TY  - JOUR
A1  - Acero, F.
A1  - Aloisio, R.
A1  - Amans, J.
A1  - Amato, Elena
A1  - Antonelli, L. A.
A1  - Aramo, C.
A1  - Armstrong, T.
A1  - Arqueros, F.
A1  - Asano, Katsuaki
A1  - Ashley, M.
A1  - Backes, M.
A1  - Balazs, C.
A1  - Balzer, A.
A1  - Bamba, Aya
A1  - Barkov, Maxim
A1  - Barrio, J. A.
A1  - Benbow, Wystan
A1  - Bernloehr, K.
A1  - Beshley, V.
A1  - Bigongiari, C.
A1  - Biland, A.
A1  - Bilinsky, A.
A1  - Bissaldi, Elisabetta
A1  - Biteau, J.
A1  - Blanch, O.
A1  - Blasi, P.
A1  - Blazek, J.
A1  - Boisson, C.
A1  - Bonanno, G.
A1  - Bonardi, A.
A1  - Bonavolonta, C.
A1  - Bonnoli, G.
A1  - Braiding, C.
A1  - Brau-Nogue, S.
A1  - Bregeon, J.
A1  - Brown, A. M.
A1  - Bugaev, V.
A1  - Bulgarelli, A.
A1  - Bulik, T.
A1  - Burton, Michael
A1  - Burtovoi, A.
A1  - Busetto, G.
A1  - Bottcher, M.
A1  - Cameron, R.
A1  - Capalbi, M.
A1  - Caproni, Anderson
A1  - Caraveo, P.
A1  - Carosi, R.
A1  - Cascone, E.
A1  - Cerruti, M.
A1  - Chaty, Sylvain
A1  - Chen, A.
A1  - Chen, X.
A1  - Chernyakova, M.
A1  - Chikawa, M.
A1  - Chudoba, J.
A1  - Cohen-Tanugi, J.
A1  - Colafrancesco, S.
A1  - Conforti, V.
A1  - Contreras, J. L.
A1  - Costa, A.
A1  - Cotter, G.
A1  - Covino, Stefano
A1  - Covone, G.
A1  - Cumani, P.
A1  - Cusumano, G.
A1  - Daniel, M.
A1  - Dazzi, F.
A1  - De Angelis, A.
A1  - De Cesare, G.
A1  - De Franco, A.
A1  - De Frondat, F.
A1  - Dal Pino, E. M. de Gouveia
A1  - De Lisio, C.
A1  - Lopez, R. de los Reyes
A1  - De Lotto, B.
A1  - de Naurois, M.
A1  - De Palma, F.
A1  - Del Santo, M.
A1  - Delgado, C.
A1  - della Volpe, D.
A1  - Di Girolamo, T.
A1  - Di Giulio, C.
A1  - Di Pierro, F.
A1  - Di Venere, L.
A1  - Doro, M.
A1  - Dournaux, J.
A1  - Dumas, D.
A1  - Dwarkadas, Vikram V.
A1  - Diaz, C.
A1  - Ebr, J.
A1  - Egberts, Kathrin
A1  - Einecke, S.
A1  - Elsaesser, D.
A1  - Eschbach, S.
A1  - Falceta-Goncalves, D.
A1  - Fasola, G.
A1  - Fedorova, E.
A1  - Fernandez-Barral, A.
A1  - Ferrand, Gilles
A1  - Fesquet, M.
A1  - Fiandrini, E.
A1  - Fiasson, A.
A1  - Filipovic, Miroslav D.
A1  - Fioretti, V.
A1  - Font, L.
A1  - Fontaine, Gilles
A1  - Franco, F. J.
A1  - Freixas Coromina, L.
A1  - Fujita, Yutaka
A1  - Fukui, Y.
A1  - Funk, S.
A1  - Forster, A.
A1  - Gadola, A.
A1  - Lopez, R. Garcia
A1  - Garczarczyk, M.
A1  - Giglietto, N.
A1  - Giordano, F.
A1  - Giuliani, A.
A1  - Glicenstein, J.
A1  - Gnatyk, R.
A1  - Goldoni, P.
A1  - Grabarczyk, T.
A1  - Graciani, R.
A1  - Graham, J.
A1  - Grandi, P.
A1  - Granot, Jonathan
A1  - Green, A. J.
A1  - Griffiths, S.
A1  - Gunji, S.
A1  - Hakobyan, H.
A1  - Hara, S.
A1  - Hassan, T.
A1  - Hayashida, M.
A1  - Heller, M.
A1  - Helo, J. C.
A1  - Hinton, J.
A1  - Hnatyk, B.
A1  - Huet, J.
A1  - Huetten, M.
A1  - Humensky, T. B.
A1  - Hussein, M.
A1  - Horandel, J.
A1  - Ikeno, Y.
A1  - Inada, T.
A1  - Inome, Y.
A1  - Inoue, S.
A1  - Inoue, T.
A1  - Inoue, Y.
A1  - Ioka, K.
A1  - Iori, Maurizio
A1  - Jacquemier, J.
A1  - Janecek, P.
A1  - Jankowsky, D.
A1  - Jung, I.
A1  - Kaaret, P.
A1  - Katagiri, H.
A1  - Kimeswenger, S.
A1  - Kimura, Shigeo S.
A1  - Knodlseder, J.
A1  - Koch, B.
A1  - Kocot, J.
A1  - Kohri, K.
A1  - Komin, N.
A1  - Konno, Y.
A1  - Kosack, K.
A1  - Koyama, S.
A1  - Kraus, Michaela
A1  - Kubo, Hidetoshi
A1  - Mezek, G. Kukec
A1  - Kushida, J.
A1  - La Palombara, N.
A1  - Lalik, K.
A1  - Lamanna, G.
A1  - Landt, H.
A1  - Lapington, J.
A1  - Laporte, P.
A1  - Lee, S.
A1  - Lees, J.
A1  - Lefaucheur, J.
A1  - Lenain, J. -P.
A1  - Leto, Giuseppe
A1  - Lindfors, E.
A1  - Lohse, T.
A1  - Lombardi, S.
A1  - Longo, F.
A1  - Lopez, M.
A1  - Lucarelli, F.
A1  - Luque-Escamilla, Pedro Luis
A1  - Lopez-Coto, R.
A1  - Maccarone, M. C.
A1  - Maier, G.
A1  - Malaguti, G.
A1  - Mandat, D.
A1  - Maneva, G.
A1  - Mangano, S.
A1  - Marcowith, Alexandre
A1  - Marti, J.
A1  - Martinez, M.
A1  - Martinez, G.
A1  - Masuda, S.
A1  - Maurin, G.
A1  - Maxted, N.
A1  - Melioli, Claudio
A1  - Mineo, T.
A1  - Mirabal, N.
A1  - Mizuno, T.
A1  - Moderski, R.
A1  - Mohammed, M.
A1  - Montaruli, T.
A1  - Moralejo, A.
A1  - Mori, K.
A1  - Morlino, G.
A1  - Morselli, A.
A1  - Moulin, Emmanuel
A1  - Mukherjee, R.
A1  - Mundell, C.
A1  - Muraishi, H.
A1  - Murase, Kohta
A1  - Nagataki, Shigehiro
A1  - Nagayoshi, T.
A1  - Naito, T.
A1  - Nakajima, D.
A1  - Nakamori, T.
A1  - Nemmen, R.
A1  - Niemiec, Jacek
A1  - Nieto, D.
A1  - Nievas-Rosillo, M.
A1  - Nikolajuk, M.
A1  - Nishijima, K.
A1  - Noda, K.
A1  - Nogues, L.
A1  - Nosek, D.
A1  - Novosyadlyj, B.
A1  - Nozaki, S.
A1  - Ohira, Yutaka
A1  - Ohishi, M.
A1  - Ohm, S.
A1  - Okumura, A.
A1  - Ong, R. A.
A1  - Orito, R.
A1  - Orlati, A.
A1  - Ostrowski, M.
A1  - Oya, I.
A1  - Padovani, Marco
A1  - Palacio, J.
A1  - Palatka, M.
A1  - Paredes, Josep M.
A1  - Pavy, S.
A1  - Persic, M.
A1  - Petrucci, P.
A1  - Petruk, Oleh
A1  - Pisarski, A.
A1  - Pohl, Martin
A1  - Porcelli, A.
A1  - Prandini, E.
A1  - Prast, J.
A1  - Principe, G.
A1  - Prouza, M.
A1  - Pueschel, Elisa
A1  - Puelhofer, G.
A1  - Quirrenbach, A.
A1  - Rameez, M.
A1  - Reimer, O.
A1  - Renaud, M.
A1  - Ribo, M.
A1  - Rico, J.
A1  - Rizi, V.
A1  - Rodriguez, J.
A1  - Fernandez, G. Rodriguez
A1  - Rodriguez Vazquez, J. J.
A1  - Romano, Patrizia
A1  - Romeo, G.
A1  - Rosado, J.
A1  - Rousselle, J.
A1  - Rowell, G.
A1  - Rudak, B.
A1  - Sadeh, I.
A1  - Safi-Harb, S.
A1  - Saito, T.
A1  - Sakaki, N.
A1  - Sanchez, D.
A1  - Sangiorgi, P.
A1  - Sano, H.
A1  - Santander, M.
A1  - Sarkar, S.
A1  - Sawada, M.
A1  - Schioppa, E. J.
A1  - Schoorlemmer, H.
A1  - Schovanek, P.
A1  - Schussler, F.
A1  - Sergijenko, O.
A1  - Servillat, M.
A1  - Shalchi, A.
A1  - Shellard, R. C.
A1  - Siejkowski, H.
A1  - Sillanpaa, A.
A1  - Simone, D.
A1  - Sliusar, V.
A1  - Sol, H.
A1  - Stanic, S.
A1  - Starling, R.
A1  - Stawarz, L.
A1  - Stefanik, S.
A1  - Stephan, M.
A1  - Stolarczyk, T.
A1  - Szanecki, M.
A1  - Szepieniec, T.
A1  - Tagliaferri, G.
A1  - Tajima, H.
A1  - Takahashi, M.
A1  - Takeda, J.
A1  - Tanaka, M.
A1  - Tanaka, S.
A1  - Tejedor, L. A.
A1  - Telezhinsky, Igor O.
A1  - Temnikov, P.
A1  - Terada, Y.
A1  - Tescaro, D.
A1  - Teshima, M.
A1  - Testa, V.
A1  - Thoudam, S.
A1  - Tokanai, F.
A1  - Torres, D. F.
A1  - Torresi, E.
A1  - Tosti, G.
A1  - Townsley, C.
A1  - Travnicek, P.
A1  - Trichard, C.
A1  - Trifoglio, M.
A1  - Tsujimoto, S.
A1  - Vagelli, V.
A1  - Vallania, P.
A1  - Valore, L.
A1  - van Driel, W.
A1  - van Eldik, C.
A1  - Vandenbroucke, Justin
A1  - Vassiliev, V.
A1  - Vecchi, M.
A1  - Vercellone, Stefano
A1  - Vergani, S.
A1  - Vigorito, C.
A1  - Vorobiov, S.
A1  - Vrastil, M.
A1  - Vazquez Acosta, M. L.
A1  - Wagner, S. J.
A1  - Wagner, R.
A1  - Wakely, S. P.
A1  - Walter, R.
A1  - Ward, J. E.
A1  - Watson, J. J.
A1  - Weinstein, A.
A1  - White, M.
A1  - White, R.
A1  - Wierzcholska, A.
A1  - Wilcox, P.
A1  - Williams, D. A.
A1  - Wischnewski, R.
A1  - Wojcik, P.
A1  - Yamamoto, T.
A1  - Yamamoto, H.
A1  - Yamazaki, Ryo
A1  - Yanagita, S.
A1  - Yang, L.
A1  - Yoshida, T.
A1  - Yoshida, M.
A1  - Yoshiike, S.
A1  - Yoshikoshi, T.
A1  - Zacharias, M.
A1  - Zampieri, L.
A1  - Zanin, R.
A1  - Zavrtanik, M.
A1  - Zavrtanik, D.
A1  - Zdziarski, A.
A1  - Zech, Alraune
A1  - Zechlin, Hannes
A1  - Zhdanov, V.
A1  - Ziegler, A.
A1  - Zorn, J.
T1  - Prospects for Cherenkov Telescope Array Observations of the Young Supernova Remnant RX J1713.7-3946
JF  - The astrophysical journal : an international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics
N2  - We perform simulations for future Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) observations of RX J1713.7-3946, a young supernova remnant (SNR) and one of the brightest sources ever discovered in very high energy (VHE) gamma rays. Special attention is paid to exploring possible spatial (anti) correlations of gamma rays with emission at other wavelengths, in particular X-rays and CO/H I emission. We present a series of simulated images of RX J1713.7-3946 for CTA based on a set of observationally motivated models for the gamma-ray emission. In these models, VHE gamma rays produced by high-energy electrons are assumed to trace the nonthermal X-ray emission observed by XMM-Newton, whereas those originating from relativistic protons delineate the local gas distributions. The local atomic and molecular gas distributions are deduced by the NANTEN team from CO and H I observations. Our primary goal is to show how one can distinguish the emission mechanism(s) of the gamma rays (i.e., hadronic versus leptonic, or a mixture of the two) through information provided by their spatial distribution, spectra, and time variation. This work is the first attempt to quantitatively evaluate the capabilities of CTA to achieve various proposed scientific goals by observing this important cosmic particle accelerator.
KW  - cosmic rays
KW  - gamma rays: ISM
KW  - ISM: individual objects (RX J1713.7-3946, G347.3-0.5)
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa6d67
SN  - 0004-637X
SN  - 1538-4357
VL  - 840
IS  - 2
PB  - IOP Publ. Ltd.
CY  - Bristol
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Acharya, B. S.
A1  - Aramo, C.
A1  - Babic, A.
A1  - Barrio, J. A.
A1  - Baushev, Anton N.
A1  - Tjus, J. Becker
A1  - Berge, David
A1  - Bohacova, M.
A1  - Bonardi, A.
A1  - Brown, A.
A1  - Bugaev, V.
A1  - Bulik, Tomasz
A1  - Burton, M.
A1  - Busetto, G.
A1  - Caraveo, P. A.
A1  - Carosi, R.
A1  - Carr, John
A1  - Chadwick, Paula M.
A1  - Chudoba, J.
A1  - Conforti, V.
A1  - Connaughton, V.
A1  - Contreras, J. L.
A1  - Cotter, G.
A1  - Dazzi, F.
A1  - De Franco, A.
A1  - de la Calle, I.
A1  - Lopez, R. de los Reyes
A1  - De Lotto, B.
A1  - De Palma, F.
A1  - Di Girolamo, T.
A1  - Di Giulio, C.
A1  - Di Pierro, F.
A1  - Dournaux, J. -L.
A1  - Dwarkadas, Vikram V.
A1  - Ebr, J.
A1  - Egberts, Kathrin
A1  - Fesquet, M.
A1  - Fleischhack, H.
A1  - Font, L.
A1  - Fontaine, G.
A1  - Foerster, A.
A1  - Füßling, Matthias
A1  - Garcia, B.
A1  - Lopez, R. Garcia
A1  - Garczarczyk, M.
A1  - Gargano, F.
A1  - Garrido, D.
A1  - Gaug, M.
A1  - Giglietto, N.
A1  - Giordano, F.
A1  - Giuliani, A.
A1  - Godinovic, N.
A1  - Gonzalez, M. M.
A1  - Grabarczyk, T.
A1  - Hassan, T.
A1  - Hoerandel, J.
A1  - Hrabovsky, M.
A1  - Hrupec, D.
A1  - Humensky, T. B.
A1  - Huovelin, J.
A1  - Jamrozy, M.
A1  - Janecek, P.
A1  - Kaaret, P. E.
A1  - Katz, U.
A1  - Kaufmann, S.
A1  - Khelifi, B.
A1  - Kluzniak, W.
A1  - Kocot, J.
A1  - Komin, N.
A1  - Kubo, H.
A1  - Kushida, J.
A1  - Lamanna, G.
A1  - Lee, W. H.
A1  - Lenain, J. -P.
A1  - Lohse, T.
A1  - Lombardi, S.
A1  - Lopez-Coto, R.
A1  - Lopez-Oramas, A.
A1  - Lucarelli, F.
A1  - Maccarone, M. C.
A1  - Maier, G.
A1  - Majumdar, P.
A1  - Malaguti, G.
A1  - Mandat, D.
A1  - Mazziotta, Mario Nicola
A1  - Meagher, K.
A1  - Mirabal, N.
A1  - Morselli, A.
A1  - Moulin, Emmanuel
A1  - Niemiec, J.
A1  - Nievas, M.
A1  - Nishijima, K.
A1  - Nosek, D.
A1  - Nunio, F.
A1  - Ohishi, M.
A1  - Ohm, S.
A1  - Ong, R. A.
A1  - Orito, R.
A1  - Otte, N.
A1  - Palatka, M.
A1  - Pareschi, G.
A1  - Pech, M.
A1  - Persic, M.
A1  - Pohl, Manuela
A1  - Prouza, M.
A1  - Quirrenbach, A.
A1  - Raino, S.
A1  - Fernandez, G. Rodriguez
A1  - Romano, Patrizia
A1  - Rovero, A. C.
A1  - Rudak, B.
A1  - Schovanek, P.
A1  - Shayduk, M.
A1  - Siejkowski, H.
A1  - Sillanpaa, A.
A1  - Stefanik, S.
A1  - Stolarczyk, T.
A1  - Szanecki, M.
A1  - Szepieniec, T.
A1  - Tejedor, L. A.
A1  - Telezhinsky, Igor O.
A1  - Teshima, M.
A1  - Tibaldo, L.
A1  - Tibolla, O.
A1  - Tovmassian, G.
A1  - Travnicek, P.
A1  - Trzeciak, M.
A1  - Vallania, P.
A1  - van Eldik, C.
A1  - Vercellone, S.
A1  - Vigorito, C.
A1  - Wagner, S. J.
A1  - Wakely, S. P.
A1  - Weinstein, A.
A1  - Wierzcholska, A.
A1  - Wilhelm, Alina
A1  - Wojcik, P.
A1  - Yoshikoshi, T.
T1  - The Cherenkov Telescope Array potential for the study of young supernova remnants
JF  - Astroparticle physics
N2  - Supernova remnants (SNRs) are among the most important targets for gamma-ray observatories. Being prominent non-thermal sources, they are very likely responsible for the acceleration of the bulk of Galactic cosmic rays (CRS). To firmly establish the SNR paradigm for the origin of cosmic rays, it should be confirmed that protons are indeed accelerated in, and released from, SNRs with the appropriate flux and spectrum. This can be done by detailed theoretical models which account for microphysics of acceleration and various radiation processes of hadrons and leptons. The current generation of Cherenkov telescopes has insufficient sensitivity to constrain theoretical models. A new facility, the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA), will have superior capabilities and may finally resolve this long standing issue of high-energy astrophysics. We want to assess the capabilities of CTA to reveal the physics of various types of SNRs in the initial 2000 years of their evolution. During this time, the efficiency to accelerate cosmic rays is highest. We perform time-dependent simulations of the hydrodynamics, the magnetic fields, the cosmic-ray acceleration, and the non-thermal emission for type Ia, Ic and IIP SNRs. We calculate the CTA response to the y-ray emission from these SNRs for various ages and distances, and we perform a realistic analysis of the simulated data. We derive distance limits for the detectability and resolvability of these SNR types at several ages. We test the ability of CTA to reconstruct their morphological and spectral parameters as a function of their distance. Finally, we estimate how well CTA data will constrain the theoretical models. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
KW  - Acceleration of particles
KW  - Gamma rays: General
KW  - ISM: Supernova remnants
KW  - Radiation mechanisms: Non-termal
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2014.08.005
SN  - 0927-6505
SN  - 1873-2852
VL  - 62
SP  - 152
EP  - 164
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Hobiger, M.
A1  - Cornou, C.
A1  - Wathelet, M.
A1  - Di Giulio, G.
A1  - Knapmeyer-Endrun, B.
A1  - Renalier, F.
A1  - Bard, Pierre-Yves
A1  - Savvaidis, Alexandros
A1  - Hailemikael, S.
A1  - Le Bihan, N.
A1  - Ohrnberger, Matthias
A1  - Theodoulidis, N.
T1  - Ground structure imaging by inversions of Rayleigh wave ellipticity  sensitivity analysis and application to European strong-motion sites
JF  - Geophysical journal international
N2  - The knowledge of the local soil structure is important for the assessment of seismic hazards. A widespread, but time-consuming technique to retrieve the parameters of the local underground is the drilling of boreholes. Another way to obtain the shear wave velocity profile at a given location is the inversion of surface wave dispersion curves. To ensure a good resolution for both superficial and deeper layers, the used dispersion curves need to cover a wide frequency range. This wide frequency range can be obtained using several arrays of seismic sensors or a single array comprising a large number of sensors. Consequently, these measurements are time-consuming. A simpler alternative is provided by the use of the ellipticity of Rayleigh waves. The frequency dependence of the ellipticity is tightly linked to the shear wave velocity profile. Furthermore, it can be measured using a single seismic sensor. As soil structures obtained by scaling of a given model exhibit the same ellipticity curve, any inversion of the ellipticity curve alone will be ambiguous. Therefore, additional measurements which fix the absolute value of the shear wave velocity profile at some points have to be included in the inversion process. Small-scale spatial autocorrelation measurements or MASW measurements can provide the needed data. Using a theoretical soil structure, we show which parts of the ellipticity curve have to be included in the inversion process to get a reliable result and which parts can be omitted. Furthermore, the use of autocorrelation or high-frequency dispersion curves will be highlighted. The resulting guidelines for inversions including ellipticity data are then applied to real data measurements collected at 14 different sites during the European NERIES project. It is found that the results are in good agreement with dispersion curve measurements. Furthermore, the method can help in identifying the mode of Rayleigh waves in dispersion curve measurements.
KW  - Inverse theory
KW  - Surface waves and free oscillations
KW  - Site effects
KW  - Computational seismology
KW  - Wave propagation
Y1  - 2013
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggs005
SN  - 0956-540X
VL  - 192
IS  - 1
SP  - 207
EP  - 229
PB  - Oxford Univ. Press
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Garofalo, F.
A1  - Foti, S.
A1  - Hollender, F.
A1  - Bard, Pierre-Yves
A1  - Cornou, C.
A1  - Cox, B. R.
A1  - Ohrnberger, Matthias
A1  - Sicilia, D.
A1  - Asten, M.
A1  - Di Giulio, G.
A1  - Forbriger, T.
A1  - Guillier, B.
A1  - Hayashi, K.
A1  - Martin, A.
A1  - Matsushima, Satoru
A1  - Mercerat, D.
A1  - Poggi, V.
A1  - Yamanaka, H.
T1  - InterPACIFIC project: Comparison of invasive and non-invasive methods for seismic site characterization. Part I: Intra-comparison of surface wave methods
JF  - Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering
N2  - The main scope of the InterPACIFIC (Intercomparison of methods for site parameter and velocity profile characterization) project is to assess the reliability of in-hole and surface-wave methods, used for estimating shear wave velocity. Three test-sites with different subsurface conditions were chosen: a soft soil, a stiff soil and a rock outcrop. This paper reports the surface-wave methods results. Specifically 14 teams of expert users analysed the same experimental surface-wave datasets, consisting of both passive and active data. Each team adopted their own strategy to retrieve the dispersion curve and the shear-wave velocity profile at each site. Despite different approaches, the dispersion curves are quite in agreement with each other. Conversely, the shear-wave velocity profiles show a certain variability that increases in correspondence of major stratigraphic interfaces. This larger variability is mainly due to non-uniqueness of the solution and lateral variability. As expected, the observed variability in V-s,V-30 estimatesis small, as solution non-uniqueness plays a limited role. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
KW  - Surface-wave methods
KW  - Dispersion curve
KW  - Inversion
KW  - V-s,V-30
KW  - Site characterization
KW  - MASW
KW  - Microtremors
KW  - Rayleigh waves
KW  - Geophysical methods
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2015.12.010
SN  - 0267-7261
SN  - 1879-341X
VL  - 82
SP  - 222
EP  - 240
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Oxford
ER  -