmann, Hans A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Rapp, Michael A. T1 - Apathy in nursing home residents with dementia: Results from a cluster-randomized controlled trial JF - European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists N2 - Purpose: Here we evaluate an interdisciplinary occupational and sport therapy intervention for dementia patients suffering from apathy. Subjects and methods: A prospective, controlled, rater-blinded, clinical trial with two follow-ups was conducted as part of a larger cluster-randomized trial in 18 nursing homes in Berlin. n = 117 dementia patients with apathy, defined as a score of 40 or more on the apathy evaluation scale (AES) or presence of apathy on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), were randomly assigned to intervention or control group. The intervention included 10 months of brief activities, provided once a week. The primary outcome measure was the total score on the AES scale measured directly after the intervention period and again after 12 months. Results: We found significant group differences with respect to apathy during the 10 month intervention period (F-2,F-82 = 7.79, P < 0.01), which reflected an increase in apathy in the control group, but not in the intervention group. Within one year after the intervention was ceased, the treatment group worsened and no longer differed significantly from the control group (P = 0.55). Conclusions: Our intervention was effective for the therapy of apathy in dementia, when applied, but not one year after cessation of therapy. (C) 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. KW - Dementia KW - Apathy KW - Non-pharmacological intervention KW - Occupational therapy KW - Sport therapy Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.02.004 SN - 0924-9338 SN - 1778-3585 VL - 30 IS - 2 PB - Elsevier CY - Paris ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heinzel, Stephan A1 - Lorenz, Robert C. A1 - Brockhaus, Wolf-Ruediger A1 - Wuestenberg, Torsten A1 - Kathmann, Norbert A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Rapp, Michael A. T1 - Working memory load-dependent brain response predicts behavioral training gains in older adults JF - The journal of neuroscience N2 - In the domain of working memory (WM), a sigmoid-shaped relationship between WM load and brain activation patterns has been demonstrated in younger adults. It has been suggested that age-related alterations of this pattern are associated with changes in neural efficiency and capacity. At the same time, WM training studies have shown that some older adults are able to increase their WM performance through training. In this study, functional magnetic resonance imaging during an n-back WM task at different WM load levels was applied to compare blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) responses between younger and older participants and to predict gains in WM performance after a subsequent 12-session WM training procedure in older adults. We show that increased neural efficiency and capacity, as reflected by more "youth-like" brain response patterns in regions of interest of the frontoparietal WM network, were associated with better behavioral training outcome beyond the effects of age, sex, education, gray matter volume, and baseline WM performance. Furthermore, at low difficulty levels, decreases in BOLD response were found after WM training. Results indicate that both neural efficiency (i. e., decreased activation at comparable performance levels) and capacity (i. e., increasing activation with increasing WM load) of a WM-related network predict plasticity of the WM system, whereas WM training may specifically increase neural efficiency in older adults. KW - aging KW - fMRI KW - neuroimaging KW - plasticity KW - training KW - working memory Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2463-13.2014 SN - 0270-6474 VL - 34 IS - 4 SP - 1224 EP - 1233 PB - Society for Neuroscience CY - Washington ER - TY - GEN A1 - Rapp, Michael A. A1 - Kluge, Ulrike A1 - Penka, Simone A1 - Vardar, Azra A1 - Aichberger, Marion Christina A1 - Mundt, Adrian P. A1 - Schouler-Ocak, Meryam A1 - Mösko, Mike A1 - Butler, Jeffrey A1 - Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas A1 - Heinz, Andreas T1 - When local poverty is more important than your income: Mental health in minorities in inner cities T2 - World psychiatry Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20221 SN - 1723-8617 SN - 2051-5545 VL - 14 IS - 2 SP - 249 EP - 250 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gleich, Tobias A1 - Spitta, Gianna A1 - Butler, Oisin A1 - Zacharias, Kristin A1 - Aydin, Semiha A1 - Sebold, Miriam A1 - Garbusow, Maria A1 - Rapp, Michael A. A1 - Schubert, Florian A1 - Buchert, Ralph A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Gallinat, Jürgen T1 - Dopamine D2/3 receptor availability in alcohol use disorder and individuals at high risk BT - towards a dimensional approach JF - Addiction Biology N2 - Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is the most common substance use disorder worldwide. Although dopamine-related findings were often observed in AUD, associated neurobiological mechanisms are still poorly understood. Therefore, in the present study, we investigate D2/3 receptor availability in healthy participants, participants at high risk (HR) to develop addiction (not diagnosed with AUD), and AUD patients in a detoxified stage, applying F-18-fallypride positron emission tomography (F-18-PET). Specifically, D2/3 receptor availability was investigated in (1) 19 low-risk (LR) controls, (2) 19 HR participants, and (3) 20 AUD patients after alcohol detoxification. Quality and severity of addiction were assessed with clinical questionnaires and (neuro)psychological tests. PET data were corrected for age of participants and smoking status. In the dorsal striatum, we observed significant reductions of D2/3 receptor availability in AUD patients compared with LR participants. Further, receptor availability in HR participants was observed to be intermediate between LR and AUD groups (linearly decreasing). Still, in direct comparison, no group difference was observed between LR and HR groups or between HR and AUD groups. Further, the score of the Alcohol Dependence Scale (ADS) was inversely correlated with D2/3 receptor availability in the combined sample. Thus, in line with a dimensional approach, striatal D2/3 receptor availability showed a linear decrease from LR participants to HR participants to AUD patients, which was paralleled by clinical measures. Our study shows that a core neurobiological feature in AUD seems to be detectable in an early, subclinical state, allowing more individualized alcohol prevention programs in the future. KW - alcohol KW - D2/3 receptors KW - dependence KW - dopamine KW - high risk KW - PET Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.12915 SN - 1369-1600 VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haegele, Claudia A1 - Schlagenhauf, Florian A1 - Rapp, Michael A. A1 - Sterzer, Philipp A1 - Beck, Anne A1 - Bermpohl, Felix A1 - Stoy, Meline A1 - Stroehle, Andreas A1 - Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich A1 - Dolan, Raymond J. A1 - Heinz, Andreas T1 - Dimensional psychiatry: reward dysfunction and depressive mood across psychiatric disorders JF - Psychopharmacology N2 - A dimensional approach in psychiatry aims to identify core mechanisms of mental disorders across nosological boundaries. We compared anticipation of reward between major psychiatric disorders, and investigated whether reward anticipation is impaired in several mental disorders and whether there is a common psychopathological correlate (negative mood) of such an impairment. During reward anticipation, we observed significant group differences in ventral striatal (VS) activation: patients with schizophrenia, alcohol dependence, and major depression showed significantly less ventral striatal activation compared to healthy controls. Depressive symptoms correlated with dysfunction in reward anticipation regardless of diagnostic entity. There was no significant correlation between anxiety symptoms and VS functional activation. Our findings demonstrate a neurobiological dysfunction related to reward prediction that transcended disorder categories and was related to measures of depressed mood. The findings underline the potential of a dimensional approach in psychiatry and strengthen the hypothesis that neurobiological research in psychiatric disorders can be targeted at core mechanisms that are likely to be implicated in a range of clinical entities. KW - Dimensional KW - fMRI KW - Reward system KW - Ventral striatum KW - Monetary incentive delay task KW - Depressive symptoms Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-014-3662-7 SN - 0033-3158 SN - 1432-2072 VL - 232 IS - 2 SP - 331 EP - 341 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Majic, Tomislav A1 - Gutzmann, Hans A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Lang, Undine E. A1 - Rapp, Michael A. T1 - Animal-assisted therapy and agitation and depression in nursing home residents with dementia - a matched case-control trial JF - The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry N2 - Objectives: To investigate the efficacy of animal-assisted therapy (AAT) on symptoms of agitation/aggression and depression in nursing home residents with dementia in a randomized controlled trial. Previous studies have indicated that AAT has beneficial effects on neuropsychiatric symptoms in various psychiatric disorders but few studies have investigated the efficacy of AAT in patients suffering from dementia. Methods: Of 65 nursing home residents with dementia (mean [standard deviation] age: 81.8 [9.2] years; mean Mini-Mental State Examination score: 7.1 [0.7]), 27 matched pairs (N = 54) were randomly assigned to either treatment as usual or treatment as usual combined with AAT, administered over 10 weekly sessions. Blinded raters assessed cognitive impairment with the Mini-Mental State Examination, presence of agitation/aggression with the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory, and depression with the Dementia Mood Assessment Scale at baseline and during a period of 4 weeks after AAT intervention. Results: In the control group, symptoms of agitation/aggression and depression significantly increased over 10 weeks; in the intervention group, patients receiving combined treatment displayed constant frequency and severity of symptoms of agitation/aggression (F-1,F-48 = 6.43; p <0.05) and depression (F-1,F-48 = 26.54; p <0.001). Symptom amelioration did not occur in either group. Conclusions: AAT is a promising option for the treatment of agitation/aggression and depression in patients with dementia. Our results suggest that AAT may delay progression of neuropsychiatric symptoms in demented nursing home residents. Further research is needed to determine its long-time effects. KW - AAT KW - Alzheimer disease KW - agitation KW - animal-assisted therapy KW - BPSD KW - depression KW - dog-assisted therapy KW - nursing home Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2013.03.004 SN - 1064-7481 SN - 1545-7214 VL - 21 IS - 11 SP - 1052 EP - 1059 PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins CY - Philadelphia ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heinzel, Stephan A1 - Lorenz, Robert C. A1 - Pelz, Patricia A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Walter, Henrik A1 - Kathmann, Norbert A1 - Rapp, Michael A. A1 - Stelzel, Christine T1 - Neural correlates of training and transfer effects in working memory in older adults JF - NeuroImage : a journal of brain function N2 - As indicated by previous research, aging is associated with a decline in working memory (WM) functioning, related to alterations in fronto-parietal neural activations. At the same time, previous studies showed that WM training in older adults may improve the performance in the trained task (training effect), and more importantly, also in untrained WM tasks (transfer effects). However, neural correlates of these transfer effects that would improve understanding of its underlying mechanisms, have not been shown in older participants as yet. In this study, we investigated blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal changes during n-back performance and an untrained delayed recognition (Sternberg) task following 12 sessions (45 min each) of adaptive n-back training in older adults. The Sternberg task used in this study allowed to test for neural training effects independent of specific task affordances of the trained task and to separate maintenance from updating processes. Thirty-two healthy older participants (60-75 years) were assigned either to an n-back training or a no-contact control group. Before (t1) and after (t2) training/waiting period, both the n-back task and the Sternberg task were conducted while BOLD signal was measured using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) in all participants. In addition, neuropsychological tests were performed outside the scanner. WM performance improved with training and behavioral transfer to tests measuring executive functions, processing speed, and fluid intelligence was found. In the training group, BOLD signal in the right lateral middle frontal gyrus/caudal superior frontal sulcus (Brodmann area, BA 6/8) decreased in both the trained n-back and the updating condition of the untrained Sternberg task at t2, compared to the control group. fMRI findings indicate a training-related increase in processing efficiency of WM networks, potentially related to the process of WM updating. Performance gains in untrained tasks suggest that transfer to other cognitive tasks remains possible in aging. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. KW - Aging KW - Working memory KW - Training KW - Transfer KW - Neuroimaging KW - fMRI KW - Updating KW - Executive functions KW - Fluid intelligence Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.03.068 SN - 1053-8119 SN - 1095-9572 VL - 134 SP - 236 EP - 249 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nienaber, André A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Rapp, Michael A. A1 - Bermpohl, F. A1 - Schulz, M. A1 - Behrens, J. A1 - Löhr, M. T1 - Einfluss der Personalbesetzung auf Konflikte auf psychiatrischen Stationen T1 - Influence of staffing levels on conflicts in inpatient psychiatric care JF - Der Nervenarzt : Organ der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Nervenheilkunde ; Mitteilungsblatt der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurologie N2 - Psychiatrische Stationen sind ein wichtiges Element in der psychiatrischen Versorgung von Menschen mit akuter Eigen- oder Fremdgefährdung. Leider kommt es in diesem Rahmen immer wieder auch zu Aggression, Gewalt (Konflikten) sowie zur Anwendung von Zwang (Eindämmung). Als entscheidender Faktor für den sachgemäßen Umgang mit diesen Situationen wird sowohl die Quantität als auch die Qualität der Mitarbeitenden angesehen. Vor diesem Hintergrund beschäftigt sich die vorliegende Untersuchung mit der Versorgungssituation auf akutpsychiatrischen Stationen. Die Hypothese lautet, dass sowohl die Größe der akutpsychiatrischen Station als auch die Anzahl der Pflegenden einen Einfluss auf das Vorkommen konflikthafter Situationen haben. Hierfür sind Daten in 6 Kliniken auf insgesamt 12 psychiatrischen Stationen erfasst worden. Als Erfassungsinstrument diente die Patient Staff Conflict Checklist – Shift Report (PCC-SR). Insgesamt konnten 2026 Schichten (Früh‑, Spät- und Nachtschicht) erfasst und ausgewertet werden. Die personelle Besetzung der Stationen mit Pflegepersonal variierte erheblich. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sowohl die Stationsgröße als auch die Anzahl der Pflegepersonen auf akutpsychiatrischen Stationen einen signifikanten Einfluss auf das Vorkommen von Konflikten haben. In den Ergebnissen zeigt sich weiterhin, dass sich die Inzidenz des konflikthaften Verhaltens von Patienten sowohl im Hinblick auf die untersuchten Stationen der beteiligten Krankenhäuser als auch im Hinblick auf die betrachteten Dienstzeittypen unterscheiden. Darüber hinaus zeigt sich, dass das Ausmaß der Schließung einer Akutstation und die Größe einer Station einen negativen Einfluss auf die Inzidenz von Konflikten im stationär akutpsychiatrischen Kontext haben. Das Auftreten konflikthaften Verhaltens kann zur Fremd- oder Selbstgefährdung und zu einer Vielzahl deeskalierender und eindämmender Maßnahmen führen. Hierfür sind entsprechende personelle Ressourcen erforderlich. N2 - Acute psychiatric wards are an important element in the mental healthcare of people at risk for acute harm to others or self-harm. Unfortunately, aggression, violence (conflict) and the use of coercion (containment) are still part of psychiatric care. The decisive factor for the correct handling of these situations is the quantity as well as the quality of the employees. Therefore, the present study dealt with the care situation on acute psychiatric wards. The hypothesis is that both the number of beds on the acute psychiatric ward and the number of caregivers have an impact on the occurrence of conflict and containment. For this purpose, data were collected in 6 clinics on a total of 12 acute psychiatric wards. The Patient Staff Conflict Checklist - Shift Report (PCC-SR) was used as the data entry tool. A total of 2026 shifts (early, late and night shifts) were recorded and evaluated. The staffing of the wards with nursing personnel varied considerably. The results show that both the size of the ward and also the number of caregivers on acute psychiatric wards have a significant impact on the occurrence of conflicts. The results also show that the incidence of conflicting behavior of patients differs both in terms of the wards of the hospitals involved and in the type of service considered. In addition, it can be seen that the extent of closure of an acute ward (i.aEuroe. the closed ward or entrance door) and the size of a ward (i.aEuroe. the number of beds) have a negative impact on the incidence of inpatient acute psychiatric contexts. The occurrence of conflict behavior can lead to alien or self-endangerment and to a variety of de-escalating and containment measures. This requires appropriate human resources. KW - Inpatient psychiatric care KW - Danger to others KW - Coercion KW - Ward size KW - Personnel resources Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-018-0521-5 SN - 0028-2804 SN - 1433-0407 VL - 89 IS - 7 SP - 821 EP - 827 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kuschpel, Maxim S. A1 - Liu, Shuyan A1 - Schad, Daniel A1 - Heinzel, Stephan A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Rapp, Michael A. T1 - Differential effects of wakeful rest, music and video game playing on working memory performance in the n-back task JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - The interruption of learning processes by breaks filled with diverse activities is common in everyday life. We investigated the effects of active computer gaming and passive relaxation (rest and music) breaks on working memory performance. Young adults were exposed to breaks involving (i) eyes-open resting, (ii) listening to music and (iii) playing the video game “Angry Birds” before performing the n-back working memory task. Based on linear mixed-effects modeling, we found that playing the “Angry Birds” video game during a short learning break led to a decline in task performance over the course of the task as compared to eyes-open resting and listening to music, although overall task performance was not impaired. This effect was associated with high levels of daily mind wandering and low self-reported ability to concentrate. These findings indicate that video games can negatively affect working memory performance over time when played in between learning tasks. We suggest further investigation of these effects because of their relevance to everyday activity. KW - break interventions KW - computer games KW - mozart effect KW - working memory KW - attention KW - cognitive resources KW - mind wandering Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01683 SN - 1664-1078 IS - 6 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Aichberger, Marion Christina A1 - Montesinos, Amanda Heredia A1 - Bromand, Zohra A1 - Yesil, Rahsan A1 - Temur-Erman, Selver A1 - Rapp, Michael A. A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Schouler-Ocak, Meryam T1 - Suicide attempt rates and intervention effects in women of Turkish origin in Berlin JF - European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists N2 - Purpose: Ethnic minority groups show elevated suicide attempt rates across Europe. Evidence suggests a similar trend for women of Turkish origin in Germany, yet data on suicidal behaviour in minorities in Germany is scarce. The objective was to examine rates of suicidal behaviour, underlying motives, and to explore the effectiveness of an intervention program. Methods: From 05/2009-09/2011, data on all suicide attempts among women of Turkish origin who presented at a hospital-based emergency unit in Berlin, Germany, were collected. A multi-modal intervention was conducted in 2010 and the effects of age, generation and the intervention on suicide attempt rates were examined. Results: At the start, the highest rate was found in women aged 18-24 years with 225.4 (95% CI = 208.8-242.0)/100,000. Adjustment disorder was the most prevalent diagnosis with 49.7% (n = 79), being more common in second-generation women (P = .004). Further analyses suggested an effect of the intervention in the youngest age group (trend change of beta = -1.25; P = .017). Conclusion: Our findings suggest a particularly high rate of suicide attempts by 18-24-year-old, second-generation women of Turkish origin in Berlin. Furthermore, our results suggest a trend change in suicide attempts in women aged 18-24 years related to a population-based intervention program. (C) 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. KW - Suicide attempt KW - Incidence rates KW - Turkish migrants KW - Intervention study Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.12.003 SN - 0924-9338 SN - 1778-3585 VL - 30 IS - 4 SP - 480 EP - 485 PB - Elsevier CY - Paris ER - TY - INPR A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Charlet, Katrin A1 - Rapp, Michael A. T1 - Public mental health: a call to action T2 - World psychiatry Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20182 SN - 1723-8617 SN - 2051-5545 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - 49 EP - 50 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Haegele, Claudia A1 - Friedel, Eva A1 - Schlagenhauf, Florian A1 - Sterzer, Philipp A1 - Beck, Anne A1 - Bermpohl, Felix A1 - Rapp, Michael A. A1 - Stoy, Meline A1 - Stroehle, Andreas A1 - Dolan, Raymond J. A1 - Heinz, Andreas T1 - Reward expectation and affective responses across psychiatric disorders - A dimensional approach T2 - Biological psychiatry : a journal of psychiatric neuroscience and therapeutics ; a publication of the Society of Biological Psychiatry KW - dimensional KW - transdiagnostic KW - reward system KW - ventral striatum KW - fMRI Y1 - 2014 SN - 0006-3223 SN - 1873-2402 VL - 75 IS - 9 SP - 91S EP - 92S PB - Elsevier CY - New York ER - TY - GEN A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Beck, Anne A1 - Rapp, Michael A. T1 - Alcohol as an Environmental Mortality Hazard T2 - JAMA psychiatry Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0399 SN - 2168-622X SN - 2168-6238 VL - 73 SP - 549 EP - 550 PB - American Veterinary Medical Association CY - Chicago ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Friedel, Eva A1 - Schlagenhauf, Florian A1 - Beck, Anne A1 - Dolan, Raymond J. A1 - Huys, Quentin J. M. A1 - Rapp, Michael A. A1 - Heinz, Andreas T1 - The effects of life stress and neural learning signals on fluid intelligence JF - European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience : official organ of the German Society for Biological Psychiatry N2 - Fluid intelligence (fluid IQ), defined as the capacity for rapid problem solving and behavioral adaptation, is known to be modulated by learning and experience. Both stressful life events (SLES) and neural correlates of learning [specifically, a key mediator of adaptive learning in the brain, namely the ventral striatal representation of prediction errors (PE)] have been shown to be associated with individual differences in fluid IQ. Here, we examine the interaction between adaptive learning signals (using a well-characterized probabilistic reversal learning task in combination with fMRI) and SLES on fluid IQ measures. We find that the correlation between ventral striatal BOLD PE and fluid IQ, which we have previously reported, is quantitatively modulated by the amount of reported SLES. Thus, after experiencing adversity, basic neuronal learning signatures appear to align more closely with a general measure of flexible learning (fluid IQ), a finding complementing studies on the effects of acute stress on learning. The results suggest that an understanding of the neurobiological correlates of trait variables like fluid IQ needs to take socioemotional influences such as chronic stress into account. KW - Reinforcement learning KW - Prediction error signal KW - Ventral striatum KW - Stress KW - Intelligence Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-014-0519-3 SN - 0940-1334 SN - 1433-8491 VL - 265 IS - 1 SP - 35 EP - 43 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liu, Shuyan A1 - Kuschpel, Maxim S. A1 - Schad, Daniel A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Rapp, Michael A. T1 - Differential Effects of Music and Video Gaming During Breaks on Auditory and Visual Learning JF - Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking N2 - The interruption of learning processes by breaks filled with diverse activities is common in everyday life. This study investigated the effects of active computer gaming and passive relaxation (rest and music) breaks on auditory versus visual memory performance. Young adults were exposed to breaks involving (a) open eyes resting, (b) listening to music, and (c) playing a video game, immediately after memorizing auditory versus visual stimuli. To assess learning performance, words were recalled directly after the break (an 8:30 minute delay) and were recalled and recognized again after 7 days. Based on linear mixed-effects modeling, it was found that playing the Angry Birds video game during a short learning break impaired long-term retrieval in auditory learning but enhanced long-term retrieval in visual learning compared with the music and rest conditions. These differential effects of video games on visual versus auditory learning suggest specific interference of common break activities on learning. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2015.0140 SN - 2152-2715 SN - 2152-2723 VL - 18 IS - 11 SP - 647 EP - 653 PB - Liebert CY - New Rochelle ER - TY - GEN A1 - Awasthi, Swapnil A1 - Kaminski, Jakob A1 - Rapp, Michael A. A1 - Schlagenhauf, Florian A1 - Walter, Henrik A1 - Ruggeri, Barbara A1 - Ripke, Stephan A1 - Schumann, Gunter A1 - Heinz, Andreas T1 - A neural signature of malleability BT - general intelligence correlates with ventral striatal activation and epigenetic makers of dopamine neurotransmission T2 - European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology N2 - General intelligence has a substantial genetic background in children, adolescents, and adults, but environmental factors also strongly correlate with cognitive performance as evidenced by a strong (up to one SD) increase in average intelligence test results in the second half of the previous century. This change occurred in a period apparently too short to accommodate radical genetic changes. It is highly suggestive that environmental factors interact with genotype by possible modification of epigenetic factors that regulate gene expression and thus contribute to individual malleability. This modification might as well be reflected in recent observations of an association between dopamine-dependent encoding of reward prediction errors and cognitive capacity, which was modulated by adverse life events. Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.08.139 SN - 0924-977X SN - 1873-7862 VL - 29 SP - S858 EP - S859 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tschorn, Mira A1 - Schulze, Susanne A1 - Förstner, Bernd Rainer A1 - Holmberg, Christine A1 - Spallek, Jacob A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Rapp, Michael A. T1 - Predictors and prevalence of hazardous alcohol use in middle-late to late adulthood in Europe JF - Aging & mental health N2 - Objectives: Even low to moderate levels of alcohol consumption can have detrimental health consequences, especially in older adults (OA). Although many studies report an increase in the proportion of drinkers among OA, there are regional variations. Therefore, we examined alcohol consumption and the prevalence of hazardous alcohol use (HAU) among men and women aged 50+ years in four European regions and investigated predictors of HAU. Methods: We analyzed data of N = 35,042 participants of the European SHARE study. We investigated differences in alcohol consumption (units last week) according to gender, age and EU-region using ANOVAs. Furthermore, logistic regression models were used to examine the effect of income, education, marital status, history of a low-quality parent-child relationship and smoking on HAU, also stratified for gender and EU-region. HAU was operationalized as binge drinking or risky drinking (<12.5 units of 10 ml alcohol/week). Results: Overall, past week alcohol consumption was 5.0 units (+/- 7.8), prevalence of HAU was 25.4% within our sample of European adults aged 50+ years. Male gender, younger age and living in Western Europe were linked to both higher alcohol consumption and higher risks of HAU. Income, education, smoking, a low-quality parent-child relationship, living in Northern and especially Eastern Europe were positively associated with HAU. Stratified analyses revealed differences by region and gender. Conclusions: HAU was highly prevalent within this European sample of OA. Alcohol consumption and determinants of HAU differed between EU-regions, hinting to a necessity of risk-stratified population-level strategies to prevent HAU and subsequent alcohol use disorders. KW - Hazardous alcohol use KW - older adults KW - middle-aged adults KW - Europe KW - alcohol KW - drug and alcohol abuse KW - cross-national KW - international studies KW - environmental factors KW - housing KW - rural-urban factors KW - epidemiology (mental health) Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2022.2076208 SN - 1360-7863 SN - 1364-6915 VL - 27 IS - 5 SP - 1001 EP - 1010 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heinzel, Stephan A1 - Riemer, Thomas G. A1 - Schulte, Stefanie A1 - Onken, Johanna A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Rapp, Michael A. T1 - Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) genotype affects age-related changes in plasticity in working memory: a pilot study JF - BioMed research international N2 - Objectives. Recent work suggests that a genetic variation associated with increased dopamine metabolism in the prefrontal cortex (catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met; COMT) amplifies age-related changes in working memory performance. Research on younger adults indicates that the influence of dopamine-related genetic polymorphisms on working memory performance increases when testing the cognitive limits through training. To date, this has not been studied in older adults. Method. Here we investigate the effect of COMT genotype on plasticity in working memory in a sample of 14 younger (aged 24-30 years) and 25 older (aged 60-75 years) healthy adults. Participants underwent adaptive training in the n-back working memory task over 12 sessions under increasing difficulty conditions. Results. Both younger and older adults exhibited sizeable behavioral plasticity through training (P < .001), which was larger in younger as compared to older adults (P < .001). Age-related differences were qualified by an interaction with COMT genotype (P < .001), and this interaction was due to decreased behavioral plasticity in older adults carrying the Val/Val genotype, while there was no effect of genotype in younger adults. Discussion. Our findings indicate that age-related changes in plasticity in working memory are critically affected by genetic variation in prefrontal dopamine metabolism. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/414351 SN - 2314-6133 SN - 2314-6141 PB - Hindawi Publishing Corp. CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liu, Shuyan A1 - Schad, Daniel A1 - Kuschpel, Maxim S. A1 - Rapp, Michael A. A1 - Heinz, Andreas T1 - Music and Video Gaming during Breaks BT - Influence on Habitual versus Goal-Directed Decision Making JF - PLoS one N2 - Different systems for habitual versus goal-directed control are thought to underlie human decision-making. Working memory is known to shape these decision-making systems and their interplay, and is known to support goal-directed decision making even under stress. Here, we investigated if and how decision systems are differentially influenced by breaks filled with diverse everyday life activities known to modulate working memory performance. We used a within-subject design where young adults listened to music and played a video game during breaks interleaved with trials of a sequential two-step Markov decision task, designed to assess habitual as well as goal-directed decision making. Based on a neurocomputational model of task performance, we observed that for individuals with a rather limited working memory capacity video gaming as compared to music reduced reliance on the goal-directed decision-making system, while a rather large working memory capacity prevented such a decline. Our findings suggest differential effects of everyday activities on key decision-making processes. KW - Decision making KW - Games KW - Working memory KW - Video games KW - Cognition KW - Cognitive impairment KW - Music cognition KW - Learning Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0150165 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 11 IS - 3 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Public Library of Science CY - Lawrence, Kan. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zaytseva, Yuliya A1 - Korsakova, Natalya A1 - Gurovich, Isaac Ya A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Rapp, Michael A. T1 - Luria revisited: Complex motor phenomena in first episode schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders JF - Psychiatry research : the official publication of the International Society for Neuroimaging in Psychiatry KW - Luria KW - Fist-Edge-Palm test KW - Bimanual probe KW - Error monitoring KW - First psychotic episode KW - Schizophrenia KW - Schizophrenia spectrum disorders Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.08.009 SN - 0165-1781 VL - 220 IS - 1-2 SP - 145 EP - 151 PB - Elsevier CY - Clare ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Balta Beylergil, Sinem A1 - Beck, Anne A1 - Deserno, Lorenz A1 - Lorenz, Robert C. A1 - Rapp, Michael A. A1 - Schlagenhauf, Florian A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Obermayer, Klaus T1 - Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex contributes to the impaired behavioral adaptation in alcohol dependence JF - NeuroImage: Clinical : a journal of diseases affecting the nervous system N2 - Substance-dependent individuals often lack the ability to adjust decisions flexibly in response to the changes in reward contingencies. Prediction errors (PEs) are thought to mediate flexible decision-making by updating the reward values associated with available actions. In this study, we explored whether the neurobiological correlates of PEs are altered in alcohol dependence. Behavioral, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were simultaneously acquired from 34 abstinent alcohol-dependent patients (ADP) and 26 healthy controls (HC) during a probabilistic reward-guided decision-making task with dynamically changing reinforcement contingencies. A hierarchical Bayesian inference method was used to fit and compare learning models with different assumptions about the amount of task-related information subjects may have inferred during the experiment. Here, we observed that the best-fitting model was a modified Rescorla-Wagner type model, the “double-update” model, which assumes that subjects infer the knowledge that reward contingencies are anti-correlated, and integrate both actual and hypothetical outcomes into their decisions. Moreover, comparison of the best-fitting model's parameters showed that ADP were less sensitive to punishments compared to HC. Hence, decisions of ADP after punishments were loosely coupled with the expected reward values assigned to them. A correlation analysis between the model-generated PEs and the fMRI data revealed a reduced association between these PEs and the BOLD activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of ADP. A hemispheric asymmetry was observed in the DLPFC when positive and negative PE signals were analyzed separately. The right DLPFC activity in ADP showed a reduced correlation with positive PEs. On the other hand, ADP, particularly the patients with high dependence severity, recruited the left DLPFC to a lesser extent than HC for processing negative PE signals. These results suggest that the DLPFC, which has been linked to adaptive control of action selection, may play an important role in cognitive inflexibility observed in alcohol dependence when reinforcement contingencies change. Particularly, the left DLPFC may contribute to this impaired behavioral adaptation, possibly by impeding the extinction of the actions that no longer lead to a reward. KW - Alcohol dependence KW - Prediction error KW - Reinforcement learning KW - Reversal learning KW - Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex KW - Decision-making Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2017.04.010 SN - 2213-1582 VL - 15 SP - 80 EP - 94 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gruebner, Oliver A1 - Rapp, Michael A. A1 - Adli, Mazda A1 - Kluge, Ulrike A1 - Galea, Sandro A1 - Heinz, Andreas T1 - Cities and Mental Health JF - Deutsches Ärzteblatt international : a weekly online journal of clinical medicine and public health N2 - Background: More than half of the global population currently lives in cities, with an increasing trend for further urbanization. Living in cities is associated with increased population density, traffic noise and pollution, but also with better access to health care and other commodities. Methods: This review is based on a selective literature search, providing an overview of the risk factors for mental illness in urban centers. Results: Studies have shown that the risk for serious mental illness is generally higher in cities compared to rural areas. Epidemiological studies have associated growing up and living in cities with a considerably higher risk for schizophrenia. However, correlation is not causation and living in poverty can both contribute to and result from impairments associated with poor mental health. Social isolation and discrimination as well as poverty in the neighborhood contribute to the mental health burden while little is known about specific inter actions between such factors and the built environment. Conclusion: Further insights on the interaction between spatial heterogeneity of neighborhood resources and socio-ecological factors is warranted and requires interdisciplinary research. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2017.0121 SN - 1866-0452 VL - 114 IS - 8 SP - 121 EP - 127 PB - Dt. Ärzte-Verl. CY - Cologne ER -