TY - RPRT A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Rodríguez Guio, Daniel Felipe T1 - Divergent thinking and post-launch entrepreneurial outcomes BT - non-linearities and the moderating role of experience T2 - CEPA Discussion Papers N2 - Divergent thinking is the ability to produce numerous and diverse responses to questions or tasks, and it is used as a predictor of creative achievement. It plays a significant role in the business organization’s innovation process and the recognition of new business opportunities. Drawing upon the cumulative process model of creativity in entrepreneurship, we hypothesize that divergent thinking has a lasting effect on post-launch entrepreneurial outcomes related to innovation and growth, but that this relation might not always be linear. Additionally, we hypothesize that domain-specific experience has a moderating role in this relation. We test our hypotheses based on a representative longitudinal sample of 457 German business founders, which we observe up until 40 months after start-up. We find strong relative effects for innovation and growth outcomes. For survival we find conclusive evidence for non-linearities in the effects of divergent thinking. Additionally, we show that such effects are moderated by the type of domain-specific experience that entrepreneurs gathered pre-launch, as it shapes the individual’s ideational abilities to fit into more sophisticated strategies regarding entrepreneurial creative achievement. Our findings have relevant policy implications in characterizing and identifying business start-ups with growth and innovation potential, allowing a more efficient allocation of public and private funds. T3 - CEPA Discussion Papers - 68 KW - divergent thinking KW - entrepreneurial performance KW - survival KW - business expansion KW - innovation Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-607408 SN - 2628-653X IS - 68 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Tübbicke, Stefan T1 - Do start-up subsidies for the unemployed affect participants’ well-being? BT - a rigorous look at (un-)intended consequences of labor market policies JF - Evaluation review N2 - Background: The literature on start-up subsidies (SUS) for the unemployed finds positive effects on objective outcome measures such as employment or income. However, little is known about effects on subjective well-being of participants. Knowledge about this is especially important because subsidizing the transition into self-employment may have unintended adverse effects on participants’ well-being due to its risky nature and lower social security protection, especially in the long run. Objective: We study the long-term effects of SUS on subjective outcome indicators of well-being, as measured by the participants’ satisfaction in different domains. This extends previous analyses of the current German SUS program (“Gründungszuschuss”) that focused on objective outcomes—such as employment and income—and allows us to make a more complete judgment about the overall effects of SUS at the individual level. Research design: Having access to linked administrative-survey data providing us with rich information on pretreatment characteristics, we base our analysis on the conditional independence assumption and use propensity score matching to estimate causal effects within the potential outcomes framework. We perform several sensitivity analyses to inspect the robustness of our findings. Results: We find long-term positive effects on job satisfaction but negative effects on individuals’ satisfaction with their social security situation. Supplementary findings suggest that the negative effect on satisfaction with social security may be driven by negative effects on unemployment and retirement insurance coverage. Our heterogeneity analysis reveals substantial variation in effects across gender, age groups, and skill levels. Estimates are highly robust. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0193841X20927237 SN - 1552-3926 SN - 0193-841X VL - 46 IS - 5 SP - 517 EP - 554 PB - Sage Publications CY - Thousand Oaks ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Tübbicke, Stefan T1 - Do Start-Up Subsidies for the Unemployed Affect Participants’ Well-Being? BT - A Rigorous Look at (Un-)Intended Consequences of Labor Market Policies T2 - CEPA Discussion Papers N2 - We estimate the long-term effects of start-up subsidies (SUS) for the unemployed on subjective outcome indicators of well-being, as measured by the participants’ satisfaction in different domains. This extends previous analyses of the current German SUS program (“Gründungszuschuss”) that focused on objective outcomes – such as employment and income – and allows us to make a more complete judgment about the overall effects of SUS at the individual level. This is especially important because subsidizing the transition into self-employment may have unintended adverse effects on participants’ well-being due to its risky nature and lower social security protection, especially in the long run. Having access to linked administrative-survey data providing us with rich information on pre-treatment characteristics, we base our analysis on the conditional independence assumption and use propensity score matching to estimate causal effects within the potential outcomes framework. We find long-term positive effects on job satisfaction but negative effects on individuals’ satisfaction with their social security situation. Further findings suggest that the negative effect on satisfaction with social security may be driven by negative effects on unemployment and retirement insurance coverage. Our heterogeneity analysis reveals substantial variation in effects across gender, age groups and skill levels. The sensitivity analyses show that these findings are highly robust. T3 - CEPA Discussion Papers - 14 KW - Start-Up Subsidies KW - Propensity Score Matching KW - Counterfactual Analysis KW - Well-Being Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-437468 SN - 2628-653X IS - 14 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Hennecke, Juliane T1 - Drinking is Different! BT - Examining the Role of Locus of Control for Alcohol Consumption T2 - CEPA Discussion Papers N2 - Unhealthy behavior can be extremely costly from a micro- and macroeconomic perspective and exploring the determinants of such behavior is highly important from an economist’s point of view. We examine whether locus of control (LOC) can explain alcohol consumption as an important domain of health behavior. LOC measures how much an individual believes that she is in control of the consequences of her own actions for her life’s future outcomes. While earlier literature showed that an increasing internal LOC is associated with increased health-conscious behavior in domains such as smoking, exercise or diets, we find that drinking seems to be different. Using German panel data from the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) we find a significant positive effect of having an internal LOC on the probability of moderate and regular drinking. We suggest and discuss two likely mechanisms for this relationship and find interesting gender differences. While social investments play an important role for both men and women, risk perceptions are especially relevant for men. T3 - CEPA Discussion Papers - 18 KW - locus of control KW - alcohol consumption KW - health behavior KW - risk perception KW - social investment Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-469790 SN - 2628-653X IS - 18 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Hennecke, Juliane T1 - Drinking is different! BT - examining the role of locus of control for alcohol consumption JF - Empirical economics N2 - Locus of control (LOC) measures how much an individual believes in the causal relationship between her own actions and her life’s outcomes. While earlier literature has shown that an increasing internal LOC is associated with increased health-conscious behavior in domains such as smoking, exercise or diets, we find that drinking seems to be different. Using very informative German panel data, we extend and generalize previous findings and find a significant positive association between having an internal LOC and the probability of occasional and regular drinking for men and women. An increase in an individual’s LOC by one standard deviation increases the probability of occasional or regular drinking on average by 3.4% for men and 6.9% for women. Using a decomposition method, we show that roughly a quarter of this association can be explained by differences in the social activities between internal and external individuals. KW - locus of control KW - alcohol consumption KW - health behavior KW - risk perception KW - social activity Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-022-02219-3 SN - 0377-7332 SN - 1435-8921 VL - 63 IS - 5 SP - 2785 EP - 2815 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Künn, Steffen A1 - Uhlendorff, Arne T1 - Earnings exemptions for unemployed workers: The relationship between marginal employment, unemployment duration and job quality JF - Labour economics : an international journal N2 - In some countries including Germany unemployed workers can increase their income by working a few hours per week. The intention is to keep unemployed job seekers attached to the labour market and to increase their job-finding probabilities. To analyze the unemployment dynamics of job seekers with and without marginal employment, we consider an inflow sample into unemployment and estimate multivariate duration models. While we do not find any significant impact on the job finding probability in a model with homogeneous effects, models allowing for time-varying coefficients indicate a decreased job finding probability of marginal employment at the beginning of the unemployment spell and an increased job finding probability for the long-term unemployed. Our results suggest that job seekers with marginal employment find more stable post-unemployment jobs, and we find some evidence that the relationship between marginal employment and wages and employment stability varies with respect to skill levels, sector and labor market tightness. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - Marginal employment KW - Mini-job KW - Unemployment duration KW - Job search KW - Employment stability KW - Multivariate duration models Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2016.07.003 SN - 0927-5371 SN - 1879-1034 VL - 42 SP - 177 EP - 193 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Goethner, Maximilian A1 - Weißenberger, Martin T1 - Entrepreneurial persistence beyond survival: Measurement and determinants JF - Journal of Small Business Management N2 - Entrepreneurial persistence is demonstrated by an entrepreneur’s continued positive maintenance of entrepreneurial motivation and constantly renewed active engagement in a new business venture despite counterforces or enticing alternatives. It thus is a crucial factor for entrepreneurs when pursuing and exploiting their business opportunities and in realizing potential economic gains and benefits. Using rich data on a representative sample of German business founders, we investigated the determinants of entrepreneurial persistence. Next to observed survival, we also constructed a hybrid persistence measure capturing the motivational dimension of persistence. We analyzed the influence of individual-level (human capital and personality) and business-related characteristics on both measures as well as their relative importance. We found that the two indicators emphasize different aspects of persistence. For the survival indicator, the predictive power was concentrated in business characteristics and human capital, while for hybrid persistence the dominant factors were business characteristics and personality. Finally, we showed that results were heterogeneous across subgroups. In particular, formerly unemployed founders did not differ in survival chances, but they were more likely to lack a high psychological commitment to their business ventures. KW - entrepreneurship KW - startups KW - persistence KW - survival Y1 - 2019 VL - 58 IS - 3 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - London ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Goethner, Maximilian A1 - Weißenberger, Martin T1 - Entrepreneurial Persistence Beyond Survival: Measurement and Determinants T2 - CEPA Discussion Papers N2 - Entrepreneurial persistence is demonstrated by an entrepreneur’s continued positive maintenance of entrepreneurial motivation and constantly-renewed active engagement in a new business venture despite counter forces or enticing alternatives. It is thus a crucial factor for entrepreneurs when pursuing and exploiting their business opportunities and to realize potential economic gains and benefits. Using rich data on a representative sample of German business founders, we investigate the determinants of entrepreneurial persistence. Next to observed survival we also construct a hybrid persistence measure capturing also the motivational dimension of persistence. We analyze the influence of individual-level (human capital and personality) and business-related characteristics on both measures as well as their relative importance. We find that the two indicators emphasize different aspects of persistence. For the survival indicator, the predictive power is concentrated in business characteristics and human capital, while for hybrid persistence, the dominant factors are business characteristics and personality. Finally, we show that results are heterogeneous across subgroups. In particular, formerly-unemployed founders do not differ in survival chances, but they are more likely to lack a high psychological commitment to their business ventures. T3 - CEPA Discussion Papers - 11 KW - Entrepreneurship KW - Start-ups KW - Persistence KW - Survival Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-434563 SN - 2628-653X IS - 11 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Goethner, Maximilian A1 - Weißenberger, Martin T1 - Entrepreneurial persistence beyond survival: Measurement and determinants T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Entrepreneurial persistence is demonstrated by an entrepreneur’s continued positive maintenance of entrepreneurial motivation and constantly renewed active engagement in a new business venture despite counterforces or enticing alternatives. It thus is a crucial factor for entrepreneurs when pursuing and exploiting their business opportunities and in realizing potential economic gains and benefits. Using rich data on a representative sample of German business founders, we investigated the determinants of entrepreneurial persistence. Next to observed survival, we also constructed a hybrid persistence measure capturing the motivational dimension of persistence. We analyzed the influence of individual-level (human capital and personality) and business-related characteristics on both measures as well as their relative importance. We found that the two indicators emphasize different aspects of persistence. For the survival indicator, the predictive power was concentrated in business characteristics and human capital, while for hybrid persistence the dominant factors were business characteristics and personality. Finally, we showed that results were heterogeneous across subgroups. In particular, formerly unemployed founders did not differ in survival chances, but they were more likely to lack a high psychological commitment to their business ventures. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliche Reihe - 144 KW - entrepreneurship KW - startups KW - persistence KW - survival Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-524813 SN - 1867-5808 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Lee, Wang-Sheng T1 - Fat chance! - Obesity and the transition from unemployment to employment JF - Economics and human biology N2 - This paper focuses on estimating the magnitude of any potential weight discrimination by examining whether obese job applicants in Germany get treated or behave differently from non-obese applicants. Based on two waves of rich survey data from the IZA Evaluation dataset, which includes measures that control for education, demographic characteristics, labor market history, psychological factors and health, we estimate differences in job search behavior and labor market outcomes between obese/overweight and normal weight individuals. Unlike other observational studies which are generally based on obese and non-obese individuals who might already be at different points in the job ladder (e.g., household surveys), in our data, individuals are newly unemployed and all start from the same point. The only subgroup we find in our data experiencing any possible form of negative labor market outcomes is obese women. Despite making more job applications and engaging more in job training programs, we find some indications that they experienced worse (or at best similar) employment outcomes than normal weight women. Obese women who found a job also had significantly lower wages than normal weight women. KW - Obesity KW - Discrimination KW - Employment KW - Labor demand Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2012.02.002 SN - 1570-677X VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - 121 EP - 133 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER -