TY - JOUR A1 - Markov, Adrian A1 - Hauser, Lukas A1 - Chaabene, Helmi T1 - Effects of concurrent strength and endurance training on measures of physical fitness in healthy middle-aged and older adults BT - a systematic review with meta-analysis JF - Sports medicine : an international journal of applied medicine and science in sport and exercise N2 - Background There is evidence that in older adults the combination of strength training (ST) and endurance training (ET) (i.e., concurrent training [CT]) has similar effects on measures of muscle strength and cardiorespiratory endurance (CRE) compared with single-mode ST or ET, respectively. Therefore, CT seems to be an effective method to target broad aspects of physical fitness in older adults. Objectives The aim was to examine the effects of CT on measures of physical fitness (i.e., muscle strength, power, balance and CRE) in healthy middle-aged and older adults aged between 50 and 73 years. We also aimed to identify key moderating variables to guide training prescription. Study Design We conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Data Sources The electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection, MEDLINE and Google Scholar were systematically searched until February 2022. Eligibility Criteria for Selecting Studies We included randomized controlled trials that examined the effects of CT versus passive controls on measures of physical fitness in healthy middle-aged and older adults aged between 50 and 73 years. Results Fifteen studies were eligible, including a total of 566 participants. CT induced moderate positive effects on muscle strength (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.74) and power (SMD = 0.50), with a small effect on CRE (SMD = 0.48). However, no significant effects were detected for balance (p > 0.05). Older adults > 65 years (SMD = 1.04) and females (SMD = 1.05) displayed larger improvements in muscle strength compared with adults <= 65 years old (SMD = 0.60) and males (SMD = 0.38), respectively. For CRE, moderate positive effects (SMD = 0.52) were reported in those <= 65 years old only, with relatively larger gains in females (SMD = 0.55) compared with males (SMD = 0.45). However, no significant differences between all subgroups were detected. Independent single training factor analysis indicated larger positive effects of 12 weeks (SMD = 0.87 and 0.88) compared with 21 weeks (SMD = 0.47 and 0.29) of CT on muscle strength and power, respectively, while for CRE, 21 weeks of CT resulted in larger gains (SMD = 0.62) than 12 weeks (SMD = 0.40). For CT frequency, three sessions per week produced larger beneficial effects (SMD = 0.91) on muscle strength compared with four sessions (SMD = 0.55), whereas for CRE, moderate positive effects were only noted after four sessions per week (SMD = 0.58). A session duration of > 30-60 min generated larger improvements in muscle strength (SMD = 0.99) and power (SMD = 0.88) compared with > 60-90 min (SMD = 0.40 and 0.29, respectively). However, for CRE, longer session durations (i.e., > 60-90 min) seem to be more effective (SMD = 0.61) than shorter ones (i.e., > 30-60 min) (SMD = 0.34). ET at moderate-to-near maximal intensities produced moderate (SMD = 0.64) and small positive effects (SMD = 0.49) on muscle strength and CRE, respectively, with no effects at low intensity ET (p > 0.05). Finally, intra-session ST before ET produced larger gains in muscle strength (SMD = 1.00) compared with separate sessions (SMD = 0.55), whereas ET and ST carried out separately induced larger improvements in CRE (SMD = 0.58) compared with intra-session ET before ST (SMD = 0.49). Conclusions CT is an effective method to improve measures of physical fitness (i.e., muscle strength, power, and CRE) in healthy middle-aged and older adults aged between 50 and 73 years, regardless of sex. Results of independent single training factor analysis indicated that the largest effects on muscle strength were observed after 12 weeks of training, > 30-60 min per session, three sessions per week, higher ET intensities and when ST preceded ET within the same session. For CRE, the largest effects were noted after 21 weeks of training, four sessions per week, > 60-90 min per session, higher ET intensities and when ET and ST sessions were performed separately. Regarding muscle power, the largest effects were observed after 12 weeks of training and > 30-60 min per session. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-022-01764-2 SN - 0112-1642 SN - 1179-2035 VL - 53 IS - 2 SP - 437 EP - 455 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Prieske, Olaf A1 - Chaabene, Helmi A1 - Gäbler, Martijn A1 - Herz, Michael A1 - Helm, Norman A1 - Markov, Adrian A1 - Granacher, Urs T1 - Seasonal changes in anthropometry, body composition, and physical fitness and the relationships with sporting success in young sub-elite judo athletes BT - an exploratory study JF - International journal of environmental research and public health : IJERPH N2 - This exploratory study aimed to monitor long-term seasonal developments in measures of anthropometry, body composition, and physical fitness in young judo athletes, and to compute associations between these measures and sporting success. Forty-four young judoka (20 females, 24 males) volunteered to participate. Tests for the assessment of anthropometry (e.g., body height/mass), body-composition (e.g., lean body mass), muscle strength (isometric handgrip strength), vertical jumping (e.g., countermovement-jump (CMJ) height), and dynamic balance (Y-balance test) were conducted at the beginning and end of a 10-month training season. Additionally, sporting success at the end of the season was recorded for each athlete. Analyses revealed significant time x sex interaction effects for lean-body-mass, isometric handgrip strength, and CMJ height (0.7 <= d <= 1.6). Post-hoc analyses showed larger gains for all measures in young males (1.9 <= d <= 6.0) compared with females (d = 2.4) across the season. Additionally, significant increases in body height and mass as well as Y-balance test scores were found from pre-to-post-test (1.2 <= d <= 4.3), irrespective of sex. Further, non-significant small-to-moderate-sized correlations were identified between changes in anthropometry/body composition/physical fitness and sporting success (p > 0.05; -0.34 <= rho <= 0.32). Regression analysis confirmed that no model significantly predicted sporting success. Ten months of judo training and/or growth/maturation contributed to significant changes in anthropometry, body composition, and physical fitness, particularly in young male judo athletes. KW - combat sports KW - periodization KW - somatic variables KW - training load KW - training KW - monitoring KW - young athletes Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197169 SN - 1660-4601 VL - 17 IS - 19 PB - MDPI AG CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Arntz, Fabian A1 - Mkaouer, Bessem A1 - Markov, Adrian A1 - Schoenfeld, Brad A1 - Moran, Jason A1 - Ramirez-Campillo, Rodrigo A1 - Behrens, Martin A1 - Baumert, Philipp A1 - Erskine, Robert M. A1 - Hauser, Lukas A1 - Chaabene, Helmi T1 - Effect of Plyometric Jump Training on Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy in Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review With Multilevel Meta-Analysis JF - Frontiers in Physiology N2 - Objective: To examine the effect of plyometric jump training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy in healthy individuals. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in the databases PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library up to September 2021. Results: Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The main overall finding (44 effect sizes across 15 clusters median = 2, range = 1–15 effects per cluster) indicated that plyometric jump training had small to moderate effects [standardised mean difference (SMD) = 0.47 (95% CIs = 0.23–0.71); p < 0.001] on skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Subgroup analyses for training experience revealed trivial to large effects in non-athletes [SMD = 0.55 (95% CIs = 0.18–0.93); p = 0.007] and trivial to moderate effects in athletes [SMD = 0.33 (95% CIs = 0.16–0.51); p = 0.001]. Regarding muscle groups, results showed moderate effects for the knee extensors [SMD = 0.72 (95% CIs = 0.66–0.78), p < 0.001] and equivocal effects for the plantar flexors [SMD = 0.65 (95% CIs = −0.25–1.55); p = 0.143]. As to the assessment methods of skeletal muscle hypertrophy, findings indicated trivial to small effects for prediction equations [SMD = 0.29 (95% CIs = 0.16–0.42); p < 0.001] and moderate-to-large effects for ultrasound imaging [SMD = 0.74 (95% CIs = 0.59–0.89); p < 0.001]. Meta-regression analysis indicated that the weekly session frequency moderates the effect of plyometric jump training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy, with a higher weekly session frequency inducing larger hypertrophic gains [β = 0.3233 (95% CIs = 0.2041–0.4425); p < 0.001]. We found no clear evidence that age, sex, total training period, single session duration, or the number of jumps per week moderate the effect of plyometric jump training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy [β = −0.0133 to 0.0433 (95% CIs = −0.0387 to 0.1215); p = 0.101–0.751]. Conclusion: Plyometric jump training can induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy, regardless of age and sex. There is evidence for relatively larger effects in non-athletes compared with athletes. Further, the weekly session frequency seems to moderate the effect of plyometric jump training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy, whereby more frequent weekly plyometric jump training sessions elicit larger hypertrophic adaptations. KW - muscle tissue KW - muscle strength KW - stretch shortening cycle exercise KW - muscle growth KW - human physical conditioning KW - youth sports KW - aged Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.888464 SN - 1664-042X VL - 13 SP - 1 EP - 17 PB - Frontiers CY - Lausanne, Schweiz ET - 888464 ER - TY - THES A1 - Markov, Adrian T1 - Acute effects of exercise order in concurrent training on immunological stress responses and measures of muscular fitness in youth athletes of both sexes N2 - Background and aims: To succeed in competition, elite team and individual athletes often seek the development of both, high levels of muscle strength and power as well as cardiorespiratory endurance. In this context, concurrent training (CT) is a commonly applied and effective training approach. While being exposed to high training loads, youth athletes (≤ 18 years) are yet underrepresented in the scientific literature. Besides, immunological responses to CT have received little attention. Therefore, the aims of this work were to examine the acute (< 15min) and delayed (≥ 6 hours) effects of dif-ferent exercise order in CT on immunological stress responses, muscular fitness, metabolic response, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) in highly trained youth male and female judo athletes. Methods: A total of twenty male and thirteen female participants, with an average age of 16 ± 1.8 years and 14.4 ± 2.1 years, respectively, were included in the study. They were randomly assigned to two CT sessions; power-endurance versus endurance-power (i.e., study 1), or strength-endurance versus endurance-strength (i.e., study 2). Markers of immune response (i.e., white-blood-cells, granulocytes, lymphocytes, mon-ocytes, and lymphocytes, granulocyte-lymphocyte-ratio, and systemic-inflammation-index), muscular fitness (i.e., counter-movement jump [CMJ]), metabolic responses (i.e., blood lactate, glucose), and RPE were collected at different time points (i.e., PRE12H, PRE, MID, POST, POST6H, POST22H). Results (study 1): There were significant time*order interactions for white-blood-cells, lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, granulocyte-lymphocyte-ratio, and systemic-inflammation-index. The power-endurance order resulted in significantly larger PRE-to-POST increases in white-blood-cells, monocytes, and lymphocytes while the endur-ance-power order resulted in significantly larger PRE-to-POST increases in the granu-locyte-lymphocyte-ratio and systemic-inflammation-index. Likewise, significantly larger increases from PRE-to-POST6H in white-blood-cells and granulocytes were observed following the power-endurance order compared to endurance-power. All markers of immune response returned toward baseline values at POST22H. Moreover, there was a significant time*order interaction for blood glucose and lactate. Following the endur-ance-power order, blood lactate and glucose increased from PRE-to-MID but not from PRE-to-POST. Meanwhile, in the power-endurance order blood lactate and glucose increased from PRE-to-POST but not from PRE-to-MID. A significant time*order inter-action was observed for CMJ-force with larger PRE-to-POST decreases in the endur-ance-power order compared to power-endurance order. Further, CMJ-power showed larger PRE-to-MID performance decreases following the power-endurance order, com-pared to the endurance-power order. Regarding RPE, significant time*order interactions were noted with larger PRE-to-MID values following the endurance-power order and larger PRE-to-POST values following the power-endurance order. Results (study 2): There were significant time*order interactions for lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocyte-lymphocyte-ratio, and systemic-inflammation-index. The strength-endurance order resulted in significantly larger PRE-to-POST increases in lymphocytes while the endurance-strength order resulted in significantly larger PRE-to-POST increases in the granulocyte-lymphocyte-ratio and systemic-inflammation-index. All markers of the immune system returned toward baseline values at POST22H. Moreover, there was a significant time*order interaction for blood glucose and lactate. From PRE-to-MID, there was a significantly greater increase in blood lactate and glu-cose following the endurance-strength order compared to strength-endurance order. Meanwhile, from PRE-to-POST there was a significantly higher increase in blood glu-cose following the strength-endurance order compared to endurance-strength order. Regarding physical fitness, a significant time*order interaction was observed for CMJ-force and CMJ-power with larger PRE-to-MID increases following the endurance-strength order compared to the strength-endurance order. For RPE, significant time*order interactions were noted with larger PRE-to-MID values following the endur-ance-power order and larger PRE-to-POST values following the power-endurance or-der. Conclusions: The primary findings from both studies revealed order-dependent effects on immune responses. In male youth judo athletes, the results demonstrated greater immunological stress responses, both immediately (≤ 15 min) and delayed (≥ 6 hours), following the power-endurance order compared to the endurance-power order. For female youth judo athletes, the results indicated higher acute, but not delayed, order-dependent changes in immune responses following the strength-endurance order compared to the endurance-strength order. It is worth noting that in both studies, all markers of immune system response returned to baseline levels within 22 hours. This suggests that successful recovery from the exercise-induced immune stress response was achieved within 22 hours. Regarding metabolic responses, physical fitness, and perceived exertion, the findings from both studies indicated acute (≤ 15 minutes) alterations that were dependent on the exercise order. These alterations were primarily influ-enced by the endurance exercise component. Moreover, study 1 provided substantial evidence suggesting that internal load measures, such as immune markers, may differ from external load measures. This indicates a disparity between immunological, perceived, and physical responses following both concurrent training orders. Therefore, it is crucial for practitioners to acknowledge these differences and take them into consideration when designing training programs. N2 - Hintergrund und Ziele: Um im Wettkampf erfolgreich zu sein, streben Elitesportler oft die Entwicklung einer hohen Muskelkraft und -leistung als auch der kardiorespiratorischen Ausdauer an. In diesem Zusammenhang ist das gleichzeitige Training von Kraft- und Ausdauer (CT) ein häufig angewandter und effektiver Trainingsansatz. Während Jugendliche (≤ 18 Jahre) hohen Trainingsbelastungen ausgesetzt sind, sind sie in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur noch unterrepräsentiert. Außerdem haben immunologische Reaktionen auf CT bisher wenig Aufmerksamkeit erhalten. Daher waren die Ziele dieser Arbeit, die akuten (< 15min) und verzögerten (≥ 6 Stunden) Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Übungsreihenfolgen im CT auf immunologische Stressreaktionen, muskuläre Fitness, Stoffwechselreaktionen und empfundene Anstrengung (RPE) bei hochtrainierten jugendlichen männlichen und weiblichen Judosportlern zu untersuchen. Methoden: In die Studie wurden insgesamt zwanzig männliche und dreizehn weibliche Teilnehmer im Alter von durchschnittlich 16 ± 1,8 Jahren bzw. 14,4 ± 2,1 Jahren aufgenommen. Sie wurden zufällig zwei CT-Einheiten zugewiesen: Muskelpower-Ausdauer im Vergleich zu Ausdauer-Muskelpower (d. h. Studie 1) oder Kraft-Ausdauer im Vergleich zu Ausdauer-Kraft (d. h. Studie 2). Marker der Immunantwort (d. h. weiße Blutkörperchen, Granulozyten, Lymphozyten, Monozyten und Lymphozyten, Granulozyten-Lymphozyten-Verhältnis, und systemischer Entzündungsindex), muskuläre Fitness (d. h. counter-movement jump [CMJ]), Stoffwechselreaktionen (d. h. Blutlaktat, Blutglukose) und RPE wurden zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten (d. h. PRE12H, PRE, MID, POST, POST6H, POST22H) erhoben. Ergebnisse (Studie 1): Es gab signifikante Zeit*Reihenfolge-Interaktionen für weiße Blutkörperchen, Lymphozyten, Granulozyten, Monozyten, das Granulozyten-Lymphozyten-Verhältnis und den systemischen Entzündungs-index. Die Reihenfolge Muskelpower-Ausdauer führte zu signifikant größeren PRE-bis-POST-Anstiegen bei weißen Blutkörperchen, Monozyten und Lymphozyten, während die Reihenfolge Ausdauer-Muskelpower zu signifikant größeren PRE-bis-POST-Anstiegen im Granulozyten-Lymphozyten-Verhältnis und dem systemischen Entzündungsindex führte. Ebenso wurden nach der Reihenfolge Muskelpower-Ausdauer signifikant größere Anstiege von PRE-bis-POST6H bei weißen Blutkörperchen und Granulozyten im Vergleich zur Reihenfolge Ausdauer-Muskelpower beobachtet. Alle Marker des Immunsystems kehrten bis POST22H wieder auf das Ausgangsniveau zurück. Darüber hinaus wurde eine signifikante Zeit*Reihenfolge-Interaktion für Blutglukose und Blutlaktat beobachtet. Nach der Reihenfolge Ausdauer-Kraft stiegen Blutlaktat und Blutglukose von PRE-bis-MID, aber nicht von PRE-bis-POST. Außerdem wurde eine signifikante Zeit*Reihenfolge-Interaktion für CMJ-Kraft beobachtet. Entsprechend zeigten sich größere PRE-bis-POST Verminderungen in der Ausdauer-Muskelpower Reihenfolge im Vergleich zu Muskelpower-Ausdauer. Außerdem zeigte die CMJ-Leistung einen größeren Leistungsverlust von PRE-bis-MID in der Muskelpower-Ausdauer Reihenfolge, im Vergleich zu Ausdauer-Muskelpower. Mit Blick auf RPE gab es ebenfalls signifikante Zeit*Reihenfolge-Interaktionen. Entsprechend waren die RPE-Werte höher von PRE-bis-MID nach der Ausdauer-Muskelpower Reihenfolge und von PRE-bis-POST nach der Muskelpower-Ausdauer Reihenfolge. Ergebnisse Studie 2: Beobachtet wurde eine signifikante Zeit*Reihenfolge-Interaktion für Lymphozyten, Monozyten, das Granulozyten-Lymphozyten-Verhältnis und den systemischen Entzündungsindex. Die Reihenfolge Kraft-Ausdauer hat zu signifikanten Steigerungen der Lymphozyten von PRE-bis-POST geführt, während die Ausdauer-Kraft Reihenfolge signifikante Anstiege des Granulozyten-Lymphozyten-Verhältnis und des systemischen Entzündungsindex zur Folge hatte. Alle Marker des Immunsystems kehrten bis POST22H wieder auf das Ausgangsniveau zurück. Darüber hinaus wurde eine signifikante Zeit*Reihenfolge-Interaktion für Blutglukose und Blutlaktat beobachtet. Von PRE-bis-MID gab es nach der Reihenfolge Ausdauer-Kraft im Vergleich zur Reihenfolge Kraft-Ausdauer einen signifikant größeren Anstieg von Blutlaktat und Blutglukose. Darüber hinaus gab es von PRE-bis-POST einen signifikant höheren Anstieg der Blutglukose nach der Reihenfolge Kraft-Ausdauer im Vergleich zur Reihenfolge Ausdauer-Kraft. In Bezug auf die körperliche Fitness wurde eine signifikante Zeit*Reihenfolge-Interaktion für CMJ-Kraft und CMJ-Leistung beobachtet, wobei größere PRE-bis-MID-Anstiege nach der Reihenfolge Ausdauer-Kraft im Vergleich zur Reihenfolge Kraft-Ausdauer zu verzeichnen waren. In Bezug auf die empfundene Anstrengung wurden signifikante Zeit*Reihenfolge-Interaktionen festgestellt. Hier kam es zu größeren PRE-bis-MID-Werten in Folge von Ausdauer-Kraft und größere PRE-bis-POST-Werte nach Kraft-Ausdauer. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Hauptergebnisse beider Studien zeigten reihenfolgeabhängige Auswirkungen auf Immunreaktionen. Bei männlichen jugendlichen Judosportlern zeigten die Ergebnisse größere immunologische Stressreaktionen, sowohl unmittelbar (≤ 15 min) als auch verzögert (≥ 6 Stunden), nach der Reihenfolge Muskelpower-Ausdauer im Vergleich zur Reihenfolge Ausdauer-Muskelpower. Bei weiblichen jugendlichen Judosportlern deuteten die Ergebnisse auf höhere akute, aber nicht verzögerte, reihenfolgeabhängige Immunreaktionen nach der Reihenfolge Kraft-Ausdauer im Vergleich zur Reihenfolge Ausdauer-Kraft hin. Es ist erwähnenswert, dass in beiden Studien alle Marker der Immunreaktion innerhalb von 22 Stunden auf das Ausgangsniveau zurückkehrten. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass eine erfolgreiche Erholung von der durch Bewegung verursachten Immunstressreaktion innerhalb von 22 Stunden erreicht wurde. In Bezug auf Stoffwechselreaktionen, körperliche Fitness und empfundene Anstrengung zeigten die Ergebnisse beider Studien akute (≤ 15 Minuten) Veränderungen, die von der Übungsreihenfolge abhängig waren. Diese Veränderungen wurden hauptsächlich durch die Ausdauerübungskomponente beeinflusst. Darüber hinaus lieferte Studie 1 Hinweise darauf, dass interne Belastungsmessungen, wie Immunmarker, von externen Belastungsmessungen wie beispielsweise RPE abweichen können. Dies deutet auf eine Diskrepanz zwischen immunologischen Reaktionen, körperlichen Leistungsfähigkeiten und empfundener Ermüdung nach beiden Trainingsreihenfolgen hin. Daher ist es für Praktiker wichtig, sich dieser Unterschiede bewusst zu sein und bei der Gestaltung von Trainingsprogrammen zu berücksichtigen. KW - concurrent training KW - combined strength and endurance KW - risk of infection KW - white blood cells KW - leukocytosis KW - adolescents KW - combat sports KW - Kombination aus Kraft und Ausdauer KW - Infektionsrisiko KW - weiße Blutkörperchen KW - Leukozytose KW - Jugendliche KW - Kampfsport KW - Profisportler KW - Concurrent Training Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-618517 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Arntz, Fabian A1 - Mkaouer, Bessem A1 - Markov, Adrian A1 - Schoenfeld, Brad A1 - Moran, Jason A1 - Ramirez-Campillo, Rodrigo A1 - Behrens, Martin A1 - Baumert, Philipp A1 - Erskine, Robert M. A1 - Hauser, Lukas A1 - Chaabene, Helmi T1 - Effect of Plyometric Jump Training on Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy in Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review With Multilevel Meta-Analysis T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Objective: To examine the effect of plyometric jump training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy in healthy individuals. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in the databases PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library up to September 2021. Results: Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The main overall finding (44 effect sizes across 15 clusters median = 2, range = 1–15 effects per cluster) indicated that plyometric jump training had small to moderate effects [standardised mean difference (SMD) = 0.47 (95% CIs = 0.23–0.71); p < 0.001] on skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Subgroup analyses for training experience revealed trivial to large effects in non-athletes [SMD = 0.55 (95% CIs = 0.18–0.93); p = 0.007] and trivial to moderate effects in athletes [SMD = 0.33 (95% CIs = 0.16–0.51); p = 0.001]. Regarding muscle groups, results showed moderate effects for the knee extensors [SMD = 0.72 (95% CIs = 0.66–0.78), p < 0.001] and equivocal effects for the plantar flexors [SMD = 0.65 (95% CIs = −0.25–1.55); p = 0.143]. As to the assessment methods of skeletal muscle hypertrophy, findings indicated trivial to small effects for prediction equations [SMD = 0.29 (95% CIs = 0.16–0.42); p < 0.001] and moderate-to-large effects for ultrasound imaging [SMD = 0.74 (95% CIs = 0.59–0.89); p < 0.001]. Meta-regression analysis indicated that the weekly session frequency moderates the effect of plyometric jump training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy, with a higher weekly session frequency inducing larger hypertrophic gains [β = 0.3233 (95% CIs = 0.2041–0.4425); p < 0.001]. We found no clear evidence that age, sex, total training period, single session duration, or the number of jumps per week moderate the effect of plyometric jump training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy [β = −0.0133 to 0.0433 (95% CIs = −0.0387 to 0.1215); p = 0.101–0.751]. Conclusion: Plyometric jump training can induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy, regardless of age and sex. There is evidence for relatively larger effects in non-athletes compared with athletes. Further, the weekly session frequency seems to moderate the effect of plyometric jump training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy, whereby more frequent weekly plyometric jump training sessions elicit larger hypertrophic adaptations. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 787 KW - muscle tissue KW - muscle strength KW - stretch shortening cycle exercise KW - muscle growth KW - human physical conditioning KW - youth sports KW - aged Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-563165 SN - 1866-8364 SP - 1 EP - 17 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chaabene, Helmi A1 - Markov, Adrian A1 - Prieske, Olaf A1 - Moran, Jason A1 - Behrens, Martin A1 - Negra, Yassine A1 - Ramirez-Campillo, Rodrigo A1 - Koch, Ulrike A1 - Mkaouer, Bessem T1 - Effect of flywheel versus traditional resistance training on change of direction performance in male athletes BT - a systematic review with meta-analysis JF - International journal of environmental research and public health : IJERPH N2 - Objective: This study aimed to systematically review and meta-analyze the effect of flywheel resistance training (FRT) versus traditional resistance training (TRT) on change of direction (CoD) performance in male athletes. Methods: Five databases were screened up to December 2021. Results: Seven studies were included. The results indicated a significantly larger effect of FRT compared with TRT (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.64). A within-group comparison indicated a significant large effect of FRT on CoD performance (SMD = 1.63). For TRT, a significant moderate effect was observed (SMD = 0.62). FRT of <= 2 sessions/week resulted in a significant large effect (SMD = 1.33), whereas no significant effect was noted for >2 sessions/week. Additionally, a significant large effect of <= 12 FRT sessions (SMD = 1.83) was observed, with no effect of >12 sessions. Regarding TRT, no significant effects of any of the training factors were detected (p > 0.05). Conclusions: FRT appears to be more effective than TRT in improving CoD performance in male athletes. Independently computed single training factor analyses for FRT indicated that <= 2 sessions/week resulted in a larger effect on CoD performance than >2 sessions/week. Additionally, a total of <= 12 FRT sessions induced a larger effect than >12 training sessions. Practitioners in sports, in which accelerative and decelerative actions occur in quick succession to change direction, should regularly implement FRT. KW - human physical conditioning KW - eccentric training KW - strength training KW - athletes KW - sports KW - muscle strength Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127061 SN - 1661-7827 SN - 1660-4601 VL - 19 IS - 12 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER -