TY - JOUR A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. T1 - Psychische Probleme des Jugendalters : Ergebnisse einer prospektiven epidemiologischer Längsschnittsstudie von 8-18 Jahren Y1 - 1997 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Wyschkon, Anne A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Blanz, Bernhard A1 - Ihle, Wolfgang T1 - Ein Entwicklungsmodell des Substanzmissbrauchs im frühen Erwachsenenalter Y1 - 2008 UR - http://psycontent.metapress.com/content/0942-5403 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1026/0942-5403.17.1.31 SN - 0942-5403 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hom, Erika A1 - Blomeyer, Dorothea A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Jugendliche die frühzeitig rauchen und trinken : eine Risikogruppe? N2 - Epidemiological studies have reported elevated rates of legal drug consumption among adolescents in Germany. The aim of this study was to ascertain patterns and parameters of smoking and drinking in early-users as well as to examine possible determinants of risky patterns of use. Participants were from a longitudinal study of a birth cohort of 384 children at risk. Assessments of adolescent drug consumption as well as of individual and social determinants were obtained at age 15. Adolescents drinking and smoking during the same period (past four weeks) were characterized by more excessive and impulsive consumption and by higher rates of cannabis use. No specific determinants of concurrent use could be found. These findings suggest that adolescents displaying early concurrent tobacco and alcohol use may be at higher risk for substance use problems and should be targeted by prevention programs. Y1 - 2007 UR - http://psycontent.metapress.com/content/1661-4747 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1024/1661-4747.55.3.155 SN - 1661-4747 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Ihle, Wolfgang A1 - Lay, Barbara T1 - Die Bedeutung psychischer und familiärer Faktoren für die Delinquenzentwicklung bis ins Erwachsenenalter N2 - Es werden Befunde aus einer prospektiven Laengsschnittstudie praesentiert, in der 321 Probanden im Alter von 8, 13, 18 und 25 Jahren untersucht werden konnten; ihre Dunkelfelddelinquenz wurde mit 18 und 25 Jahren erfasst. Wir suchten nach Assoziationen zur Delinquenzentwicklung und erwarteten Unterschiede zwischen auf das Jugendalter beschraenkter gegenueber ins fruehe Erwachsenenalter fortgesetzter sowie spaet, d.h. nach dem Alter von 18 Jahren, beginnender Delinquenz. Wir fanden gemeinsame Risikofaktoren und fuer die drei Verlaufstypen spezifische Risikokonstellationen, die eher im Jugendalter als in der Kindheit identifiziert wurden. Widrige familiaere Bedingungen, Entwicklungsverzoegerungen und psychische Stoerungen scheinen mit Delinquenz als eher persistentem Verhalten assoziiert. Y1 - 2009 SN - 0026-9301 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pitzer, Martina A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Temperamental predictors of externalizing problems among boys and girls : a longitudinal study in a high-risk sample from ages 3 months to 15 years N2 - In a high-risk community sample, we examined the role of regulative temperament and emotionality as well as the extent of gender specificity in the development of externalizing problems. 151 boys and 157 girls born at differing degrees of obstetric and psychosocial risk were followed from birth into adolescence. In infancy and childhood, NYLS- derived temperamental characteristics were assessed by a highly structured parent interview and standardized behavioral observations. At age 15 years, externalizing problems were measured by the Child Behavior Checklist. As revealed by multiple linear regression and logistic regression, low regulative abilities predicted adolescent behavioral and attentional problems over and above obstetric and psychosocial risks. Gender specificity was found in the strength of the association rather than in the kind with a stronger long-term prediction from infant and toddler temperament in girls. Compared to regulative abilities, temperament factors describing aspects of mood and fear/withdrawal versus approach tendencies played a minor role in the development of externalizing problems. Findings are discussed in terms of gender-specific risk factors and possible differential developmental trajectories to subtypes of disruptive behavior. Y1 - 2009 UR - http://www.springerlink.com/content/101492 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-009-0009-1 SN - 0940-1334 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmid, Brigitte A1 - Blomeyer, Dorothea A1 - Becker, Katja A1 - Treutlein, Jens A1 - Zimmermann, Ulrich S. A1 - Buchmann, Arlette F. A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Rietschel, Marcella A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - The interaction between the dopamine transporter gene and age at onset in relation to tobacco and alcohol use among 19-year-olds N2 - Recent evidence suggests that heterogeneity in the age at onset could explain the inconsistent findings of association studies relating the dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene with alcohol and nicotine consumption. The aim of this study was to examine interactions between two DAT1 polymorphisms and different initiation ages with regard to alcohol and tobacco consumption levels and dependence. Two hundred and ninety-one young adults (135 males, 156 females) participating in the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk were genotyped for the 40-bp variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) and rs27072 polymorphisms of DAT1. Age at initiation was assessed at age 15 and 19 years. Information about current alcohol and tobacco consumption was obtained at age 19 years using self-report measures and structured interviews. Results suggest that age at onset of intensive consumption moderated the association of the DAT1 gene with early adult substance use and dependence, revealing a DAT1 effect only among individuals homozygous for the 10r allele of the 40-bp VNTR who had started daily smoking or being intoxicated early in life. Equally, carriers of the T allele of the rs27072 polymorphism reporting an early age at first intoxication showed higher current alcohol consumption at age 19 years. In contrast, no interaction between rs27072 and the age at first cigarette with regard to later smoking was observed. These findings provide evidence that the DAT1 gene interacts with an early heavy or regular drug exposure of the maturing adolescent brain to predict substance (ab)use in young adulthood. Further studies are required to confirm these findings. Y1 - 2009 UR - http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/issn?DESCRIPTOR=PRINTISSN&VALUE=1355-6215 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1369-1600.2009.00171.x SN - 1355-6215 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Buchmann, Arlette F. A1 - Blomeyer, Dorothea A1 - Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Early smoking onset may promise initial pleasurable sensations and later addiction JF - Addiction biology N2 - There is converging evidence suggesting a particular susceptibility to the addictive properties of nicotine among adolescents. The aim of the current study was to prospectively ascertain the relationship between age at first cigarette and initial smoking experiences, and to examine the combined effects of these characteristics of adolescent smoking behavior on adult smoking. It was hypothesized that the association between earlier age at first cigarette and later development of nicotine dependence may, at least in part, be attributable to differences in experiencing pleasurable early smoking sensations. Data were drawn from the participants of the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk, an ongoing epidemiological cohort study from birth to adulthood. Structured interviews at age 15, 19 and 22 years were conducted to assess the age at first cigarette, early smoking experiences and current smoking behavior in 213 young adults. In addition, the participants completed the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence. Adolescents who smoked their first cigarette at an earlier age reported more pleasurable sensations from the cigarette, and they were more likely to be regular smokers at age 22. The age at first cigarette also predicted the number of cigarettes smoked and dependence at age 22. Thus, both the age of first cigarette and the pleasure experienced from the cigarette independently predicted aspects of smoking at age 22. KW - Adolescence KW - age at first cigarette KW - dependence KW - early smoking experiences KW - longitudinal study KW - pleasurable smoking sensations Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00377.x SN - 1369-1600 VL - 18 IS - 6 SP - 947 EP - 954 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laucht, Manfred A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Stöhr, R.-M. A1 - Weindrich, D. A1 - Ihle, Wolfgang A1 - Marcus, A. T1 - Viereinhalb Jahre danach : Mannheimer Risikokinder im Vorschulalter Y1 - 1996 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. T1 - Prevalence, course and risk factors for mental disorders Y1 - 1996 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Laucht, Manfred A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. T1 - The Significance of Biological and Psychosocial Risks for Behaviour Problems of Children at Preschool age Y1 - 1996 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Buchmann, Arlette F. A1 - Kopf, Daniel A1 - Westphal, Sabine A1 - Lederbogen, Florian A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Zimmermann, Ulrich S. A1 - Laucht, Manfred A1 - Deuschle, Michael T1 - Impact of early parental child-rearing behavior on young adults' cardiometabolic risk profile : a prospective study N2 - Objective: To examine prospectively whether early parental child-rearing behavior is a predictor of cardiometabolic outcome in young adulthood when other potential risk factors are controlled. Metabolic factors associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease have been found to vary, depending on lifestyle as well as genetic predisposition. Moreover, there is evidence suggesting that environmental conditions, such as stress in pre- and postnatal life, may have a sustained impact on an individual's metabolic risk profile. Methods: Participants were drawn from a prospective, epidemiological, cohort study followed up from birth into young adulthood. Parent interviews and behavioral observations at the age of 3 months were conducted to assess child-rearing practices and mother-infant interaction in the home setting and in the laboratory. In 279 participants, anthropometric characteristics, low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoproteins, and triglycerides were recorded at age 19 years. In addition, structured interviews were administered to the young adults to assess indicators of current lifestyle and education. Results: Adverse early-life interaction experiences were significantly associated with lower levels of high- density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein A1 in young adulthood. Current lifestyle variables and level of education did not account for this effect, although habitual smoking and alcohol consumption also contributed significantly to cardiometabolic outcomes. Conclusions: These findings suggest that early parental child-rearing behavior may predict health outcome in later life through its impact on metabolic parameters in adulthood. Y1 - 2010 UR - http://www.psychosomaticmedicine.org/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.1097/Psy.0b013e3181c88343 SN - 0033-3174 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Buchmann, Arlette F. A1 - Schmid, Brigitte A1 - Blomeyer, Dorothea A1 - Zimmermann, Ulrich S. A1 - Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Mann, Karl F. A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Drinking against unpleasant emotions : possible outcome of early onset of alcohol use? N2 - Background: Recent animal and human studies indicate that the exposure to alcohol during early adolescence increases the risk for heavy alcohol use in response to stress. The purpose of this study was to examine whether this effect may be the consequence of a higher susceptibility to develop "drinking to cope" motives among early initiators. Methods: Data from 320 participants were collected as part of the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk, an ongoing epidemiological cohort study. Structured interviews at age 15 and 19 were used to assess age at first alcohol experience and drunkenness. The young adults completed questionnaires to obtain information about the occurrence of stressful life events during the past 4 years and current drinking habits. In addition, alcohol use under conditions of negative states was assessed with the Inventory of Drinking Situations. Results: The probability of young adults' alcohol use in situations characterized by unpleasant emotions was significantly increased the earlier they had initiated the use of alcohol, even when controlling for current drinking habits and stressful life events. Similar results were obtained for the age at first drunkenness. Conclusions: The findings strengthen the hypothesis that alcohol experiences during early adolescence facilitate drinking to regulate negative affect as an adverse coping strategy which may represent the starting point of a vicious circle comprising drinking to relieve stress and increased stress as a consequence of drinking. Y1 - 2010 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1530-0277 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01180.x SN - 0145-6008 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Becker, Katja A1 - Blomeyer, Dorothea A1 - El-Faddagh, Mahha A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - From regulatory problems in infancy to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in childhood : a moderating role for the dopamine D4 receptor gene? N2 - To examine whether the dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4) exon III VNTR moderates the risk of infants with regulatory disorders for developing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) later in childhood. In a prospective longitudinal study of children at risk for later psychopathology, 300 participants were assessed for regulatory problems in infancy, DRD4 genotype, and ADHD symptoms and diagnoses from childhood to adolescence. To examine a potential moderating effect on ADHD measures, linear and logistic regressions were computed. Models were fit for the main effects of the DRD4 genotype (presence or absence of the 7r allele) and regulatory problems (presence or absence), with the addition of the interaction term. All models were controlled for sex, family adversity, and obstetric risk status. In children without the DRD4-7r allele, a history of regulatory problems in infancy was unrelated to later ADHD. But in children with regulatory problems in infancy, the additional presence of the DRD4-7r allele increased the risk for ADHD in childhood. The DRD4 genotype seems to moderate the association between regulatory problems in infancy and later ADHD. A replication study is needed before further conclusions can be drawn, however. Y1 - 2010 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00223476 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.12.005 SN - 0022-3476 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmid, Brigitte A1 - Buchmann, Arlette F. A1 - Trautmann-Villalba, Patricia A1 - Blomeyer, Dorothea A1 - Zimmermann, Ulrich S. A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Maternal stimulation in infancy predicts hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis reactivity in young men JF - Journal of neural transmission N2 - Evidence from animal research has demonstrated the effect of early maternal care on the offspring's endocrine and behavioral stress response in adulthood. The present prospective study investigates, in humans, the long-term impact of maternal responsiveness and stimulation during early mother-child interaction on adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol response to a psychosocial laboratory stressor in adulthood. The data are from an epidemiological cohort study of the long-term outcome of early risk factors assessed at birth. At age 3 months, mothers and infants were videotaped during a 10-min standardized nursing and playing situation and evaluated by trained raters for maternal stimulation and infant and maternal responsiveness. At age 19 years, 270 participants (146 females, 124 males) completed the Trier Social Stress Test. The results indicated that less maternal stimulation during early interaction at age 3 months predicted diminished plasma ACTH and cortisol increase in response to acute psychosocial stress in male, but not female offspring. In contrast, maternal responsiveness was found to be unrelated to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) reactivity. In accordance with the findings from animal research, the present study provides prospective evidence in humans of a long-term association between early maternal interaction behavior and the offspring's hormonal stress response in young adulthood, suggesting that poor maternal stimulation in early infancy may result in reduced HPA axis reactivity to an acute psychosocial stressor in males. KW - ACTH KW - Cortisol KW - HPA axis KW - Mother-infant interaction Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-013-0970-8 SN - 0300-9564 VL - 120 IS - 8 SP - 1247 EP - 1257 PB - Springer CY - Wien ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ihle, Wolfgang A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Wann machen Schicksalsschläge psychisch krank? : Zusammenhänge zwischen akuten Lebensereignissen und psychischen Störungen Y1 - 1998 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laucht, Manfred A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. T1 - Risiko- und Schutzfaktoren der frühkindlichen Entwicklung : Empirische Befunde Y1 - 1998 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Ihle, Wolfgang A1 - Lay, Barbara T1 - Psychosomatic and depressive symptoms at age eight and age eighteen Y1 - 1998 SN - 0065-2008 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pitzer, Martina A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Early predictors of antisocial developmental pathways among boys and girls N2 - Objective: We investigated in a high-risk sample the differential impact of biological and psychosocial risk factors on antisocial behaviour pathways. Method: One hundred and thirty-eight boys and 155 girls born at differing degrees of obstetric and psychosocial risk were examined from birth until adolescence. Childhood temperament was assessed by a highly-structured parent-interview and standardized behavioural observations, adolescent temperament was measured by self-report. Neurodevelopmental variables were assessed by age-specific developmental tests. Emotional and behaviour problems were measured at the ages of 8 and 15 by the Achenbach scales. Results: In both genders, psychosocial adversity and early self-control temperament were strongly associated with early-onset persistent (EOP) antisocial behaviour. Psychosocial adversity and more severe externalizing problems differentiated the EOP from childhood-limited (CL) pathway. In girls, adolescent-onset (AO) antisocial behaviour was strongly associated with novelty seeking at 15 years. Conclusion: Our findings emphasize the need for early support and intervention in psychosocially disadvantaged families. Y1 - 2010 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laucht, Manfred A1 - Treutlein, Jens A1 - Blomeyer, Dorothea A1 - Buchmann, Arlette F. A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine A1 - Rietschel, Marcella A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias T1 - Interactive effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 gene and childhood adversity on depressive symptoms in young adults findings from a longitudinal study JF - European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology N2 - Accumulating research suggests a moderating role for the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 gene (CRHR1) in the association between childhood adversity and adult depression. The present study aims to replicate recent findings using different genetic variants and measures of early adversity assessed both prospectively and retrospectively. Data were collected in the context of an ongoing epidemiological cohort study following the outcome of early risk factors from birth into adulthood. 300 participants (137 males, 163 females) were genotyped for four CRHR1 SNPs (rs7209436, rs110402, rs242924, and rs17689882) and completed the Beck Depression Inventory at ages 19, 22 and 23 years. Childhood adversity was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and by a standardized parent interview yielding an index of family adversity. Our results indicate that CRHR1 and childhood adversity interacted to predict depressive symptoms in young adults. Specifically, we found that the impact of childhood maltreatment on adult depressive symptoms was significantly higher in individuals (i) with two copies of the CRHR1 TAT haplotype, and (ii) homozygous for the G allele of rs17689882. The interaction was demonstrated for exposure to childhood maltreatment as assessed by retrospective self-report, but not to prospectively ascertain objective family adversity. The present study partially replicates recent findings of a CRHR1 by childhood adversity interaction with regard to adult depression highlighting the subjective characteristics of the environmental pathogen that is operative in this interaction. KW - Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 gene KW - Depression KW - Maltreatment KW - Family adversity KW - Young adults KW - Gene-environment interaction Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.06.002 SN - 0924-977X VL - 23 IS - 5 SP - 358 EP - 367 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Bernd A1 - Elizarov, Nelli A1 - Berger, René A1 - Petersen, Monib H. T1 - From paracetamol to rolipram and derivatives - application of deacetylation-diazotation sequences and palladium-catalyzed matsuda-heck reaction JF - Synthesis N2 - A six-step synthesis of the antidepressant rolipram from the popular analgetic 4-acetamidophenol (paracetamol) is described. The steps include oxidative functionalization of the aromatic core, diazonium salt formation via deacetylation-diazotation, Matsuda-Heck reaction, conjugate addition of nitromethane, and hydrogenative cyclization. KW - acetanilides KW - deacetylation KW - diazonium salts KW - palladium KW - Matsuda-Heck reaction Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1316874 SN - 0039-7881 VL - 45 IS - 9 SP - 1174 EP - 1180 PB - Thieme CY - Stuttgart ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Blomeyer, Dorothea A1 - Buchmann, Arlette F. A1 - Schmid, Brigitte A1 - Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Age at first drink moderates the impact of current stressful life events on drinking behavior in young adults JF - Alcoholism : clinical and experimental research ; the official journal of the American Medical Society on Alcoholism and the Research Society on Alcoholism N2 - Background: Recent evidence from animal experiments and studies in humans suggests that early age at first drink (AFD) may lead to higher stress-induced drinking. The present study aimed to extend these findings by examining whether AFD interacted with stressful life events (SLE) and/or with daily hassles regarding the impact on drinking patterns among young adults. Method: In 306 participants of an epidemiological cohort study, AFD was assessed together with SLE during the past 3 years, daily hassles in the last month, and drinking behavior at age 22. As outcome variables, 2 variables were derived, reflecting different aspects of alcohol use: the amount of alcohol consumed in the last month and the drinking frequency, indicated by the number of drinking days in the last month. Results: Linear regression models revealed an interaction effect between the continuous measures of AFD and SLE on the amount of alcohol consumed. The earlier young adults had their first alcoholic drink and the higher the levels of SLE they were exposed to, the disproportionately more alcohol they consumed. Drinking frequency was not affected by an interaction of these variables, while daily hassles and their interaction with AFD were unrelated to drinking behavior. Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of early age at drinking onset as a risk factor for later heavy drinking under high load of SLE. Prevention programs should aim to raise age at first contact with alcohol. Additionally, support in stressful life situations and the acquisition of effective coping strategies might prevent heavy drinking in those with earlier drinking onset. KW - Age at First Drink KW - Drinking Behavior KW - Longitudinal Study KW - Stressful Life Events KW - Daily Hassles Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01447.x SN - 0145-6008 VL - 35 IS - 6 SP - 1142 EP - 1148 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Malden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laucht, Manfred A1 - Blomeyer, Dorothea A1 - Buchmann, Arlette F. A1 - Treutlein, Jens A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine A1 - Rietschel, Marcella A1 - Zimmermann, Ulrich S. A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias T1 - Catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met genotype, parenting practices and adolescent alcohol use: testing the differential susceptibility hypothesis JF - The journal of child psychology and psychiatry N2 - Background: Recently, first evidence has been reported for a geneparenting interaction (G x E) with regard to adolescent alcohol use. The present investigation set out to extend this research using the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met polymorphism as a genetic susceptibility factor. Moreover, the current study examined whether a potential G x E would be consistent with one of two models of geneenvironment interplay (genetic vulnerability vs. differential susceptibility). Methods: Data were collected as part of an ongoing epidemiological cohort study following the outcome of early risk factors from birth into adulthood. Two hundred and eighty-five participants (130 males, 155 females) were genotyped for the COMT Val(158) Met polymorphism and were administered an alcohol interview, providing measures of current frequency and amount of drinking at ages 15 and 19 years. Information on three dimensions of perceived parenting behavior was obtained from the 15-year-olds. Results: Adolescents homozygous for the Met allele showed higher drinking activity at age 19 years when their parents had engaged in less supervision or were less involved, while their drinking activity was reduced under conditions of favorable parenting. No such relationship was found in individuals carrying the Val allele. Conclusions: The present findings correspond with the pattern of results predicted by the differential susceptibility hypothesis, suggesting that environmental variation would have a greater impact in individuals carrying a genetic susceptibility such that, in this group, exposure to negative environmental conditions would result in more adverse outcomes and the experience of favorable conditions would lead to more positive outcomes. KW - Catechol-O-methyltransferase gene KW - alcohol use KW - adolescents KW - parenting KW - gene-environment interaction Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02408.x SN - 0021-9630 VL - 53 IS - 4 SP - 351 EP - 359 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Malden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gruber, W. A1 - Chakravarty, S. A1 - Baehtz, C. A1 - Leitenberger, Wolfram A1 - Bruns, M. A1 - Kobler, A. A1 - Kübel, Christian A1 - Schmidt, H. T1 - Strain relaxation and vacancy creation in thin platinum films JF - Physical review letters N2 - Synchrotron based combined in situ x-ray diffractometry and reflectometry is used to investigate the role of vacancies for the relaxation of residual stress in thin metallic Pt films. From the experimentally determined relative changes of the lattice parameter a and of the film thickness L the modification of vacancy concentration and residual strain was derived as a function of annealing time at 130 degrees C. The results indicate that relaxation of strain resulting from compressive stress is accompanied by the creation of vacancies at the free film surface. This proves experimentally the postulated dominant role of vacancies for stress relaxation in thin metal films close to room temperature. Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.265501 SN - 0031-9007 VL - 107 IS - 26 PB - American Physical Society CY - College Park ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nikitopoulos, Joerg A1 - Zohsel, Katrin A1 - Blomeyer, Dorothea A1 - Buchmann, Arlette F. A1 - Schmid, Brigitte A1 - Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine A1 - Becker, Katja A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Brandeis, Daniel A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Are infants differentially sensitive to parenting? Early maternal care, DRD4 genotype and externalizing behavior during adolescence JF - Journal of psychiatric research KW - DRD4 KW - Early maternal care KW - Externalizing behavior KW - Adolescence KW - Gene-environment interaction Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.08.012 SN - 0022-3956 SN - 1879-1379 VL - 59 SP - 53 EP - 59 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sachse, Dirk A1 - Billault, Isabelle A1 - Bowen, Gabriel J. A1 - Chikaraishi, Yoshito A1 - Dawson, Todd E. A1 - Feakins, Sarah J. A1 - Freeman, Katherine H. A1 - Magill, Clayton R. A1 - McInerney, Francesca A. A1 - van der Meer, Marcel T. J. A1 - Polissar, Pratigya A1 - Robins, Richard J. A1 - Sachs, Julian P. A1 - Schmidt, Hanns-Ludwig A1 - Sessions, Alex L. A1 - White, James W. C. A1 - West, Jason B. A1 - Kahmen, Ansgar ED - Jeanloz, R T1 - Molecular Paleohydrology interpreting the Hydrogen- Isotopic Composition of Lipid Biomarkers from Photosynthesizing Organisms JF - Annual review of earth and planetary sciences JF - Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences N2 - Hydrogen-isotopic abundances of lipid biomarkers are emerging as important proxies in the study of ancient environments and ecosystems. A decade ago, pioneering studies made use of new analytical methods and demonstrated that the hydrogen-isotopic composition of individual lipids from aquatic and terrestrial organisms can be related to the composition of their growth (i.e., environmental) water. Subsequently, compound-specific deuterium/hydrogen (D/H) ratios of sedimentary biomarkers have been increasingly used as paleohydrological proxies over a range of geological timescales. Isotopic fractionation observed between hydrogen in environmental water and hydrogen in lipids, however, is sensitive to biochemical, physiological, and environmental influences on the composition of hydrogen available for biosynthesis in cells. Here we review the factors and processes that are known to influence the hydrogen-isotopic compositions of lipids-especially n-alkanes-from photosynthesizing organisms, and we provide a framework for interpreting their D/H ratios from ancient sediments and identify future research opportunities. KW - paleoclimate KW - paleoclimate proxy KW - deuterium KW - organic geochemistry Y1 - 2012 SN - 978-0-8243-2040-9 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105535 SN - 0084-6597 VL - 40 IS - 1 SP - 221 EP - 249 PB - Annual Reviews CY - Palo Alto ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Arnison, Paul G. A1 - Bibb, Mervyn J. A1 - Bierbaum, Gabriele A1 - Bowers, Albert A. A1 - Bugni, Tim S. A1 - Bulaj, Grzegorz A1 - Camarero, Julio A. A1 - Campopiano, Dominic J. A1 - Challis, Gregory L. A1 - Clardy, Jon A1 - Cotter, Paul D. A1 - Craik, David J. A1 - Dawson, Michael A1 - Dittmann-Thünemann, Elke A1 - Donadio, Stefano A1 - Dorrestein, Pieter C. A1 - Entian, Karl-Dieter A1 - Fischbach, Michael A. A1 - Garavelli, John S. A1 - Goeransson, Ulf A1 - Gruber, Christian W. A1 - Haft, Daniel H. A1 - Hemscheidt, Thomas K. A1 - Hertweck, Christian A1 - Hill, Colin A1 - Horswill, Alexander R. A1 - Jaspars, Marcel A1 - Kelly, Wendy L. A1 - Klinman, Judith P. A1 - Kuipers, Oscar P. A1 - Link, A. James A1 - Liu, Wen A1 - Marahiel, Mohamed A. A1 - Mitchell, Douglas A. A1 - Moll, Gert N. A1 - Moore, Bradley S. A1 - Mueller, Rolf A1 - Nair, Satish K. A1 - Nes, Ingolf F. A1 - Norris, Gillian E. A1 - Olivera, Baldomero M. A1 - Onaka, Hiroyasu A1 - Patchett, Mark L. A1 - Piel, Jörn A1 - Reaney, Martin J. T. A1 - Rebuffat, Sylvie A1 - Ross, R. Paul A1 - Sahl, Hans-Georg A1 - Schmidt, Eric W. A1 - Selsted, Michael E. A1 - Severinov, Konstantin A1 - Shen, Ben A1 - Sivonen, Kaarina A1 - Smith, Leif A1 - Stein, Torsten A1 - Suessmuth, Roderich D. A1 - Tagg, John R. A1 - Tang, Gong-Li A1 - Truman, Andrew W. A1 - Vederas, John C. A1 - Walsh, Christopher T. A1 - Walton, Jonathan D. A1 - Wenzel, Silke C. A1 - Willey, Joanne M. A1 - van der Donk, Wilfred A. T1 - Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide natural products overview and recommendations for a universal nomenclature JF - Natural product reports : a journal of current developments in bio-organic chemistry N2 - This review presents recommended nomenclature for the biosynthesis of ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs), a rapidly growing class of natural products. The current knowledge regarding the biosynthesis of the >20 distinct compound classes is also reviewed, and commonalities are discussed. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/c2np20085f SN - 0265-0568 VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - 108 EP - 160 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Bernd A1 - Kunz, Oliver A1 - Petersen, Monib H. T1 - Total syntheses of naturally occurring seimatopolide a and its enantiomer from chiral pool starting materials using a bidirectional strategy JF - The journal of organic chemistry N2 - Enantioselective total syntheses of both enantiomers of the recently isolated decanolide natural product seimatopolide A are described. The C-2-symmetric building blocks (R,R)-hexa-1,5-diene-3,4-diol (derived from D-mannitol) and its enantiomer (derived from L-(+)-tartrate) serve as key starting materials, which are elaborated in a bidirectional way using a selective mono-cross-metathesis, regio- and stereoselective epoxidation, and regioselective reductive epoxide opening to furnish the first fragment. Both enantiomers of the second fragment, 3-hydroxypent-4-enoic acid, were conveniently obtained through a lipase-catalyzed kinetic resolution and merged with the first fragment via Shiina esterification. An E-selective ring-closing metathesis was used to access the 10-membered lactone. A comparison of the specific optical rotations of synthetic seimatopolides with those reported for the natural product suggests that the originally assigned (3R,6R,7R,9S)-configuration should be corrected to (3S,6S,7S,9R). Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/jo302359h SN - 0022-3263 VL - 77 IS - 23 SP - 10897 EP - 10906 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pitzer, Martina A1 - Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Prediction of preadolescent depressive symptoms from child temperament, maternal distress, and gender results of a prospective, longitudinal study JF - Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics N2 - Objective: The delineation of developmental pathways to juvenile depressive symptoms is of major clinical interest because these are known to be predictive for adult mood disorders and for a range of other mental health problems. This study investigates the impact of child temperament and early maternal distress, both of which are known to influence children's emotional development, on preadolescent depression. Methods: In a prospective, longitudinal at-risk sample (163 boys, 178 girls), we assessed temperament at the age of 3 months and at 2 years, 4.5 years, and 8 years, respectively, and chronic maternal distress during infancy. Hierarchical linear regression analysis was used to investigate the prediction of depressive symptoms at the age of 11 years measured by the Child Depression Inventory. In addition, we controlled for psychosocial and obstetric perinatal risks and gender. Results: Psychosocial risks and self-control temperament made significant independent contributions to preadolescent depression, whereas fearful, difficult temperament and obstetric risks were unrelated to depressive outcome. Interestingly, a clear gender difference emerged with a significant prediction from maternal distress only in girls. Conclusions: Our data extend previous findings of a concurrent association between regulative temperament and juvenile depression to a predictive view. Furthermore, the results point toward gender-specific pathways to preadolescent depression and support earlier findings indicating that subclinical maternal distress may exert as detrimental effects on child development as clinical depression. KW - preadolescent depression KW - temperament KW - maternal distress KW - gender Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e3181f4a474 SN - 0196-206X VL - 32 IS - 1 SP - 18 EP - 26 PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins CY - Philadelphia ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pitzer, Martina A1 - Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Differential susceptibility to environmental influences the role of early temperament and parenting in the development of externalizing problems JF - Comprehensive psychiatry : official journal of the American Psychopathological Association N2 - Objective: A difficult or undercontrolled temperament, as well as harsh parental discipline or a lack of warmth, has long been regarded as risk factors for the development of externalizing problems. In addition, it has been suggested that children with difficult temperament are especially susceptible to rearing influences. We investigated the impact of early temperament and parenting and their interactions on externalizing behavior at school age. Methods: Participants were 148 boys and 160 girls from a prospective longitudinal study on a high-risk sample. At ages 3 months and 2 years, temperament was assessed by a highly structured parent interview and standardized behavioral observations. Maternal parenting was assessed by videotaped behavioral observation and a parent questionnaire. Externalizing problems at age 8 years were measured by the Child Behavior Checklist. Results: Using hierarchical linear regression analyses, we found that externalizing problems were predicted by psychosocial adversity and poor self-control, whereas no main effect for restrictive parenting or maternal empathy was found. Fearful-inhibited boys were positively affected by empathic and sensitive parenting, whereas girls who were low in self-control and/or fearful developed less externalizing problems with restrictive parenting. Conclusion: Our results partly support the differential susceptibility hypothesis. In addition, they point toward gender-specific pathways in the development of externalizing problems. Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.10.017 SN - 0010-440X VL - 52 IS - 6 SP - 650 EP - 658 PB - Elsevier CY - Philadelphia ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmid, Brigitte A1 - Blomeyer, Dorothea A1 - Buchmann, Arlette F. A1 - Trautmann-Villalba, Patricia A1 - Zimmermann, Ulrich S. A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Quality of early mother-child interaction associated with depressive psychopathology in the offspring - a prospective study from infancy to adulthood JF - Journal of psychiatric research N2 - Evidence from animal research has revealed that less maternal care results in disturbed emotionality in the offspring. In the present study, the long-term impact of maternal responsiveness and stimulation during early mother child interaction on depressive psychopathology was examined until adulthood. Data are from an epidemiological cohort study of the long-term outcome of early risk factors assessed at birth. At age 3 months, mothers and infants were videotaped during a nursing and playing situation. Maternal responsiveness and stimulation as well as infant responsiveness were evaluated by trained raters. At age 19 years, 314 participants (145 males, 169 females) were characterized on measures of depression through interview and questionnaire. In addition, measures of depression and anxiety were available from assessments in childhood. Results indicated that less maternal stimulation during early interaction was associated with a higher risk of depression in the offspring until the age of 19 years. In addition, children of less stimulating mothers showed more depressive symptoms at age 19 years and displayed more anxiety and depressive symptoms between the ages of 4.5 and 15 years. In contrast, maternal responsiveness was unrelated to children's outcome. In accordance with findings from animal research, the present study provides first longitudinal evidence in humans of a continuous and long-term influence of early maternal interaction behavior on the offspring's psychological adjustment until adulthood. The results suggest that the amount of maternally initiated contact behavior in a very early developmental stage may be crucial for children's mental health, regardless of child and maternal responsiveness. KW - Depression KW - Mother-infant interaction KW - Longitudinal study KW - Young adulthood KW - Infancy Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.05.010 SN - 0022-3956 VL - 45 IS - 10 SP - 1387 EP - 1394 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meier, Patrick A1 - Kriegel, Hendrik A1 - Motschmann, Uwe A1 - Schmidt, Jürgen A1 - Spahn, Frank A1 - Hill, Thomas W. A1 - Dong, Yaxue A1 - Jones, Geraint H. T1 - A model of the spatial and size distribution of Enceladus' dust plume JF - Planetary and space science KW - Enceladus KW - Plume KW - Nanograins KW - Cassini KW - Tail Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2014.09.016 SN - 0032-0633 VL - 104 SP - 216 EP - 233 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tobie, G. A1 - Teanby, N. A. A1 - Coustenis, A. A1 - Jaumann, Ralf A1 - Raulin, E. A1 - Schmidt, J. A1 - Carrasco, N. A1 - Coates, Andrew J. A1 - Cordier, D. A1 - De Kok, R. A1 - Geppert, W. D. A1 - Lebreton, J. -P. A1 - Lefevre, A. A1 - Livengood, T. A. A1 - Mandt, K. E. A1 - Mitri, G. A1 - Nimmo, F. A1 - Nixon, C. A. A1 - Norman, L. A1 - Pappalardo, R. T. A1 - Postberg, F. A1 - Rodriguez, S. A1 - SchuizeMakuch, D. A1 - Soderblom, J. M. A1 - Solomonidou, A. A1 - Stephan, K. A1 - Stofan, E. R. A1 - Turtle, E. P. A1 - Wagner, R. J. A1 - West, R. A. A1 - Westlake, J. H. T1 - Science goals and mission concept for the future exploration of Titan and Enceladus JF - Planetary and space science KW - Titan KW - Enceladus KW - Atmosphere KW - Surface KW - Ocean KW - Interior KW - Missions Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2014.10.002 SN - 0032-0633 VL - 104 SP - 59 EP - 77 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Poustka, Luise A1 - Zohsel, Katrin A1 - Blomeyer, Dorothea A1 - Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine A1 - Schmid, Brigitte A1 - Trautmann-Villalba, Patricia A1 - Hohmann, Sarah A1 - Becker, Katja A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Brandeis, Daniel A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Interacting effects of maternal responsiveness, infant regulatory problems and dopamine D4 receptor gene in the development of dysregulation during childhood: A longitudinal analysis JF - Journal of psychiatric research N2 - Recent longitudinal studies have indicated that affective and behavioral dysregulation in childhood is associated with an increased risk for various negative outcomes in later life. However, few studies to date have examined early mechanisms preceding dysregulation during early childhood. Aim of this study was to elucidate early mechanisms relating to dysregulation in later life using data from an epidemiological cohort study on the long-term outcome of early risk factors from birth to adulthood. At age 3 months, mothers and infants were videotaped during a nursing and playing situation. Maternal responsiveness was evaluated by trained raters. Infant regulatory problems were assessed on the basis of a parent interview and direct observation by trained raters. At age 8 and 11 years, 290 children (139 males) were rated on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Additionally, participants were genotyped for the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) exon 3 VNTR polymorphism. A significant three-way interaction between maternal responsiveness, DRD4 genotype and infant regulatory problems was detected predicting the CBCL-dysregulation profile (CBCL-DP). Carriers of the DRD4 7r allele with regulatory problems at age 3 months showed significantly more behavior problems associated with the CBCL-DP during childhood when exposed to less maternal responsiveness. In contrast, no effect of maternal responsiveness was observed in DRD4 7r carriers without infant regulatory problems and in non-carriers of the DRD4 7r allele. This prospective longitudinal study extends earlier findings regarding the association of the CBCL-DP with early parenting and later psychopathology, introducing both DRD4 genotype and infant regulatory problems as important moderators. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - Dysregulation KW - Childhood KW - Infant regulatory problems KW - Parenting quality KW - DRD4 KW - Gene-environment interaction Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychires.2015.08.018 SN - 0022-3956 SN - 1879-1379 VL - 70 SP - 83 EP - 90 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Musolff, Andreas A1 - Schmidt, Christian A1 - Selle, Benny A1 - Fleckenstein, Jan H. T1 - Catchment controls on solute export JF - Advances in water resources N2 - Dynamics of solute export from catchments can be classified in terms of chemostatic and chemodynamic export regimes by an analysis of concentration-discharge relationships. Previous studies hypothesized that distinct export regimes emerge from the presence of solute mass stores within the catchment and their connectivity to the stream. However, so far a direct link of solute export to identifiable catchment characteristics is missing. Here we investigate long-term time series of stream water quality and quantity of nine neighboring catchments in Central Germany ranging from relatively pristine mountain catchments to agriculturally dominated lowland catchments, spanning large gradients in land use, geology, and climatic conditions. Given the strong collinearity of catchment characteristics we used partial least square regression analysis to quantify the predictive power of these characteristics for median concentrations and the metrics of export regime. We can show that median concentrations and metrics of the export regimes of major ions and nutrients can indeed be inferred from catchment characteristics. Strongest predictors for median concentrations were the share of arable land, discharge per area, runoff coefficient and available water capacity in the root zone of the catchments. The available water capacity in the root zone, the share of arable land being artificially drained and the topographic gradient were found to be the most relevant predictors for the metrics of export regime. These catchment characteristics can represent the size of solute mass store such as the fraction of arable land being a measure for the store of nitrate. On the other hand, catchment characteristics can be a measure for the connectivity of these solute stores to the stream such as the fraction of tile drained land in the catchments. This study demonstrates the potential of data-driven, top down analyses using simple metrics to classify and better understand dominant controls of solute export from catchments. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - Water quality KW - Catchment KW - Nutrient export KW - Tile drain KW - Export regime KW - Concentration-discharge relationships Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.09.026 SN - 0309-1708 SN - 1872-9657 VL - 86 SP - 133 EP - 146 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Holtmann, Martin A1 - Buchmann, Arlette F. A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - The child behavior checklist-dysregulation profile predicts substance use, suicidality, and functional impairment a longitudinal analysis JF - The journal of child psychology and psychiatry N2 - Background: Recent studies have identified a Child Behavior Checklist profile that characterizes children with severe affective and behavioral dysregulation (CBCL-dysregulation profile, CBCL-DP). In two recent longitudinal studies the CBCL-DP in childhood was associated with heightened rates of comorbid psychiatric disorders, among them bipolar disorder, an increased risk for suicidality, and marked psychosocial impairment at young-adult follow-up. This is the first study outside the US that examines the longitudinal course of the CBCL-DP. Methods: We studied the diagnostic and functional trajectories and the predictive utility of the CBCL-DP in the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk, an epidemiological cohort study on the outcome of early risk factors from birth into adulthood. A total of 325 young adults (151 males, 174 females) participated in the 19-year assessment. Results: Young adults with a higher CBCL-DP score in childhood were at increased risk for substance use disorders, suicidality and poorer overall functioning at age 19, even after adjustment for parental education, family income, impairment and psychiatric disorders at baseline. Childhood dysregulation was not related to bipolar disorder in young adulthood. The CBCL-DP was neither a precursor of a specific pattern of comorbidity nor of comorbidity in general. Conclusions: Children with high CBCL-DP values are at risk for later severe, psychiatric symptomatology. The different developmental trajectories suggest that the CBCL-DP is not simply an early manifestation of a single disease process but might rather be an early developmental risk marker of a persisting deficit of self-regulation of affect and behavior. KW - Dysregulation KW - childhood KW - comorbidity KW - longitudinal KW - irritability KW - depression KW - ADHD KW - substance use KW - suicidality KW - CBCL KW - bipolar Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02309.x SN - 0021-9630 VL - 52 IS - 2 SP - 139 EP - 147 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Malden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Buchmann, Arlette F. A1 - Zohsel, Katrin A1 - Blomeyer, Dorothea A1 - Hohm, Erika A1 - Hohmann, Sarah A1 - Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine A1 - Treutlein, Jens A1 - Becker, Katja A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Brandeis, Daniel A1 - Poustka, Luise A1 - Zimmermann, Ulrich S. A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Interaction between prenatal stress and dopamine D4 receptor genotype in predicting aggression and cortisol levels in young adults JF - Psychopharmacology N2 - Considerable evidence suggests that genetic factors combine with environmental influences to impact on the development of aggressive behavior. A genetic variant that has repeatedly been reported to render individuals more sensitive to the presence of adverse experiences, including stress exposure during fetal life, is the seven-repeat allele of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene. The present investigation concentrated on the interplay of prenatal maternal stress and DRD4 genotype in predicting self-reported aggression in young adults. As disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system has been discussed as a pathophysiological pathway to aggression, cortisol stress reactivity was additionally examined. As part of an epidemiological cohort study, prenatal maternal stress was assessed by maternal interview 3 months after childbirth. Between the ages of 19 and 23 years, 298 offspring (140 males, 158 females) completed the Young Adult Self-Report to measure aggressive behavior and were genotyped for the DRD4 gene. At 19 years, 219 participants additionally underwent the Trier Social Stress Test to determine cortisol reactivity. Extending earlier findings with respect to childhood antisocial behavior, the results revealed that, under conditions of higher prenatal maternal stress, carriers of the DRD4 seven-repeat allele displayed more aggression in adulthood (p = 0.032). Moreover, the same conditions which seemed to promote aggression were found to predict attenuated cortisol secretion (p = 0.028). This is the first study to indicate a long-term impact of prenatal stress exposure on the cortisol stress response depending on DRD4 genotype. KW - Prenatal stress KW - Aggression KW - Cortisol KW - DRD4 KW - Gene-environment interaction Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-014-3484-7 SN - 0033-3158 SN - 1432-2072 VL - 231 IS - 16 SP - 3089 EP - 3097 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zohsel, Katrin A1 - Buchmann, Arlette F. A1 - Blomeyer, Dorothea A1 - Hohm, Erika A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Brandeis, Daniel A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Mothers' prenatal stress and their children's antisocial outcomes - a moderating role for the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene JF - The journal of child psychology and psychiatry N2 - ResultsUnder conditions of elevated prenatal maternal stress, children carrying one or two DRD4 7r alleles were at increased risk of a diagnosis of CD/ODD. Moreover, homozygous carriers of the DRD4 7r allele displayed more externalizing behavior following exposure to higher levels of prenatal maternal stress, while homozygous carriers of the DRD4 4r allele turned out to be insensitive to the effects of prenatal stress. ConclusionsThis study is the first to report a gene-environment interaction related to DRD4 and prenatal maternal stress using data from a prospective study, which extends earlier findings on the impact of prenatal maternal stress with respect to childhood antisocial behavior. KW - Prenatal stress KW - antisocial KW - conduct disorder KW - DRD4 KW - gene-environment interaction Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12138 SN - 0021-9630 SN - 1469-7610 VL - 55 IS - 1 SP - 69 EP - 76 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meier, Patrick A1 - Motschmann, Uwe A1 - Schmidt, Jurgen A1 - Spahn, Frank A1 - Hill, Thomas W. A1 - Dong, Yaxue A1 - Jones, Geraint H. A1 - Kriegel, Hendrik T1 - Modeling the total dust production of Enceladus from stochastic charge equilibrium and simulations JF - Planetary and space science KW - Enceladus KW - Plume KW - Nanograin charge KW - CAPS Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2015.10.002 SN - 0032-0633 VL - 119 SP - 208 EP - 221 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zohsel, Katrin A1 - Baldus, Christiane A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Thomasius, Rainer A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Predicting later problematic cannabis use from psychopathological symptoms during childhood and adolescence: Results of a 25-year longitudinal study JF - Drug and alcohol dependence : an international journal on biomedical and psychosocial approaches N2 - Background: Cannabis is the most commonly used illegal substance among adolescents and young adults. Problematic cannabis use is often associated with comorbid psychopathological problems. The purpose of the current study was to elucidate the underlying developmental processes connecting externalizing and internalizing psychopathology in childhood and adolescence with problematic cannabis use in young adulthood. Methods: Data were drawn from the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk, an ongoing epidemiological cohort study from birth to adulthood. For n = 307 participants, symptom scores of conduct/oppositional defiant disorder, attention problems, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and internalizing disorders were available for the periods of childhood (4.5-11 years) and adolescence (15 years). At age 25 years, problematic cannabis use was assessed via clinical interview and a self-rating questionnaire. Results: At age 25 years, problematic cannabis use was identified in n = 28 participants (9.1%). Childhood conduct/oppositional behavior problems were predictive of problematic cannabis use during young adulthood when comorbid symptoms were controlled for. No such effect was found for childhood attention, hyperactivity/impulsivity or internalizing problems. With respect to psychopathological symptoms during adolescence, only attention problems were significantly related to later problematic cannabis use when controlling for comorbidity. Conclusions: The current study highlights the role of conduct/oppositional behavior problems during childhood and attention problems during adolescence in later problematic cannabis use. It sheds more light on the developmental sequence of childhood and adolescence psychopathology and young adult cannabis use, which is a prerequisite for effective prevention approaches. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - Problematic cannabis use KW - Externalizing behavior KW - Internalizing behavior KW - Childhood KW - Adolescence Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.04.012 SN - 0376-8716 SN - 1879-0046 VL - 163 SP - 251 EP - 255 PB - Elsevier CY - Clare ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pedatella, Nick M. A1 - Fang, T. -W. A1 - Jin, Hao A1 - Sassi, F. A1 - Schmidt, H. A1 - Chau, Jorge Luis A1 - Siddiqui, Tarique Adnan A1 - Goncharenko, L. T1 - Multimodel comparison of the ionosphere variability during the 2009 sudden stratosphere warming JF - Journal of geophysical research : Space physics N2 - A comparison of different model simulations of the ionosphere variability during the 2009 sudden stratosphere warming (SSW) is presented. The focus is on the equatorial and low-latitude ionosphere simulated by the Ground-to-topside model of the Atmosphere and Ionosphere for Aeronomy (GAIA), Whole Atmosphere Model plus Global Ionosphere Plasmasphere (WAM+GIP), and Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model eXtended version plus Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Mesosphere-Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (WACCMX+TIMEGCM). The simulations are compared with observations of the equatorial vertical plasma drift in the American and Indian longitude sectors, zonal mean Fregion peak density (NmF2) from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) satellites, and ground-based Global Positioning System (GPS) total electron content (TEC) at 75 degrees W. The model simulations all reproduce the observed morning enhancement and afternoon decrease in the vertical plasma drift, as well as the progression of the anomalies toward later local times over the course of several days. However, notable discrepancies among the simulations are seen in terms of the magnitude of the drift perturbations, and rate of the local time shift. Comparison of the electron densities further reveals that although many of the broad features of the ionosphere variability are captured by the simulations, there are significant differences among the different model simulations, as well as between the simulations and observations. Additional simulations are performed where the neutral atmospheres from four different whole atmosphere models (GAIA, HAMMONIA (Hamburg Model of the Neutral and Ionized Atmosphere), WAM, and WACCMX) provide the lower atmospheric forcing in the TIME-GCM. These simulations demonstrate that different neutral atmospheres, in particular, differences in the solar migrating semidiurnal tide, are partly responsible for the differences in the simulated ionosphere variability in GAIA, WAM+GIP, and WACCMX+TIMEGCM. KW - ionosphere KW - sudden stratosphere warming Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA022859 SN - 2169-9380 SN - 2169-9402 VL - 121 SP - 7204 EP - 7225 PB - American Geophysical Union CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hohmann, Sarah A1 - Hohm, Erika A1 - Treutlein, Jens A1 - Blomeyer, Dorothea A1 - Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Brandeis, Daniel A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Association of norepinephrine transporter (NET, SLC6A2) genotype with ADHD-related phenotypes: Findings of a longitudinal study from birth to adolescence JF - Psychiatry research : the official publication of the International Society for Neuroimaging in Psychiatry N2 - Variation in the gene encoding for the norepinephrine transporter (NET, SLC6A2) has repeatedly been linked with ADHD, although there is some inconsistency regarding the association with specific genes. The variants for which most consistent association has been found are the NET variants rs3785157 and rs28386840. Here, we tested for their association with ADHD diagnosis and ADHD-related phenotypes during development in a longitudinal German community sample. Children were followed from age 4 to age 15, using diagnostic interviews to assess ADHD. Between the ages of 8 and 15 years, the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) was administered to the primary caregivers. The continuous performance task (CPT) was performed at age 15. Controlling for possible confounders, we found that homozygous carriers of the major A allele of the functional promoter variant rs28386840 displayed a higher rate of ADHD lifetime diagnosis. Moreover, homozygous carriers of the minor T allele of rs3785157 were more likely to develop ADHD and showed higher scores on the CBCL externalizing behavior scales. Additionally, we found that individuals heterozygous for rs3785157 made fewer omission errors in the CPT than homozygotes. This is the first longitudinal study to report associations between specific NET variants and ADHD-related phenotypes during the course of development. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder KW - Norepinephrine transporter KW - Genetic association KW - Polymorphism KW - Molecular heterosis KW - Continuous performance task Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.12.029 SN - 0165-1781 VL - 226 IS - 2-3 SP - 425 EP - 433 PB - Elsevier CY - Clare ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laucht, Manfred A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Esser, Günter T1 - Motorische, kognitive und sozial-emotionale Entwicklung von 11jährigen mit frühkindlichen Risikobelastungen: späte Folgen Y1 - 2002 SN - 0301-6811 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laucht, Manfred A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. T1 - Vulnerability and resilience in the development of children at risk : the role of early mother-child- interaction Y1 - 2002 SN - 0101-6083 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Ihle, Wolfgang A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Lay, Barbara T1 - Entwicklung und Persistenz von Hell- und Dunkelfelddelinquenz im Jugend- und frühen Erwachsenenalter N2 - Ziel der Untersuchung war die Bedeutung der Dunkelfelddelinquenz für die Prognose der Delinquenzentwicklung und die Bedeutung psychiatrischer Auffälligkeiten für Entstehen und Verlauf psychischer Störungen zu klären. Die Stichprobe bestand aus 281 25-Jährigen, die im Alter von 8, 13 und 18 Jahren psychiatrisch untersucht, und die mit 18 und 25 Jahren bezüglich ihrer Dunkelfelddelinquenz befragt worden waren. Es ergab sich ein klarer Zusammenhang erhöhter Dunkelfelddelinquenzraten mit gerichtlich bestrafter Delinquenz im Jugendalter. Bei Einbeziehung der Dunkelfelddelinquenz in die Prognose mußte die Wahrscheinlichkeit für den Ausblick auf delinquenten Karrieren von 76 % auf 44 % nach unten korrigiert werden, entsprechend stieg der Anteil von erwachsener als auch fortgesetzter Delinquenz. Die Mehrheit der später gerichtlich bestraften Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen war im Alter von 8 und 13 Jahren psychiatrisch unauffällig gewesen. Als überlegene Prädiktoren stellten sich umschriebene Entwicklungsstörungen und widrige familiäre Bedingungen im Grund- und Hauptschulalter heraus. Als Konsequenz muß die Dunkelfelddelinquenz bei der Verlaufsprognose delinquenten Verhaltens im Jugendalter berücksichtigt werden. Präventive Überlegungen müssen sich auf Kinder mit umschriebenen Entwicklungsstörungen und solche, die in widrigen familiären Verhältnissen leben, mehr konzentrieren als auf Kinder mit hyperkinetischen und dissozialen Störungen. Schlüsselwörter: Delinquenz, Dunkelfelddelinquenz, Entwicklung und Verlauf Y1 - 2002 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gerhold, Martin A1 - Laucht, Manfred A1 - Textdorf, Christiane A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Esser, Günter T1 - Early mother : infant interaction as a precursor to childhood social withdrawal N2 - The ralationship between early mother-infant interaction at 3 mo old, biological and psychosocial risks, and later social withdrawal was examined using a hierarchical logistics regression approach. A group of childeren (N=20; aged 4.5-8 yrs old) who were stabily socially withdrawn and a control group of healthy children (N=143) were formed. Variables were entered into the regression models in the follwing order: At first, biological and psychosocial risks and sex, followed by mother and child variables separately, while in a final regression model all of the variables were entered at once. The results show that child behaviors (smilling and gazing) as well as maternal behaviors (facial and motor responsiveness) significantly predict social withdrawal in middle childhood. Among the risks only biolgical risks significantly contribute to later child outcome. These results suggest that a dysfunctional interaction pattern between mother and infant may be a precursor of childhood social withdrawal. Y1 - 2002 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Salo, H. A1 - Schmidt, Jürgen A1 - Spahn, Frank T1 - Viscous overstability in Saturn's B ring : I. Direct simulations and measurements of transport coefficients Y1 - 2001 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Jürgen A1 - Salo, H. A1 - Spahn, Frank T1 - Viscous overstability in Saturn's B ring : II. Hydrodynamic theory and comparison to simulations Y1 - 2001 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lay, Barbara A1 - Ihle, Wolfgang A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. T1 - Risikofaktoren für Delinquenz bei Jugendlichen und deren Fortsetzung bis in das Erwachsenenalter Y1 - 2001 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laucht, Manfred A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. T1 - Differential development of infants at risk for psychopathology : the moderating role of early maternal responsivity Y1 - 2001 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ihle, Wolfgang A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Blanz, Bernhard A1 - Reis, Olaf A1 - Meyer-Probst, Bernhard T1 - Prevalence, course and risk factors for mental disorders in young adults and their parents in East and West Germany Y1 - 2001 ER -