TY - JOUR A1 - Teerling, Annika A1 - Bernholt, Andrea A1 - Asseburg, Regine A1 - Hasl, Andrea A1 - Igler, Jennifer A1 - Schlitter, Theresa A1 - Ohle-Peters, Annika A1 - McElvany, Nele A1 - Köller, Olaf T1 - Affektiv-kognitive Auseinandersetzung mit einer Innovation im Implementationsprozess T1 - Affective-Cognitive Handling of an Innovation in an Implementation Process BT - Eine modellbasierte Erfassung BT - A Model-Based Approach JF - Psychologie in Erziehung und Unterricht : Zeitschrift für Forschung und Praxis N2 - Schulische und vor allem unterrichtliche Implementationsprozesse zielen zumeist auf die Professionalisierung der Lehrkräfte ab. Die intendierte Veränderung des Unterrichts beginnt dabei mit einer gewünschten Veränderung von Einstellungen und Verhaltensweisen der Lehrkräfte, welche erst zu einer veränderten Handlungsroutine in der Arbeitspraxis führen kann. Das Modell der Stages of Concern von Hall und Hord (2006) stellt eine der wenigen Möglichkeiten dar, die individuelle Perspektive der Lehrkräfte im Implementationsprozess modellbasiert und standardisiert zu untersuchen. Der vorliegende Beitrag betrachtet anhand dieses Modells die affektiv-kognitive Auseinandersetzung der Beteiligten im Implementationsprozess sowie deren Zusammenhänge mit verschiedenen Aspekten der Kommunikation und der wahrgenommenen Entwicklung. Auf Basis einer Stichprobe von N = 66 Lehrkräften kann dabei gezeigt werden, dass insbesondere die Aspekte Häufigkeit der Kooperation, Kommunikation im Kollegium und Erfahrungen im Team die affektiv-kognitive Auseinandersetzung vorhersagen. Diese Auseinandersetzung - insbesondere mit den Konsequenzen der Neuerung - bedingt wiederum die wahrgenommene Entwicklung im Implementationsprozess. KW - Implementation KW - Stages of Concern KW - change of behavior KW - cooperation KW - communication KW - Verhaltensänderung KW - Kooperation KW - Kommunikation Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2378/peu2018.art21d SN - 0342-183X VL - 66 IS - 1 SP - 33 EP - 50 PB - Reinhardt CY - München ER - TY - THES A1 - Hasl, Andrea T1 - Time matters: Adopting a lifespan developmental perspective on individual differences in skills, cumulative advantages, and the role of dynamic modeling approaches T1 - Die Relevanz von Zeit: Eine Lebensspannenperspektive auf individuelle Unterschiede in Fähigkeiten, kumulative Vorteile, und die Rolle dynamischer Modellierungsansätze N2 - The impact of individual differences in cognitive skills and socioeconomic background on key educational, occupational, and health outcomes, as well as the mechanisms underlying inequalities in these outcomes across the lifespan, are two central questions in lifespan psychology. The contextual embeddedness of such questions in ontogenetic (i.e., individual, age-related) and historical time is a key element of lifespan psychological theoretical frameworks such as the HIstorical changes in DEvelopmental COntexts (HIDECO) framework (Drewelies et al., 2019). Because the dimension of time is also a crucial part of empirical research designs examining developmental change, a third central question in research on lifespan development is how the timing and spacing of observations in longitudinal studies might affect parameter estimates of substantive phenomena. To address these questions in the present doctoral thesis, I applied innovative state-of-the-art methodology including static and dynamic longitudinal modeling approaches, used data from multiple international panel studies, and systematically simulated data based on empirical panel characteristics, in three empirical studies. The first study of this dissertation, Study I, examined the importance of adolescent intelligence (IQ), grade point average (GPA), and parental socioeconomic status (pSES) for adult educational, occupational, and health outcomes over ontogenetic and historical time. To examine the possible impact of historical changes in the 20th century on the relationships between adolescent characteristics and key adult life outcomes, the study capitalized on data from two representative US cohort studies, the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979 and 1997, whose participants were born in the late 1960s and 1980s, respectively. Adolescent IQ, GPA, and pSES were positively associated with adult educational attainment, wage levels, and mental and physical health. Across historical time, the influence of IQ and pSES for educational, occupational, and health outcomes remained approximately the same, whereas GPA gained in importance over time for individuals born in the 1980s. The second study of this dissertation, Study II, aimed to examine strict cumulative advantage (CA) processes as possible mechanisms underlying individual differences and inequality in wage development across the lifespan. It proposed dynamic structural equation models (DSEM) as a versatile statistical framework for operationalizing and empirically testing strict CA processes in research on wages and wage dynamics (i.e., wage levels and growth rates). Drawing on longitudinal representative data from the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, the study modeled wage levels and growth rates across 38 years. Only 0.5 % of the sample revealed strict CA processes and explosive wage growth (autoregressive coefficients AR > 1), with the majority of individuals following logarithmic wage trajectories across the lifespan. Adolescent intelligence (IQ) and adult highest educational level explained substantial heterogeneity in initial wage levels and long-term wage growth rates over time. The third study of this dissertation, Study III, investigated the role of observation timing variability in the estimation of non-experimental intervention effects in panel data. Although longitudinal studies often aim at equally spaced intervals between their measurement occasions, this goal is hardly ever met. Drawing on continuous time dynamic structural equation models, the study examines the –seemingly counterintuitive – potential benefits of measurement intervals that vary both within and between participants (often called individually varying time intervals, IVTs) in a panel study. It illustrates the method by modeling the effect of the transition from primary to secondary school on students’ academic motivation using empirical data from the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS). Results of a simulation study based on this real-life example reveal that individual variation in time intervals can indeed benefit the estimation precision and recovery of the true intervention effect parameters. N2 - Die Auswirkung individueller Unterschiede in kognitiven Fähigkeiten und sozioökonomischem Hintergrund für Bildung, Beschäftigung, und Gesundheit im Erwachsenenalter, sowie die Mechanismen, die Ungleichheiten in diesen Lebensbereichen zugrunde liegen, sind zwei zentrale Fragen der Lebensspannenpsychologie. Die kontextuelle Einbettung solcher Fragen in ontogenetische (d.h. individuelle, altersbezogene) und historische Zeit ist ein Schlüsselelement lebensspannenpsychologischer Modelle wie dem HIstorical changes in DEvelopmental Contexts (HIDECO) Framework (Drewelies et al., 2019). Die Zeitdimension ist zudem entscheidend für die Gestaltung empirischer Forschungsdesigns, um Veränderung und Entwicklung über die Lebensspanne hinweg zu untersuchen. Eine dritte zentrale Frage ist daher, welchen Einfluss die Auswahl von Messzeitpunkten und vor allem die Auswahl der Abstände zwischen solchen Messzeitpunkten in längsschnittlichen Studien bei der Erforschung interessierender Merkmale haben. Um diese Fragen in der vorliegenden Doktorarbeit zu beantworten, werden im Rahmen von drei wissenschaftlichen Studien innovative statistische Methoden wie statische und dynamische longitudinale Modellierungsansätze angewendet, Daten aus mehreren internationalen Panelstudien herangezogen, sowie Daten simuliert. Die erste Studie, Studie I, untersuchte die Bedeutung jugendlicher Intelligenz (IQ), Noten (GPA) und des sozioökonomischen Status der Eltern (pSES) für Bildung, Beschäftigung und Gesundheit im Erwachsenenalter über ontogenetische und historische Zeit hinweg. Um mögliche Auswirkungen historischer Veränderungen im 20. Jahrhundert auf diese Beziehungen zu untersuchen, zog die Studie Daten aus zwei repräsentativen amerikanischen Kohortenstudien, den National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979 und 1997, deren Teilnehmer in den späten 1960er bzw. 1980er Jahren geboren wurden, heran. Höhere Intelligenz, bessere Noten und ein höherer sozioökonomischer Status hatten einen positiven Einfluss auf den Bildungsstand, Einkommen sowie psychische und physische Gesundheit im Erwachsenenalter. Im Laufe der historischen Zeit blieb der Einfluss von IQ und pSES für die verschiedenen Lebensbereiche im Erwachsenenalter relativ gleich, während Schulnoten für die jüngere Kohorte an Bedeutung gewannen. Die zweite Studie, Studie II, hatte zum Ziel, die Akkumulation früher Vorteile als Mechanismus für die Entwicklung individueller Unterschiede und Ungleichheiten über die Lebensspanne hinweg zu untersuchen. Dynamische Strukturgleichungsmodelle (DSEM) werden als vielseitiges und flexibles statistisches Rahmenmodell vorgeschlagen, um Akkumulationsprozesse in Bezug auf Gehaltsniveaus und Gehaltswachstum zu operationalisieren und sie damit empirisch testbar zu machen. Gestützt auf repräsentative Längsschnittdaten der US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 modellierte die Studie Gehälter und deren Wachstumsraten über 38 Jahre hinweg. Nur 0,5 % der Stichprobe zeigten explosives Wachstum (autoregressive Koeffizienten AR > 1), die Mehrheit der Personen wies logarithmische Gehaltsverläufe über die Lebensspanne hinweg auf. Jugendliche Intelligenz und das höchste Bildungsniveau im Erwachsenenalter erklärten erhebliche Heterogenität im Einstiegsgehalt und langfristigem Gehaltswachstum. Die dritte Studie, Studie III, untersuchte die Rolle von variierenden Zeitintervallen zwischen Messzeitpunkten für die Schätzung nicht-experimenteller Interventionseffekte in Paneldaten. Obwohl Längsschnittstudien oft gleichmäßig verteilte Intervalle zwischen ihren Messzeitpunkten anstreben, wird dieses Ziel kaum erreicht. Basierend auf zeitkontinuierlichen, dynamischen Strukturgleichungsmodellen untersuchte die Studie daher den potenziellen Nutzen von Messintervallen, die sowohl innerhalb als auch zwischen Teilnehmenden einer Studie variieren. Die Methode wurde anhand empirischer Daten des deutschen Nationalen Bildungspanels (NEPS) und der Modellierung des Effekts des Übergangs von der Grundschule in die Sekundarstufe (als nicht-experimentelle Intervention) auf die akademische Motivation der Schülerinnen und Schüler veranschaulicht. Die Ergebnisse einer Simulationsstudie, die auf diesem realen Beispiel basiert, zeigen, dass individuelle Variation in Zeitintervallen einen positiven Einfluss auf die Schätzgenauigkeit der wahren Interventionseffektparameter haben kann. KW - individual differences KW - cognitive skills KW - socioeconomic background KW - lifespan psychology KW - longitudinal studies KW - dynamic modeling KW - individuelle Unterschiede KW - kognitive Fähigkeiten KW - sozioökonomischer Hintergrund KW - Lebensspannenpsychologie KW - längschnittliche Studien KW - dynamische Modellierung Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-595112 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hasl, Andrea A1 - Kretschmann, Julia A1 - Richter, Dirk A1 - Voelkle, Manuel A1 - Brunner, Martin T1 - Investigating Core Assumptions of the "American Dream": Historical Related to Key Life Outcomes in Adulthood JF - Psychology and aging N2 - The present study examines how historical changes in the U.S. socioeconomic environment in the 20th century may have affected core assumptions of the "American Dream." Specifically, the authors examined whether such changes modulated the extent to which adolescents' intelligence (IQ), their grade point average (GPA), and their parents' socioeconomic status (SES) could predict key life outcomes in adulthood about 20 years later. The data stemmed from two representative U.S. birth cohorts of 15- and 16-year-olds who were born in the early 1960s (N = 3,040) and 1980s (N = 3,524) and who participated in the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY). Cohort differences were analyzed with respect to differences in average relations by means of multiple and logistic regression and for specific points in each outcome distribution by means of quantile regressions. In both cohorts, IQ, GPA, and parental SES predicted important educational, occupational, and health-related life-outcomes about 20 years later. Across historical time, the predictive utility of adolescent IQ and parental SES remained stable for the most part. Yet, the combined effects of social-ecological and socioeconomic changes may have increased the predictive utility (that is, the regression weights) of adolescent GPA for educational, occupational, and health outcomes over time for individuals who were born in the 1980s. Theoretical implications concerning adult development, aging, and late life inequality are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record. KW - cohort differences KW - intelligence KW - grade point average KW - socioeconomic status KW - life span research Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000392 SN - 0882-7974 SN - 1939-1498 VL - 34 IS - 8 SP - 1055 EP - 1076 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hasl, Andrea A1 - Voelkle, Manuel A1 - Kretschmann, Julia A1 - Richter, Dirk A1 - Brunner, Martin T1 - A dynamic structural equation approach to modeling wage dynamics and cumulative advantage across the lifespan JF - Multivariate Behavioral Research N2 - Wages and wage dynamics directly affect individuals' and families' daily lives. In this article, we show how major theoretical branches of research on wages and inequality-that is, cumulative advantage (CA), human capital theory, and the lifespan perspective-can be integrated into a coherent statistical framework and analyzed with multilevel dynamic structural equation modeling (DSEM). This opens up a new way to empirically investigate the mechanisms that drive growing inequality over time. We demonstrate the new approach by making use of longitudinal, representative U.S. data (NLSY-79). Analyses revealed fundamental between-person differences in both initial wages and autoregressive wage growth rates across the lifespan. Only 0.5% of the sample experienced a "strict" CA and unbounded wage growth, whereas most individuals revealed logarithmic wage growth over time. Adolescent intelligence and adult educational levels explained substantial heterogeneity in both parameters. We discuss how DSEM may help researchers study CA processes and related developmental dynamics, and we highlight the extensions and limitations of the DSEM framework. KW - Dynamic Structural Equation Modeling (DSEM) KW - wage dynamics KW - cumulative advantage (CA) KW - autoregressive wage growth KW - human capital theory Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2022.2029339 SN - 0027-3171 SN - 1532-7906 VL - 58 IS - 3 SP - 504 EP - 525 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schachner, Theresa A1 - Gross, Christoph A1 - Hasl, Andrea A1 - Wangenheim, Florian von A1 - Kowatsch, Tobias T1 - Deliberative and paternalistic interaction styles for conversational agents in digital health BT - procedure and validation through a web-based experiment JF - Journal of medical internet research : international scientific journal for medical research, information and communication on the internet ; JMIR N2 - Background: Recent years have witnessed a constant increase in the number of people with chronic conditions requiring ongoing medical support in their everyday lives. However, global health systems are not adequately equipped for this extraordinarily time-consuming and cost-intensive development. Here, conversational agents (CAs) can offer easily scalable and ubiquitous support. Moreover, different aspects of CAs have not yet been sufficiently investigated to fully exploit their potential. One such trait is the interaction style between patients and CAs. In human-to-human settings, the interaction style is an imperative part of the interaction between patients and physicians. Patient-physician interaction is recognized as a critical success factor for patient satisfaction, treatment adherence, and subsequent treatment outcomes. However, so far, it remains effectively unknown how different interaction styles can be implemented into CA interactions and whether these styles are recognizable by users. Objective: The objective of this study was to develop an approach to reproducibly induce 2 specific interaction styles into CA-patient dialogs and subsequently test and validate them in a chronic health care context. Methods: On the basis of the Roter Interaction Analysis System and iterative evaluations by scientific experts and medical health care professionals, we identified 10 communication components that characterize the 2 developed interaction styles: deliberative and paternalistic interaction styles. These communication components were used to develop 2 CA variations, each representing one of the 2 interaction styles. We assessed them in a web-based between-subject experiment. The participants were asked to put themselves in the position of a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. These participants were randomly assigned to interact with one of the 2 CAs and subsequently asked to identify the respective interaction style. Chi-square test was used to assess the correct identification of the CA-patient interaction style. Results: A total of 88 individuals (42/88, 48% female; mean age 31.5 years, SD 10.1 years) fulfilled the inclusion criteria and participated in the web-based experiment. The participants in both the paternalistic and deliberative conditions correctly identified the underlying interaction styles of the CAs in more than 80% of the assessments (X-1(,8)8(2)=38.2; P<.001; phi coefficient r(phi)=0.68). The validation of the procedure was hence successful. Conclusions: We developed an approach that is tailored for a medical context to induce a paternalistic and deliberative interaction style into a written interaction between a patient and a CA. We successfully tested and validated the procedure in a web-based experiment involving 88 participants. Future research should implement and test this approach among actual patients with chronic diseases and compare the results in different medical conditions. This approach can further be used as a starting point to develop dynamic CAs that adapt their interaction styles to their users. KW - conversational agents KW - chatbots KW - human-computer interaction KW - physician-patient relationship KW - interaction styles KW - deliberative KW - interaction KW - paternalistic interaction KW - digital health KW - chronic KW - conditions KW - COPD Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2196/22919 SN - 1438-8871 VL - 23 IS - 1 PB - Healthcare World CY - Richmond, Va. ER -