TY  - JOUR
A1  - Huss, Matthias
A1  - Bookhagen, Bodo
A1  - Huggel, C.
A1  - Jacobsen, Dean
A1  - Bradley, Raymond S.
A1  - Clague, J. J.
A1  - Vuille, Mathias
A1  - Buytaert, Wouter
A1  - Cayan, D. R.
A1  - Greenwood, G.
A1  - Mark, B. G.
A1  - Milner, A. M.
A1  - Weingartner, Rolf
A1  - Winder, M.
T1  - Toward mountains without permanent snow and ice
JF  - Earths future
N2  - The cryosphere in mountain regions is rapidly declining, a trend that is expected to accelerate over the next several decades due to anthropogenic climate change. A cascade of effects will result, extending from mountains to lowlands with associated impacts on human livelihood, economy, and ecosystems. With rising air temperatures and increased radiative forcing, glaciers will become smaller and, in some cases, disappear, the area of frozen ground will diminish, the ratio of snow to rainfall will decrease, and the timing and magnitude of both maximum and minimum streamflow will change. These changes will affect erosion rates, sediment, and nutrient flux, and the biogeochemistry of rivers and proglacial lakes, all of which influence water quality, aquatic habitat, and biotic communities. Changes in the length of the growing season will allow low-elevation plants and animals to expand their ranges upward. Slope failures due to thawing alpine permafrost, and outburst floods from glacier-and moraine-dammed lakes will threaten downstream populations.Societies even well beyond the mountains depend on meltwater from glaciers and snow for drinking water supplies, irrigation, mining, hydropower, agriculture, and recreation. Here, we review and, where possible, quantify the impacts of anticipated climate change on the alpine cryosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere, and consider the implications for adaptation to a future of mountains without permanent snow and ice.
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/2016EF000514
SN  - 2328-4277
VL  - 5
SP  - 418
EP  - 435
PB  - Wiley
CY  - Hoboken
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Sommer, Ulrich
A1  - Adrian, Rita
A1  - Domis, Lisette Nicole de Senerpont
A1  - Elser, James J.
A1  - Gaedke, Ursula
A1  - Ibelings, Bas
A1  - Jeppesen, Erik
A1  - Lurling, Miquel
A1  - Molinero, Juan Carlos
A1  - Mooij, Wolf M.
A1  - van Donk, Ellen
A1  - Winder, Monika
ED  - Futuyma, DJ
T1  - Beyond the Plankton Ecology Group (PEG) Model mechanisms driving plankton succession
JF  - Annual review of ecology, evolution, and systematics
JF  - Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics
N2  - The seasonal succession of plankton is an annually repeated process of community assembly during which all major external factors and internal interactions shaping communities can be studied. A quarter of a century ago, the state of this understanding was described by the verbal plankton ecology group (PEG) model. It emphasized the role of physical factors, grazing and nutrient limitation for phytoplankton, and the role of food limitation and fish predation for zooplankton. Although originally targeted at lake ecosystems, it was also adopted by marine plankton ecologists. Since then, a suite of ecological interactions previously underestimated in importance have become research foci: overwintering of key organisms, the microbial food web, parasitism, and food quality as a limiting factor and an extended role of higher order predators. A review of the impact of these novel interactions on plankton seasonal succession reveals limited effects on gross seasonal biomass patterns, but strong effects on species replacements.
KW  - lakes
KW  - oceans
KW  - seasonal patterns
KW  - pelagic zone
KW  - light
KW  - overwintering
KW  - grazing
KW  - parasitism
KW  - food quality
Y1  - 2012
SN  - 978-0-8243-1443-9
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110411-160251
SN  - 1543-592X
VL  - 43
IS  - 2-4
SP  - 429
EP  - 448
PB  - Annual Reviews
CY  - Palo Alto
ER  -