TY - JOUR A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Künn, Steffen A1 - Mahlstedt, Robert T1 - The return to labor market mobility BT - an evaluation of relocation assistance for the unemployed JF - Journal of Public Economics N2 - In many European countries, labor markets are characterized by high regional disparities in terms of unemployment rates on the one hand and low geographical mobility among the unemployed on the other hand. In order to counteract the geographical mismatch of workers, the German active labor market policy offers a subsidy covering moving costs to incentivize unemployed job seekers to search/accept jobs in distant regions. Based on administrative data, this study provides the first empirical evidence on the impact of this subsidy on participants' prospective labor market outcomes. We use an instrumental variable approach to take endogenous selection based on observed and unobserved characteristics into account when estimating causal treatment effects. We find that unemployed job seekers who participate in the subsidy program and move to a distant region receive higher wages and find more stable jobs compared to non-participants. We show that the positive effects are (to a large extent) the consequence of a better job match due to the increased search radius of participants. KW - Evaluation KW - Active labor market policy KW - Labor market mobility KW - Instrumental variable approach Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2017.02.008 SN - 0047-2727 VL - 148 SP - 136 EP - 151 PB - Elsevier CY - Lausanne ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Goethner, Maximilian A1 - Weißenberger, Martin T1 - Entrepreneurial Persistence Beyond Survival: Measurement and Determinants T2 - CEPA Discussion Papers N2 - Entrepreneurial persistence is demonstrated by an entrepreneur’s continued positive maintenance of entrepreneurial motivation and constantly-renewed active engagement in a new business venture despite counter forces or enticing alternatives. It is thus a crucial factor for entrepreneurs when pursuing and exploiting their business opportunities and to realize potential economic gains and benefits. Using rich data on a representative sample of German business founders, we investigate the determinants of entrepreneurial persistence. Next to observed survival we also construct a hybrid persistence measure capturing also the motivational dimension of persistence. We analyze the influence of individual-level (human capital and personality) and business-related characteristics on both measures as well as their relative importance. We find that the two indicators emphasize different aspects of persistence. For the survival indicator, the predictive power is concentrated in business characteristics and human capital, while for hybrid persistence, the dominant factors are business characteristics and personality. Finally, we show that results are heterogeneous across subgroups. In particular, formerly-unemployed founders do not differ in survival chances, but they are more likely to lack a high psychological commitment to their business ventures. T3 - CEPA Discussion Papers - 11 KW - Entrepreneurship KW - Start-ups KW - Persistence KW - Survival Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-434563 SN - 2628-653X IS - 11 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Künn, Steffen A1 - Weißenberger, Martin T1 - Catching up or Lagging Behind? BT - The Long-Term Business and Innovation Potential of Subsidized Start-Ups out of Unemployment T2 - CEPA Discussion Papers N2 - From an active labor market policy perspective, start-up subsidies for unemployed individuals are very effective in improving long-term labor market outcomes for participants. From a business perspective, however, the assessment of these public programs is less clear since they might attract individuals with low entrepreneurial abilities and produce businesses with low survival rates and little contribution to job creation, economic growth, and innovation. In this paper, we use a rich data set to compare participants of a German start-up subsidy program for unemployed individuals to a group of regular founders who started from nonunemployment and did not receive the subsidy. The data allows us to analyze their business performance up until 40 months after business formation. We find that formerly subsidized founders lag behind not only in survival and job creation, but especially also in innovation activities. The gaps in these business outcomes are relatively constant or even widening over time. Hence, we do not see any indication of catching up in the longer run. While the gap in survival can be entirely explained by initial differences in observable start-up characteristics, the gap in business development remains and seems to be the result of restricted access to capital as well as differential business strategies and dynamics. Considering these conflicting results for the assessment of the subsidy program from an ALMP and business perspective, policy makers need to carefully weigh the costs and benefits of such a strategy to find the right policy mix. T3 - CEPA Discussion Papers - 12 KW - Entrepreneurship KW - Start-up Subsidies KW - Business Grow KW - Innovation KW - Job Creation Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-437012 SN - 2628-653X IS - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Künn, Steffen A1 - Uhlendorff, Arne T1 - Earnings exemptions for unemployed workers: The relationship between marginal employment, unemployment duration and job quality JF - Labour economics : an international journal N2 - In some countries including Germany unemployed workers can increase their income by working a few hours per week. The intention is to keep unemployed job seekers attached to the labour market and to increase their job-finding probabilities. To analyze the unemployment dynamics of job seekers with and without marginal employment, we consider an inflow sample into unemployment and estimate multivariate duration models. While we do not find any significant impact on the job finding probability in a model with homogeneous effects, models allowing for time-varying coefficients indicate a decreased job finding probability of marginal employment at the beginning of the unemployment spell and an increased job finding probability for the long-term unemployed. Our results suggest that job seekers with marginal employment find more stable post-unemployment jobs, and we find some evidence that the relationship between marginal employment and wages and employment stability varies with respect to skill levels, sector and labor market tightness. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - Marginal employment KW - Mini-job KW - Unemployment duration KW - Job search KW - Employment stability KW - Multivariate duration models Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2016.07.003 SN - 0927-5371 SN - 1879-1034 VL - 42 SP - 177 EP - 193 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Cobb-Clark, Deborah A. A1 - Uhlendorff, Arne T1 - Locus of control and job search strategies JF - The review of economics and statistics N2 - Standard job search theory assumes that unemployed individuals have perfect information about the effect of their search effort on the job offer arrival rate. We present an alternative model that assumes that each individual has a subjective belief about the impact of her search effort on the job arrival. These beliefs depend in part on an individual's locus of control. We estimate the impact of locus of control on job search behavior using a data set of newly unemployed individuals in Germany. Consistent with our theoretical predictions, we find evidence that individuals with an internal locus of control search more and that individuals who believe that their future outcomes are determined by external factors have lower reservation wages. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00459 SN - 0034-6535 SN - 1530-9142 VL - 97 IS - 1 SP - 88 EP - 103 PB - MIT Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Cobb-Clark, Deborah A. A1 - Hennecke, Juliane A1 - Uhlendorff, Arne T1 - Locus of control and internal migration JF - Regional science and urban economics N2 - We model migration across domestic labor markets (internal migration) as the outcome of a job search process in which job seekers form subjective beliefs about the return search effort that are related to their locus of control. Job seekers with an internal locus of control are predicted to search across larger geographic areas and migrate more frequently as a result. We empirically test the relationship between locus of control and the propensity to migrate using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). We find that not only do individuals with an internal locus of control express more willingness to migrate, they do in fact also migrate more often. KW - Locus of control KW - Internal migration KW - Mobility KW - Job search Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2019.103468 SN - 0166-0462 SN - 1879-2308 VL - 79 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Hogenacker, Jens A1 - Kuenn, Steffen A1 - Wiessner, Frank T1 - Subsidized start-ups out of unemployment: a comparison to regular business start-ups JF - Small business economics : an international journal N2 - Offering unemployed individuals a subsidy to become self-employed is a widespread active labor market policy strategy. Previous studies have illustrated its high effectiveness to help participants escaping unemployment and improving their labor market prospects compared to other unemployed individuals. However, the examination of start-up subsidies from a business perspective has only received little attention to date. Using a new dataset based on a survey allows us to compare subsidized start-ups out of unemployment with regular business founders, with respect to not only personal characteristics but also business outcomes. The results indicate that previously unemployed entrepreneurs face disadvantages in variables correlated with entrepreneurial ability and access to capital. Nineteen months after start-up, the subsidized businesses experience higher survival, but lag behind regular business founders in terms of income, business growth and innovation. Moreover, we show that expected deadweight effects related to start-up subsidies occur on a (much) lower scale than usually assumed. KW - Entrepreneurship KW - Start-up subsidies KW - Evaluation KW - Deadweight effects KW - Innovation Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-015-9646-0 SN - 0921-898X SN - 1573-0913 VL - 45 IS - 1 SP - 165 EP - 190 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Künn, Steffen T1 - Getting back into the labor market: the effects of start-up subsidies for unemployed females JF - Journal of population economics N2 - Low female labor market participation is a problem many developed countries have to face. Beside activating inactive women, one possible solution is to support the re-integration of unemployed women. Due to female-specific labor market constraints (preferences for flexible working hours, discrimination), this is a difficult task, and the question arises whether active labor market policies (ALMP) are an appropriate tool to help. It has been shown that the effectiveness of traditional (ALMP) programs-which focus on the integration in dependent (potentially inflexible) employment-is positive but limited. At the same time, recent evidence for Austria shows that these programs reduce fertility which might be judged unfavorable from a societal perspective. Promoting self-employment among unemployed women might therefore be a promising alternative. Starting their own business might give women more independence and flexibility to reconcile work and family and increase labor market participation. Based on long-term informative data, we find that start-up programs persistently integrate former unemployed women into the labor market, and the impact on fertility is less detrimental than for traditional ALMP programs. KW - Start-up subsidies KW - Evaluation KW - Long-term effects KW - Female labor-force participation KW - Fertility Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-015-0540-5 SN - 0933-1433 SN - 1432-1475 VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - 1005 EP - 1043 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Kuenn, Steffen T1 - Regional effect heterogeneity of start-up subsidies for the unemployed JF - Regional studies N2 - Sin embargo, todavia no se han analizado los efectos potencialmente heterogeneos de los programas para proyectos empresariales en los diferentes mercados laborales de ambito regional. Las restricciones en la demanda de empleo en areas mas desfavorecidas generalmente hacen aumentar el numero de personas que aprovechan estos programas porque las ofertas laborales son limitadas. Sin embargo, la supervivencia de empresas en estas areas es tambien mas baja, de modo que sigue sin estar claro el efecto general. Basandonos en datos alemanes, observamos que el proceso de creacion, el desarrollo de negocios y la eficacia de los programas estan influenciados por las condiciones economicas imperantes en el momento de la creacion de la empresa. KW - Start-up subsidies KW - Evaluation KW - Effect heterogeneity KW - Regional effects KW - Self-employment KW - Subventions de demarrage KW - Evaluation KW - Effet heterogene KW - Effets regionaux KW - Travail independant KW - Existenzgrundungszuschusse KW - Bewertung KW - Heterogenitat von Effekten KW - Regionale Auswirkungen KW - Selbststandigkeit KW - Subvenciones a proyectos empresariales KW - Evaluacion KW - Heterogeneidad del efecto KW - Efectos regionales KW - Empleo autonomo KW - C14 KW - J68 KW - L26 KW - R11 Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2013.851784 SN - 0034-3404 SN - 1360-0591 VL - 48 IS - 6 SP - 1108 EP - 1134 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Clement, Michel A1 - Papies, Dominik A1 - Scheel-Kopeinig, Sabine T1 - The cost impact of spam filters measuring the effect of information system technologies in organizations JF - Information systems research N2 - Dealing with spam is very costly, and many organizations have tried to reduce spam-related costs by installing spam filters. Relying on modern econometric methods to reduce the selection bias of installing a spam filter, we use a unique data setting implemented at a German university to measure the costs associated with spam and the costs savings of spam filters. Our methodological framework accounts for effect heterogeneity and can be easily used to estimate the effect of other IS technologies implemented in organizations. The majority of costs stem from the time that employees spend identifying and deleting spam, amounting to an average of approximately five minutes per employee per day. Our analysis, which accounts for selection bias, finds that the installation of a spam filter reduces these costs by roughly one third. Failing to account for the selection bias would lead to a result that suggests that installing a spam filter does not reduce working time losses. However, cost savings only occur when the spam burden is high, indicating that spam filters do not necessarily reduce costs and are therefore no universal remedy. The analysis further shows that spam filters alone are a countermeasure against spam that exhibits only limited effectiveness because they only reduce costs by one third. KW - spam KW - spam filter KW - selection bias KW - propensity score matching Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1110.0396 SN - 1047-7047 VL - 23 IS - 3 SP - 1068 EP - 1080 PB - INFORMS CY - Hannover ER -