TY - JOUR A1 - Kokhanovsky, Alexander A1 - Lamare, Maxim A1 - Danne, Olaf A1 - Brockmann, Carsten A1 - Dumont, Marie A1 - Picard, Ghislain A1 - Arnaud, Laurent A1 - Favier, Vincent A1 - Jourdain, Bruno A1 - Le Meur, Emmanuel A1 - Di Mauro, Biagio A1 - Aoki, Teruo A1 - Niwano, Masashi A1 - Rozanov, Vladimir A1 - Korkin, Sergey A1 - Kipfstuhl, Sepp A1 - Freitag, Johannes A1 - Hoerhold, Maria A1 - Zuhr, Alexandra A1 - Vladimirova, Diana A1 - Faber, Anne-Katrine A1 - Steen-Larsen, Hans Christian A1 - Wahl, Sonja A1 - Andersen, Jonas K. A1 - Vandecrux, Baptiste A1 - van As, Dirk A1 - Mankoff, Kenneth D. A1 - Kern, Michael A1 - Zege, Eleonora A1 - Box, Jason E. T1 - Retrieval of Snow Properties from the Sentinel-3 Ocean and Land Colour Instrument JF - Remote sensing N2 - The Sentinel Application Platform (SNAP) architecture facilitates Earth Observation data processing. In this work, we present results from a new Snow Processor for SNAP. We also describe physical principles behind the developed snow property retrieval technique based on the analysis of Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI) onboard Sentinel-3A/B measurements over clean and polluted snow fields. Using OLCI spectral reflectance measurements in the range 400-1020 nm, we derived important snow properties such as spectral and broadband albedo, snow specific surface area, snow extent and grain size on a spatial grid of 300 m. The algorithm also incorporated cloud screening and atmospheric correction procedures over snow surfaces. We present validation results using ground measurements from Antarctica, the Greenland ice sheet and the French Alps. We find the spectral albedo retrieved with accuracy of better than 3% on average, making our retrievals sufficient for a variety of applications. Broadband albedo is retrieved with the average accuracy of about 5% over snow. Therefore, the uncertainties of satellite retrievals are close to experimental errors of ground measurements. The retrieved surface grain size shows good agreement with ground observations. Snow specific surface area observations are also consistent with our OLCI retrievals. We present snow albedo and grain size mapping over the inland ice sheet of Greenland for areas including dry snow, melted/melting snow and impurity rich bare ice. The algorithm can be applied to OLCI Sentinel-3 measurements providing an opportunity for creation of long-term snow property records essential for climate monitoring and data assimilation studies-especially in the Arctic region, where we face rapid environmental changes including reduction of snow/ice extent and, therefore, planetary albedo. KW - snow characteristics KW - optical remote sensing KW - snow grain size KW - specific surface area KW - albedo KW - Sentinel 3 KW - OLCI Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11192280 SN - 2072-4292 VL - 11 IS - 19 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - THES A1 - Zuhr, Alexandra T1 - Proxy signal formation in palaeoclimate archives T1 - Proxy-Signalbildung in Paläoklimaarchiven BT - a characterisation of climate signal deposition and modification in marine sediments and polar ice BT - eine Charakterisierung der Ablagerung und Veränderung von Klimasignalen in Meeressedimenten und Polarem Ei N2 - Throughout the last ~3 million years, the Earth's climate system was characterised by cycles of glacial and interglacial periods. The current warm period, the Holocene, is comparably stable and stands out from this long-term cyclicality. However, since the industrial revolution, the climate has been increasingly affected by a human-induced increase in greenhouse gas concentrations. While instrumental observations are used to describe changes over the past ~200 years, indirect observations via proxy data are the main source of information beyond this instrumental era. These data are indicators of past climatic conditions, stored in palaeoclimate archives around the Earth. The proxy signal is affected by processes independent of the prevailing climatic conditions. In particular, for sedimentary archives such as marine sediments and polar ice sheets, material may be redistributed during or after the initial deposition and subsequent formation of the archive. This leads to noise in the records challenging reliable reconstructions on local or short time scales. This dissertation characterises the initial deposition of the climatic signal and quantifies the resulting archive-internal heterogeneity and its influence on the observed proxy signal to improve the representativity and interpretation of climate reconstructions from marine sediments and ice cores. To this end, the horizontal and vertical variation in radiocarbon content of a box-core from the South China Sea is investigated. The three-dimensional resolution is used to quantify the true uncertainty in radiocarbon age estimates from planktonic foraminifera with an extensive sampling scheme, including different sample volumes and replicated measurements of batches of small and large numbers of specimen. An assessment on the variability stemming from sediment mixing by benthic organisms reveals strong internal heterogeneity. Hence, sediment mixing leads to substantial time uncertainty of proxy-based reconstructions with error terms two to five times larger than previously assumed. A second three-dimensional analysis of the upper snowpack provides insights into the heterogeneous signal deposition and imprint in snow and firn. A new study design which combines a structure-from-motion photogrammetry approach with two-dimensional isotopic data is performed at a study site in the accumulation zone of the Greenland Ice Sheet. The photogrammetry method reveals an intermittent character of snowfall, a layer-wise snow deposition with substantial contributions by wind-driven erosion and redistribution to the final spatially variable accumulation and illustrated the evolution of stratigraphic noise at the surface. The isotopic data show the preservation of stratigraphic noise within the upper firn column, leading to a spatially variable climate signal imprint and heterogeneous layer thicknesses. Additional post-depositional modifications due to snow-air exchange are also investigated, but without a conclusive quantification of the contribution to the final isotopic signature. Finally, this characterisation and quantification of the complex signal formation in marine sediments and polar ice contributes to a better understanding of the signal content in proxy data which is needed to assess the natural climate variability during the Holocene. N2 - Während der letzten ~3 Millionen Jahre war das Klimasystem der Erde durch Zyklen von Glazialen und Interglazialen gekennzeichnet. Die aktuelle Warmperiode, das Holozän, ist vergleichsweise stabil und hebt sich von dieser langen Zyklizität ab. Seit der industriellen Revolution wird das Klima jedoch zunehmend durch einen vom Menschen verursachten Anstieg der Treibhausgaskonzentrationen beeinflusst. Während instrumentelle Beobachtungen die Veränderungen der letzten ~200 Jahre beschreiben können, liefern Proxydaten die meisten klimatischen Informationen für den Zeitraum vor diesen Beobachtungen. Proxies zeichnen vergangene Klimabedingungen auf und sind in Paläoklimaarchiven rund um die Erde gespeichert. Das Proxysignal wird durch eine Vielzahl an Prozessen beeinflusst, die unabhängig von den vorherrschenden klimatischen Bedingungen sind. Insbesondere bei sedimentären Archiven wie Meeressedimenten und Eisschilden kann es während oder nach der Ablagerung zu einer Umverteilung des Materials und einer Änderung des Signals kommen. Dies führt zu nicht-klimatischen Unsicherheiten in den Daten, was zuverlässige Rekonstruktionen auf lokalen oder kurzen zeitlichen Skalen erschwert. Diese Dissertation charakterisiert die Ablagerung des Klimasignals und quantifiziert die daraus resultierende archiv-interne Heterogenität und ihren Einfluss auf das beobachtete Proxysignal, um die Repräsentativität und Interpretation von Klimarekonstruktionen aus marinen Sedimenten und Eiskernen zu verbessern. Zu diesem Zweck wird die horizontale und vertikale Variabilität des Radiokarbongehalts in einem Sedimentkern aus dem Südchinesischen Meer untersucht. Die dreidimensionale Auflösung des Kastenbohrers wird genutzt, um die tatsächliche Unsicherheit in Alterabschätzung von planktonische Foraminiferen mittels der Radiokarbonmethode zu quantifizieren. Mit Hilfe von verschiedene Probenvolumina und wiederholten Messungen von kleinen und großen Anzahlen an Lebewesen wird eine Quantifizierung der Variabilität, die auf die Durchmischung des Sediments durch benthische Organismen zurückzuführen ist, durchgeführt. Die Durchmischung der Sedimente verursacht eine starke interne Heterogenität, was zu Fehlertermen, die zwei bis fünf Mal größer sind als bisher angenommen, und einer erheblichen zeitlichen Unsicherheit von Rekonstruktionen basierend auf Proxydaten führt. Eine zweite dreidimensionale Analyse liefert Einblicke in die heterogene Signalablagerung in Schnee und Firn. Hierzu wird ein neues Studiendesign in der Akkumulationszone des grönländischen Eisschilds angewandt, wobei ein Structure-from-Motion Photogrammetrie Ansatz mit zweidimensionalen Isotopendaten kombiniert wird. Die photogrammetrische Methode zeigt, dass die Akkumulation von Schnee sehr variable ist. Die Entwicklung der Schneeablagerung an der Oberfläche erfolgt primär schichtweise mit erheblichen Veränderungen durch eine windgestriebene Erosion und Umverteilung des Schnees. Diese Dynamik führt zu einer räumlich variablen Akkumulation und sratigraphischem Rauschens an der Oberfläche. Die heterogene Akkumulation bestimmt die räumliche Ablagerung der klimatischen Informationen, die in der Isotopenzusammensetzung des Schness enthalten ist. Stratigraphische Rauschen der Oberfläche bleibt in der oberen Firnsäule erhalten, was zu einem räumlich variablen Signaleindruck führt. Weiterhin werden zusätzliche Veränderungen nach der Ablagerung durch Austauschprozesse zwischen dem Schnee und der Atmosphäre untersucht, jedoch ohne eine schlüssige Quantifizierung dieses Beitrags zur endgültigen Isotopensignatur. Die Charakterisierung und Quantifizierung der komplexen und heterogenen Signalbildung in marinen Sedimenten und Gletschereis verbessert letztlich das Verständnis des Signalgehalts in Proxydaten und trägt dazu bei, die natürliche Klimavariabilität des Holozäns besser abzuschätzen. KW - polar ice KW - marine sediments KW - palaeoclimatology KW - signal formation KW - climatolgoy KW - Klimatologie KW - Meeressedimente KW - Paläoklimatologie KW - polares Eis KW - Signalbildung Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-582864 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zuhr, Alexandra M. A1 - Dolman, Andrew M. A1 - Ho, Sze Ling A1 - Groeneveld, Jeroen A1 - Loewemark, Ludvig A1 - Grotheer, Hendrik A1 - Su, Chih-Chieh A1 - Laepple, Thomas T1 - Age-heterogeneity in marine sediments revealed by three-dimensional high-resolution radiocarbon measurements JF - Frontiers in Earth Science N2 - Marine sedimentary archives are routinely used to reconstruct past environmental changes. In many cases, bioturbation and sedimentary mixing affect the proxy time-series and the age-depth relationship. While idealized models of bioturbation exist, they usually assume homogeneous mixing, thus that a single sample is representative for the sediment layer it is sampled from. However, it is largely unknown to which extent this assumption holds for sediments used for paleoclimate reconstructions. To shed light on 1) the age-depth relationship and its full uncertainty, 2) the magnitude of mixing processes affecting the downcore proxy variations, and 3) the representativity of the discrete sample for the sediment layer, we designed and performed a case study on South China Sea sediment material which was collected using a box corer and which covers the last glacial cycle. Using the radiocarbon content of foraminiferal tests as a tracer of time, we characterize the spatial age-heterogeneity of sediments in a three-dimensional setup. In total, 118 radiocarbon measurements were performed on defined small- and large-volume bulk samples ( similar to 200 specimens each) to investigate the horizontal heterogeneity of the sediment. Additionally, replicated measurements on small numbers of specimens (10 x 5 specimens) were performed to assess the heterogeneity within a sample volume. Visual assessment of X-ray images and a quantitative assessment of the mixing strength show typical mixing from bioturbation corresponding to around 10 cm mixing depth. Notably, our 3D radiocarbon distribution reveals that the horizontal heterogeneity (up to 1,250 years), contributing to the age uncertainty, is several times larger than the typically assumed radiocarbon based age-model error (single errors up to 250 years). Furthermore, the assumption of a perfectly bioturbated layer with no mixing underneath is not met. Our analysis further demonstrates that the age-heterogeneity might be a function of sample size; smaller samples might contain single features from the incomplete mixing and are thus less representative than larger samples. We provide suggestions for future studies, optimal sampling strategies for quantitative paleoclimate reconstructions and realistic uncertainty in age models, as well as discuss possible implications for the interpretation of paleoclimate records. KW - paleoceanography KW - radiocarbon KW - age-heterogeneity KW - marine sediments KW - planktonic foraminifera KW - bioturbation KW - agemodeling KW - South China Sea Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.871902 SN - 2296-6463 VL - 10 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER -