TY - GEN A1 - Galetzka, Cedric T1 - Commentary on: Radesky, Jenny S.; Schumacher, Jayna ; Zuckerman, Barry: Mobile and interactive media use by young children: the good, the bad, and the unknown. - Pediatrics. - 135 (2015), 1, S. 1 - 3. - doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-2251 T2 - Frontiers in psychology KW - learning KW - smartphones Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00461 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 8 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Galetzka, Cedric T1 - The Story So Far: How Embodied Cognition Advances Our Understanding of Meaning-Making JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Meaning-making in the brain has become one of the most intensely discussed topics in cognitive science. Traditional theories on cognition that emphasize abstract symbol manipulations often face a dead end: The symbol grounding problem. The embodiment idea tries to overcome this barrier by assuming that the mind is grounded in sensorimotor experiences. A recent surge in behavioral and brain-imaging studies has therefore focused on the role of the motor cortex in language processing. Concrete, action-related words have received convincing evidence to rely on sensorimotor activation. Abstract concepts, however, still pose a distinct challenge for embodied theories on cognition. Fully embodied abstraction mechanisms were formulated but sensorimotor activation alone seems unlikely to close the explanatory gap. In this respect, the idea of integration areas, such as convergence zones or the ‘hub and spoke’ model, do not only appear like the most promising candidates to account for the discrepancies between concrete and abstract concepts but could also help to unite the field of cognitive science again. The current review identifies milestones in cognitive science research and recent achievements that highlight fundamental challenges, key questions and directions for future research. KW - embodied cognition KW - abstract concepts KW - language KW - mental simulation KW - action words Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01315 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 8 SP - 1 EP - 5 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - GEN A1 - Galetzka, Cedric T1 - The Story So Far: How Embodied Cognition Advances Our Understanding of Meaning-Making N2 - Meaning-making in the brain has become one of the most intensely discussed topics in cognitive science. Traditional theories on cognition that emphasize abstract symbol manipulations often face a dead end: The symbol grounding problem. The embodiment idea tries to overcome this barrier by assuming that the mind is grounded in sensorimotor experiences. A recent surge in behavioral and brain-imaging studies has therefore focused on the role of the motor cortex in language processing. Concrete, action-related words have received convincing evidence to rely on sensorimotor activation. Abstract concepts, however, still pose a distinct challenge for embodied theories on cognition. Fully embodied abstraction mechanisms were formulated but sensorimotor activation alone seems unlikely to close the explanatory gap. In this respect, the idea of integration areas, such as convergence zones or the ‘hub and spoke’ model, do not only appear like the most promising candidates to account for the discrepancies between concrete and abstract concepts but could also help to unite the field of cognitive science again. The current review identifies milestones in cognitive science research and recent achievements that highlight fundamental challenges, key questions and directions for future research. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 334 KW - abstract concepts KW - action words KW - embodied cognition KW - language KW - mental simulation Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-400563 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Galetzka, Cedric T1 - The Story So Far: How Embodied Cognition Advances Our Understanding of Meaning-Making (vol 8, 1315, 2017) T2 - Frontiers in psychology KW - embodied cognition KW - abstract concepts KW - language KW - mental simulation KW - action words Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01813 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 8 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Galetzka, Cedric T1 - The Story So Far: How Embodied Cognition Advances Our Understanding of Meaning-Making JF - Frontiers in psychology KW - embodied cognition KW - abstract concepts KW - language KW - mental simulation KW - action words Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01315 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 8 SP - 1518 EP - 1537 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - THES A1 - Galetzka, Cedric T1 - Reward and prediction errors in Bayesian sensorimotor control N2 - Midbrain dopamine neurons invigorate responses by signaling opportunity costs (tonic dopamine) and promote associative learning by encoding a reward prediction error signal (phasic dopamine). Recent studies on Bayesian sensorimotor control have implicated midbrain dopamine concentration in the integration of prior knowledge and current sensory information. The present behavioral study addressed the contributions of tonic and phasic dopamine in a Bayesian decision-making task by alternating reward magnitude and inferring reward prediction errors. Twenty-four participants were asked to indicate the position of a hidden target stimulus under varying prior and likelihood uncertainty. Trial-by-trial rewards were allocated based on performance and two different reward maxima. Overall, participants’ behavior agreed with Bayesian decision theory, but indicated excessive reliance on likelihood information. These results thus oppose accounts of statistically optimal integration in sensorimotor control, and suggest that the sensorimotor system is subject to additional decision heuristics. Moreover, higher reward magnitude was not observed to induce enhanced response vigor, and was associated with less Bayes-like integration. In addition, the weighting of prior knowledge and current sensory information proceeded independently of reward prediction errors. Taken together, these findings suggest that the process of combining prior and likelihood uncertainties in sensorimotor control is largely robust to variations in reward. N2 - Inwieweit prägen Belohnungen die Integration von vorherigem Wissen und sensorischen Informationen im Kontext der Bayesianischen Entscheidungstheorie? Untersuchungen mit Parkinson-Patienten haben gezeigt, dass die Dopamin-Verfügbarkeit in den Basalganglien Integrationsprozesse in der Sensomotorik beeinflussen. Dopaminerge Neuronen schütten Dopamin tonisch und phasisch aus, wobei diese Modi verschiedenen Funktionen unterliegen, wie dem Signalisieren von Opportunitätskosten oder der Unterstützung assoziativen Lernens. Die Konzentration tonisch freigesetzten Dopamins richtet sich nach Belohnungsgrößen, wogegen phasische Dopamin-Komponenten durch Fehler in der Belohnungserwartung hervorgerufen werden. Die Bedeutung dieser Variablen in sensomotorischem Lernen ist jedoch größtenteils unerforscht. In der vorliegenden Verhaltensstudie wurden vierundzwanzig gesunde Teilnehmer gebeten, eine sensomotorische Schätzaufgabe durchzuführen, in der Belohnungsgrößen manipuliert und Belohnungserwartungsfehler abgeleitet wurden. Es wurde vermutet, dass positive Abweichungen in der Belohnungsvorhersage zu erhöhter Gewichtung von sensorischen Informationen durch den Influx phasischen Dopamins führen. Höhere Belohnungsgrößen sollten dagegen aufgrund vermehrter Opportunitätskosten mit beschleunigten Reaktionen verbunden sein. Das Verhalten der Teilnehmer hat gezeigt, dass aktuelle und a priori Informationen größtenteils unabhängig von Belohnungsgrößen und Belohungserwartungsfehlern integriert werden. Dieses Ergebnis deutet darauf hin, dass “Prior” und “Likelihood” unabhängig von belohnungsrelevanten Prozessen repräsentiert werden, welche in Zusammenhang mit der Dopamin-Konzentration in den Basalganglien stehen. Darüber hinaus entsprachen die Resultate lediglich qualitativ der Bayesianischen Entscheidungstheorie und widersprechen somit früheren Berichten von statistisch-optimaler Integration. Da sensorische Informationen über alle Bedingungen hinweg übermäßig hoch gewichtet wurden, legt diese Studie nahe, dass das sensomotorische System zusätzlichen systematischen Urteilsverzerrungen unterliegt. KW - Bayesian decision theory KW - reward prediction error KW - sensorimotor control KW - prior-likelihood integration KW - dopamine KW - Belohnungserwartungsfehler KW - Belohnungsgrößen KW - Bayesianische Entscheidungstheorie KW - sensomotorische Integration KW - Dopamin Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-503507 ER -