TY - JOUR
A1 - Marchewka, Juliette
A1 - Tomaszewska, Paulina
A1 - Schuster, Isabell
A1 - Krahé, Barbara
T1 - Unacknowledged and missed cases of sexual victimization
BT - a comparison of responses to broad versus behaviorally specific questions
JF - Aggressive behavior : a multidisciplinary journal devoted to the experimental and observational analysis of conflict in humans and animals
N2 - From the beginning of systematic research on sexual victimization, it has been recognized that a substantial proportion of women report nonconsensual sexual experiences meeting the defining criteria of rape in response to behaviorally specific items, but do not acknowledge their experience as rape in response to broad questions about whether they have ever been raped. Recent studies suggest that rates of unacknowledged rape may be as high or even higher among men than among women. This study examined rates of unacknowledged female and male victims of rape and sexual assault by comparing responses to behaviorally specific items of the Sexual Aggression and Victimization Scale (SAV-S) with responses to broad questions using the labels of sexual assault and rape (SARA) in 593 participants (303 women) in Germany. As predicted, more women and men were classified as rape victims based on behaviorally specific items than on the basis of the broad rape item. The rates of unacknowledged rape were about 60% for women and 75% for men. The gender difference was not significant. Against our prediction, no significant differences in acknowledgement of sexual assault were found in relation to coercive strategy and victim-perpetrator relationship. Few cases of rape and sexual assault identified by the SARA items were missed by the behaviorally specific questions. The implications for establishing prevalence rates of rape and sexual assault and for comparing victims and nonvictims in terms of vulnerability factors and outcomes of sexual victimization are discussed.
KW - Germany
KW - rape
KW - Sexual Aggression and Victimization Scale
KW - sexual assault
KW - sexual victimization
KW - unacknowledged victims
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.22043
SN - 0096-140X
SN - 1098-2337
VL - 48
IS - 6
SP - 573
EP - 582
PB - Wiley-Liss
CY - New York
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Wendt, Julia
A1 - Morriss, Jayne
T1 - An examination of intolerance of uncertainty and contingency instruction on multiple indices during threat acquisition and extinction training
JF - International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology
N2 - Individuals who score high in self-reported Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU) tend to find uncertainty aversive. Prior research has demonstrated that under uncertainty individuals with high IU display difficulties in updating learned threat associations to safety associations. Importantly, recent research has shown that providing contingency instructions about threat and safety contingencies (i.e. reducing uncertainty) to individuals with high IU promotes the updating of learned threat associations to safety associations. Here we aimed to conceptually replicate IU and contingency instruction-based effects by conducting a secondary analysis of self-reported IU, ratings, skin conductance, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data recorded during uninstructed/instructed blocks of threat acquisition and threat extinction training (n = 48). Generally, no significant associations were observed between self-reported IU and differential responding to learned threat and safety cues for any measure during uninstructed/instructed blocks of threat acquisition and threat extinction training. There was some tentative evidence that higher IU was associated with greater ratings of unpleasantness and arousal to the safety cue after the experiment and greater skin conductance response to the safety cue during extinction generally. Potential explanations for these null effects and directions for future research are discussed.
KW - Acquisition
KW - Extinction
KW - Threat
KW - Instructions
KW - Intolerance of
KW - Uncertainty
KW - Skin conductance
KW - fMRI
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.05.005
SN - 0167-8760
SN - 1872-7697
VL - 177
SP - 171
EP - 178
PB - Elsevier
CY - Amsterdam [u.a.]
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Rudolph, Almut
A1 - Schröder-Abé, Michela
A1 - Schütz, Astrid
T1 - I like myself, I really do (at least right now)
BT - development and validation of a brief and revised (German-language) version of the State Self-Esteem Scale
JF - European journal of psychological assessment : EJPA
N2 - In five studies, we evaluated the psychometric properties of a revised German version of the State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES; Heatherton & Polivy, 1991). In Study 1, the results of a confirmatory factor analysis on the original scale revealed poor model fit and poor construct validity in a student sample that resembled those in the literature; thus, a revised 15-item version was developed (i.e., the SSES-R) and thoroughly validated. Study 2 showed a valid three-factor structure (Performance, Social, and Appearance) and good internal consistency of the SSES-R. Correlations between subscales of trait and state SE empirically supported the scale's construct validity. Temporal stability and intrapersonal sensitivity of the scale to naturally occurring events were investigated in Study 3. Intrapersonat sensitivity of the scale to experimentally induced changes in state SE was uncovered in Study 4 via social feedback (acceptance vs. rejection) and performance feedback (positive vs. negative). In Study 5, the scale's interpersonal sensitivity was confirmed by comparing depressed and healthy individuals. Finally, the usefulness of the SSES-R was demonstrated by assessing SE instability as calculated from repeated measures of state SE.
KW - self-esteem
KW - state self-esteem
KW - State Self-Esteem Scale
KW - positive affect
KW - negative affect
Y1 - 2018
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000501
SN - 1015-5759
SN - 2151-2426
VL - 36
IS - 1
SP - 196
EP - 206
PB - Hogrefe
CY - Göttingen
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Giraudier, Manon
A1 - Ventura-Bort, Carlos
A1 - Wendt, Julia
A1 - Lischke, Alexander
A1 - Weymar, Mathias
T1 - Memory advantage for untrustworthy faces
BT - replication across lab- and web-based studies
JF - PLoS one
N2 - The Covid-19 pandemic imposed new constraints on empirical research and forced researchers to transfer from traditional laboratory research to the online environment. This study tested the validity of a web-based episodic memory paradigm by comparing participants' memory performance for trustworthy and untrustworthy facial stimuli in a supervised laboratory setting and an unsupervised web setting. Consistent with previous results, we observed enhanced episodic memory for untrustworthy compared to trustworthy faces. Most importantly, this memory bias was comparable in the online and the laboratory experiment, suggesting that web-based procedures are a promising tool for memory research.
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264034
SN - 1932-6203
VL - 17
IS - 2
PB - PLoS
CY - San Fransisco
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Samaan, Mareike
A1 - Sauer, Elena
A1 - Müller, Marie
A1 - Fydrich, Thomas
A1 - Diefenbacher, Albert
A1 - Burian, Ronald
A1 - Schade, Christoph
A1 - Weck, Florian
T1 - Entwicklung und Validierung von Skalen zur Erfassung der Adhärenz im transdiagnostischen Gruppensetting für ACT und KVT
JF - Zeitschrift für klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie : Forschung und Praxis
N2 - Zusammenfassung
Theoretischer Hintergrund: Therapeutische Adhärenz ist eine zentrale Voraussetzung zur Sicherung der Validität von Psychotherapiestudien. Bisher existieren im deutschsprachigen Raum keine Skalen zur Erfassung der Adhärenz im Bereich der Akzeptanz- und Commitmenttherapie (ACT). Fragestellung: Ziel war es, Skalen zur Erfassung der Adhärenz von Therapeut_innen für ACT und der Kognitiven Verhaltenstherapie (KVT) zu entwickeln und deren Gütekriterien zu überprüfen.
Methode
Die Validierung der Adhärenzskalen basierte auf n=38 ACT- und n=31 KVT-Gruppentherapiesitzungen zur Behandlung von depressiven und gemischten Störungsbildern. Die Adhärenz wurde durch zwei Rater_innen anhand von Audioaufzeichnungen bewertet. Ergebnisse: Sowohl für die ACT-Adhärenzskala (ICC=.96) als auch für die KVT-Adhärenzskala (ICC=.98) konnten hohe Interraterreliabilitäten erreicht werden. Die konvergente Validität konnte anhand einer negativen Korrelation zwischen den beiden Skalen sichergestellt werden (r=-.95).
Schlussfolgerungen
Beide Adhärenzskalen bieten eine erste Möglichkeit, um manualgetreues Therapeut_innenverhalten in ACT- und KVT-Gruppentherapien für Patient_innen mit gemischten Störungsbildern zu erfassen. Zudem geben die Ergebnisse einen Hinweis darauf, dass sich die beiden Methoden voneinander differenzieren lassen.
N2 - Background
Therapeutic adherence is a central condition for ensuring the validity of psychotherapy studies. To date no German scales to assess adherence in the area of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) exist. Objective: The aim was to develop scales to
measure the adherence of therapists to ACT and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and to examine their psychometric properties.
Methods
Validation of the adherence scales was based on n=38 ACT and n=31 CBT group therapies for the treatment of depressive and mixed disorders. Therapists’ adherence was evaluated by two raters using audio recordings.
Results
Both ACT adherence scale (ICC=.96) and CBT adherence scale (ICC=.98) achieved high interrater-reliabilities. Convergent validity could be ensured by a negative correlation between both scales (r=-.95). Conclusions: Both adherence scales offer a first possibility to measure adherent therapist behavior in ACT and CBT groups for patients with mixed disorders. Moreover, the results indicate that both psychotherapeutic approaches can be differentiated from each other.
T2 - Development and validation of scales to assess adherence of transdiagnostic group settings for ACT and CBT
KW - Akzeptanz- und Commitmenttherapie (ACT)
KW - Kognitive Verhaltenstherapie (KVT)
KW - Adhärenz
KW - Behandlungsintegrität
KW - Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT),
KW - Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
KW - Adherence
KW - Treatment Integrity
Y1 - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1026/1616-3443/a000566
SN - 1616-3443
SN - 2190-6297
VL - 49
IS - 1
SP - 63
EP - 71
PB - Hogrefe
CY - Göttingen
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kayser, Daniela Niesta
T1 - Lehrkräftegesundheit und Umgang mit Beanspruchungsfolgen im Praxissemester
BT - Die Bedeutung von Ressourcenwissen und Ressourcennutzung zur Bewältigung von Anforderungen und zur Gesunderhaltung während der Corona-Pandemie
JF - PSI-Potsdam: Ergebnisbericht zu den Aktivitäten im Rahmen der Qualitätsoffensive Lehrerbildung (2019-2023) (Potsdamer Beiträge zur Lehrerbildung und Bildungsforschung ; 3)
N2 - Mit Blick auf den Schuldienst existieren viele Studien zur Arbeitsbelastung und Arbeitsbeanspruchung von Lehrkräften. Bereits die Praxisphasen im Lehramtsstudium sind geprägt von zahlreichen Anforderungen für Lehramtsanwärter:innen, weshalb Wissen und Kenntnisse um eigene Ressourcen eine erhebliche Bedeutung für die Ressourcennutzung zur Bewältigung der Anforderungen und zur Gesunderhaltung darstellen. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt den Gesundheitsbegriff sowie die theoretischen Grundlagen der Ressourcen zur Gesundheitsförderung anhand repräsentativer Studien innerhalb sowie außerhalb des Potsdamer Praxissemesters vor. Insbesondere wird sich den Anforderungen im Praxissemester, die durch die Corona-Pandemie geprägt waren, gewidmet. Ziel ist es, angehenden Lehrkräften die wichtigsten Methoden bzw. Strategien der Gesundheitsförderung zu vermitteln und sie damit zur Stärkung ihrer eigenen Gesundheit auch in Zeiten erhöhter Belastung bzw. in Krisenzeiten zu befähigen. Erste empirische Ergebnisse aus einer qualitativen Erhebung zeigen, dass die Teilnehmenden in Bezug auf innere Ressourcen die zentrale Rolle von produktiven Überzeugungssystemen und produktiven Bewältigungsstrategien betonen. Ein Mentoringprogramm, angelegt analog zur Potsdamer AG der Mentor:innenqualifzierung, könnte dazu dienen, inhaltliche Eckpunkte zur Gesundheitsförderung im Unterricht des Praxissemesters zu verankern und angehende Lehrkräfte zu begleiten.
N2 - With regard to the teaching profession, many studies exist on the workload and work stress of teachers. The practical phases of teacher training are already characterized by numerous requirements for trainee teachers, which is why knowledge and understanding of one’s own resources are of considerable importance for the use of resources to cope with the requirements and to maintain health. This paper presents the concept of health as well as the theoretical basis of resources for health promotion based on representative studies within as well as outside of the Potsdam internship semester. In particular, it addresses the demands of the internship semester, which were shaped by the Corona pandemic. The aim is to teach prospective teachers the most important methods and strategies of health promotion and thus enable them to strengthen their own health, even in times of increased stress or in times of crisis. Initial empirical results from a qualitative survey show that participants emphasize the central role of productive belief systems and productive coping strategies with regard to inner resources. A mentoring program analogous to the Potsdam AG of mentor qualification could serve to anchor content-related cornerstones of health promotion in the teaching of the internship semester and to accompany prospective teachers.
KW - Beanspruchungserleben
KW - Resilienz
KW - innere Ressourcen
KW - Gesundheitsförderung
KW - Praxisphasen
KW - resilience
KW - internal resources
KW - health promotion
KW - practical phases
Y1 - 2023
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-618643
SN - 978-3-86956-568-2
SN - 2626-3556
SN - 2626-4722
IS - 3
SP - 375
EP - 393
PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam
CY - Potsdam
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hettinger, Katharina
A1 - Lazarides, Rebecca
A1 - Rubach, Charlott
A1 - Schiefele, Ulrich
T1 - Teacher classroom management self-efficacy
BT - longitudinal relations to perceived teaching behaviors and student enjoyment
JF - Teaching and teacher education : an international journal of research and studies
N2 - This study examined the relations between teacher-reported classroom management self-efficacy, stu-dent-reported teaching quality and students' enjoyment in mathematics. Data were collected from German ninth and tenth-grade students (N = 779) and their teachers (N = 40) at the beginning and the middle of the school year. Multilevel models showed that teachers' self-efficacy at time 1 significantly and positively related to class-level monitoring and relatedness at time 2. Class-level relatedness at time 2 was significantly and positively associated with enjoyment at time 2. Teacher-reported self-efficacy at time 1 was indirectly related to enjoyment at time 2 through relatedness at time 2.
KW - teacher self-efficacy
KW - teaching quality
KW - classroom management
KW - achievement emotions
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103349
SN - 0742-051X
SN - 1879-2480
VL - 103
PB - Elsevier
CY - Oxford
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schulz, Anika D.
A1 - Schöllgen, Ina
A1 - Wendsche, Johannes
A1 - Fay, Doris
A1 - Wegge, Jürgen
T1 - The dynamics of social stressors and detachment
BT - long term mechanisms impacting well-being
JF - International journal of stress management
N2 - This study examines the long-term dynamics of social stressors at work, psychological detachment, and their impact on employee well-being. Previous research has shown that social stressors are detrimental for employee well-being and the ability to mentally detach from work. However, longitudinal studies in this field are scarce, and typically, they only explore whether the level of stressors, or of detachment, at a given point in time has an effect on outcomes. That stressors and detachment may change over time, and that this change may have an independent effect in the process, has rarely been taken into consideration. Thus, it is unclear to what extent long-term dynamic effects also play a role in these relations. To address this question, we investigated whether change in detachment explains the long-term indirect relationship of change in perceived social stressors with change in emotional exhaustion and mental well-being. Data were taken from a longitudinal study of N = 246 registered nurses with up to 3 measurements over 1 year. Analyses were conducted with latent difference scores using a proportional change model. Results revealed that a decline in psychological detachment mediated the long-term effects of increases in social stressors at the workplace on subsequent change in emotional exhaustion and mental well-being. Thus, our study provides initial evidence for the underlying long-term dynamic nature of relationships among social stressors, detachment, and employee well-being, highlighting the incremental explanatory power of change in social stressors and in detachment, above and beyond their respective levels, in predicting change in well-being.
KW - psychological detachment
KW - job stress
KW - emotional exhaustion
KW - well-being
KW - longitudinal study
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000216
SN - 1072-5245
SN - 1573-3424
VL - 28
IS - 3
SP - 207
EP - 219
PB - American Psychological Association
CY - Washington
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Birke, Joseph
A1 - Bondü, Rebecca
T1 - From fantasy to reality
BT - self-reported aggression-related sexual fantasies predict sexually sadistic behavior beyond indirect and direct measures of sexual preference
JF - The journal of sex research
N2 - Aggression-related sexual fantasies (ASF) have been related to various forms of harmful sexual behavior in both sex offender and community samples. However, more research is needed to fully understand this relation, particularly whether ASF is associated with harmful sexual behavior beyond hostile sexism against women and a sexual preference for violence and sexual violence. In the present study, N = 428 participants (61.9% women) between 18 and 83 years of age (M = 28.17, SD = 9.7) reported their ASF and hostile sexism. They rated their sexual arousal by erotic, violent, and sexually violent pictures as a direct measure of sexual preference. Response latencies between stimulus presentation and arousal ratings were used as an indirect measure of sexual preference. ASF and the directly and indirectly assessed sexual preference for violent and sexually violent stimuli were positively correlated. They were unrelated to hostile sexism against women. ASF showed the strongest associations with self-reported sexually sadistic behavior and presumably non-consensual sexual sadism beyond these preferences and hostile sexism in the total group and separately among men and women. The findings indicate that ASF and sexual preference are not equivalent constructs and further underscore the potential relevance of ASF for harmful sexual behavior.
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2021.2022588
SN - 0022-4499
SN - 1559-8519
VL - 60
IS - 4
SP - 558
EP - 573
PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
CY - New York, NY
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Ewert, Christina
A1 - Hoffmann, Cosma Frauke Antonia
A1 - Schröder-Abé, Michela
T1 - Stress processing mediates the link between momentary self-compassion and affective well-being
JF - Mindfulness
N2 - Objectives
While the positive effects of trait self-compassion on affective well-being are widely known, within-person effects of state self-compassion and underlying mechanisms between state self-compassion and affective well-being have rarely been investigated. The current study aimed at examining whether perceived stress and healthier coping responses are mediators in the relation between momentary self-compassion and affective well-being.
Methods
A total of 213 participants completed measures of momentary self-compassion, momentary perceived stress, and engagement and disengagement coping responses, as well as affective well-being (i.e., presence of positive and absence of negative affect) via their smartphones. The ambulatory assessment design included three measurements per day (morning, afternoon, evening) for 7 days.
Results
Multilevel modeling revealed that within-persons, momentary levels of self-compassion were related to momentary levels of stress, coping responses, and affective well-being components. 1-1-1 multilevel mediation analyses were conducted and demonstrated that, at the within-person level, momentary self-compassion was related to more positive and less negative affect via perceived stress and facilitating healthy coping responses. The within-person relations of the original 1-1-1 multilevel mediation could partially be replicated in an alternative model with momentary self-compassion one occasion prior and positive affect. However, the link between self-compassion one occasion prior and negative affect was only mediated by perceived stress.
Conclusions
This work helps to understand the processes underlying the adaptive effects of momentary self-compassion on momentary affective well-being on a given occasion. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
KW - Self-compassion
KW - Stress processing
KW - Coping
KW - Affective well-being
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-022-01954-z
SN - 1868-8527
SN - 1868-8535
VL - 13
IS - 9
SP - 2269
EP - 2281
PB - Springer
CY - Dordrecht
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Fatfouta, Ramzi
A1 - Heinze, Peter Eric
T1 - Do bigger egos mean bigger presence? Facets of grandiose narcissism and mindfulness
JF - Current Psychology
N2 - Broad sections of the population try to be more mindful, often with quite self-centered motives. It is therefore not surprising that there is growing interest in the investigation of narcissism and mindfulness. Despite theoretical and empirical ties, however, existing research on this association is scarce. In two studies (N = 3,134 and 403) with English- and German-speaking participants, we apply structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the relationships between facets of grandiose narcissism and trait mindfulness. Across both studies and, using different narcissism and mindfulness measures, SEM consistently revealed opposing patterns for agentic and antagonistic narcissism, with agentic narcissism being positively related to trait mindfulness, and antagonistic narcissism being negatively related to it. Findings highlight the necessity to acknowledge the conceptual heterogeneity of narcissism when examining its relationship with trait mindfulness. Practical implications regarding how agentic and antagonistic narcissists might profit differently from mindfulness practice are discussed.
KW - Narcissism
KW - Mindfulness
KW - Meditation
KW - Structural equation modeling
KW - Self-enhancement
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03115-w
SN - 1046-1310
SN - 1936-4733
VL - 42
SP - 19795
EP - 19807
PB - Springer
CY - New York
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Calvano, Claudia
A1 - Warschburger, Petra
T1 - Treatment for pediatric functional abdominal pain
BT - an initial examination of reciprocal associations between pain, functional impairment, and parental distress
JF - Journal of pediatric psychology
N2 - Objective
While cross-sectional studies underline that child and parent factors in pediatric chronic pain are reciprocally related, so far, little is known on their prospective relationship, especially in treatment contexts. This study aims to analyze directions of influence between child and parental outcomes using data from an intervention study.
Methods
The sample covered 109 families with children aged 7-13 years diagnosed with functional abdominal pain (FAP). Child outcomes included pain and impairment, and parental outcomes covered caregiver-specific distress including both parental personal time burden (i.e., less time available for personal needs) and emotional burden due to child's pain (i.e., increased worries). Cross-lagged panel analyses examined the directions of the relations between child and parental outcomes across time (pretreatment T1, post-treatment T2, and 3-month follow-up and 12-month follow-up T3/T4).
Results
First, a significant improvement over time in all measures was observed. Cross-lagged effects were found for less parental personal time burden at T2, predicting both less pain (beta = -0.254, p = .004) and less impairment (beta = -0.150, p = .039) at T3. Higher baseline pain was predictive for higher parental emotional burden after treatment (beta = -0.130, p = .049) and, reversely, for less emotional burden at 12-month follow-up (beta = 0.261, p = .004).
Conclusions
Addressing parental personal time burden in FAP treatment might possibly support the improvement on the child level. Replication of results in larger samples is warranted to gain more insight into the directions of influence and, in that way, to optimize treatment for pediatric FAP.
KW - chronic or recurrent pain
KW - intervention outcome
KW - parent psychosocial
KW - functioning
KW - parents
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsac011
SN - 0146-8693
SN - 1465-735X
VL - 47
IS - 4
SP - 483
EP - 496
PB - Oxford Univ. Press
CY - Oxford
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Stone, Kate
A1 - Vasishth, Shravan
A1 - von der Malsburg, Titus Raban
T1 - Does entropy modulate the prediction of German long-distance verb particles?
JF - PLOS ONE
N2 - In this paper we examine the effect of uncertainty on readers' predictions about meaning. In particular, we were interested in how uncertainty might influence the likelihood of committing to a specific sentence meaning. We conducted two event-related potential (ERP) experiments using particle verbs such as turn down and manipulated uncertainty by constraining the context such that readers could be either highly certain about the identity of a distant verb particle, such as turn the bed [...] down, or less certain due to competing particles, such as turn the music [...] up/down. The study was conducted in German, where verb particles appear clause-finally and may be separated from the verb by a large amount of material. We hypothesised that this separation would encourage readers to predict the particle, and that high certainty would make prediction of a specific particle more likely than lower certainty. If a specific particle was predicted, this would reflect a strong commitment to sentence meaning that should incur a higher processing cost if the prediction is wrong. If a specific particle was less likely to be predicted, commitment should be weaker and the processing cost of a wrong prediction lower. If true, this could suggest that uncertainty discourages predictions via an unacceptable cost-benefit ratio. However, given the clear predictions made by the literature, it was surprisingly unclear whether the uncertainty manipulation affected the two ERP components studied, the N400 and the PNP. Bayes factor analyses showed that evidence for our a priori hypothesised effect sizes was inconclusive, although there was decisive evidence against a priori hypothesised effect sizes larger than 1 mu Vfor the N400 and larger than 3 mu V for the PNP. We attribute the inconclusive finding to the properties of verb-particle dependencies that differ from the verb-noun dependencies in which the N400 and PNP are often studied.
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267813
SN - 1932-6203
VL - 17
IS - 8
PB - PLOS
CY - San Francisco, California, US
ER -
TY - THES
A1 - Förstner, Bernd Rainer
T1 - Transdiagnostic assessment of mental disorders using the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) approach: relationship to disease severity
N2 - Traditionally, mental disorders have been identified based on specific symptoms and standardized diagnostic systems such as the DSM-5 and ICD-10. However, these symptom-based definitions may only partially represent neurobiological and behavioral research findings, which could impede the development of targeted treatments. A transdiagnostic approach to mental health research, such as the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) approach, maps resilience and broader aspects of mental health to associated components. By investigating mental disorders in a transnosological way, we can better understand disease patterns and their distinguishing and common factors, leading to more precise prevention and treatment options.
Therefore, this dissertation focuses on (1) the latent domain structure of the RDoC approach in a transnosological sample including healthy controls, (2) its domain associations to disease severity in patients with anxiety and depressive disorders, and (3) an overview of the scientific results found regarding Positive (PVS) and Negative Valence Systems (NVS) associated with mood and anxiety disorders.
The following main results were found: First, the latent RDoC domain structure for PVS and NVS, Cognitive Systems (CS), and Social Processes (SP) could be validated using self-report and behavioral measures in a transnosological sample. Second, we found transdiagnostic and disease-specific associations between those four domains and disease severity in patients with depressive and anxiety disorders. Third, the scoping review showed a sizable amount of RDoC research conducted on PVS and NVS in mood and anxiety disorders, with research gaps for both domains and specific conditions.
In conclusion, the research presented in this dissertation highlights the potential of the transnosological RDoC framework approach in improving our understanding of mental disorders. By exploring the latent RDoC structure and associations with disease severity and disease-specific and transnosological associations for anxiety and depressive disorders, this research provides valuable insights into the full spectrum of psychological functioning. Additionally, this dissertation highlights the need for further research in this area, identifying both RDoC indicators and research gaps. Overall, this dissertation represents an important contribution to the ongoing efforts to improve our understanding and the treatment of mental disorders, particularly within the commonly comorbid disease spectrum of mood and anxiety disorders.
N2 - Traditionell werden psychische Störungen auf der Grundlage spezifischer Symptome und standardisierter Diagnosesysteme wie DSM-5 und ICD-10 diagnostiziert. Diese symptombasierten Definitionen entsprechen jedoch nur teilweise den Erkenntnissen der neurobiologischen und Verhaltensforschung, was die Entwicklung gezielter Behandlungen behindern kann. Ein transdiagnostischer Ansatz zur Erforschung psychischer Gesundheit, wie z. B. der Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Ansatz, ordnet umfassendere Aspekte psychischer Gesundheit, wie z. B. Resilienz, den entsprechenden Komponenten zu. Durch die Untersuchung psychischer Störungen aus einer transnosologischen Perspektive können wir Krankheitsbilder und ihre gemeinsamen und unterscheidenden Faktoren besser verstehen, was zu präziseren Präventions- und Behandlungsmöglichkeiten führt.
Daher konzentriert sich diese Dissertation auf (1) die latente Domänenstruktur des RDoC-Ansatzes in einer transnosologischen Stichprobe einschließlich gesunder Kontrollen, (2) die domänenspezifischen Assoziationen zur Krankheitsschwere bei Patienten mit Angst- und depressiven Störungen und (3) einen Überblick über die wissenschaftlichen Ergebnisse zu Positiven (PVS) und Negativen Valenzsystemen (NVS), die mit Affektiven Störungen assoziiert sind.
Die folgenden Hauptergebnisse wurden gefunden: Erstens konnte die latente RDoC-Domänenstruktur für PVS und NVS, Kognitive Systeme (CS) und Soziale Prozesse (SP) anhand von Selbstberichten und Verhaltensmessungen in einer transnosologischen Stichprobe validiert werden. Zweitens fanden wir transdiagnostische und krankheitsspezifische Assoziationen zwischen diesen vier Domänen und der Krankheitsschwere bei Patienten mit Angst- und depressiven Störungen. Drittens zeigte die durchgeführte Übersichtsarbeit eine beträchtliche Menge an RDoC-Forschung zu PVS und NVS bei affektiven Störungen, mit Forschungslücken für beide Domänen und spezifische Bedingungen.
Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass die in dieser Dissertation vorgestellten Forschungsergebnisse das Potenzial des transnosologischen RDoC-Konzepts zur Verbesserung unseres Verständnisses psychischer Störungen unterstreichen. Durch die Untersuchung der latenten RDoC-Struktur und der Assoziationen mit dem Krankheitsschweregrad sowie der krankheitsspezifischen und transnosologischen Assoziationen für Angst- und depressive Störungen liefert diese Forschungsarbeit wertvolle Einblicke in das gesamte Spektrum psychischer Funktionsweisen. Darüber hinaus zeigt diese Dissertation den Bedarf an weiterer Forschung in diesem Bereich auf, indem sie sowohl RDoC-Indikatoren als auch Forschungslücken identifiziert. Insgesamt stellt diese Dissertation einen wichtigen Beitrag zu den laufenden Bemühungen um ein besseres Verständnis und eine bessere Behandlung psychischer Störungen dar, insbesondere innerhalb des häufig komorbiden Krankheitsspektrums der affektiven Störungen.
KW - diagnosis and classification
KW - Research Domain Criteria
KW - RDoC
KW - transdiagnostic
KW - positive valence systems
KW - negative valence systems
KW - disease severity
KW - Diagnose und Klassifikation
KW - transdiagnostisch
KW - positives Valenzsystem
KW - negatives Valenzsystem
KW - Krankheitsschwere
Y1 - 2023
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-611150
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kwarikunda, Diana
A1 - Schiefele, Ulrich
A1 - Ssenyonga, Joseph
A1 - Muwonge, Charles Magoba
T1 - Secondary school students’ motivation profiles for physics learning
BT - Relations with cognitive learning strategies, gender, attitudes and individual interest
JF - African journal of research in mathematics, science and technology education : official journal of the Southern African Association for Research in Mathematics, Science and Technology Education
N2 - For efficient and effective pedagogical interventions to address Uganda's alarmingly poor performance in Physics, it is vital to understand students' motivation patterns for Physics learning. Latent profile analysis (LPA)-a person-centred approach-can be used to investigate these motivation patterns. Using a three-step approach to LPA, we sought to answer the following research questions: RQ1, which profiles of secondary school students exist with regards to their motivation for Physics learning; RQ2, are there differences in students' cognitive learning strategies in the identified profiles; and RQ3, does students' gender, attitudes, and individual interest predict membership in these profiles? The sample comprised 934 Grade 9 students from eight secondary schools in Uganda. Data were collected using standardised questionnaires. Six motivational profiles were identified: (i) low-quantity motivation profile (101 students; 10.8%); (ii) moderate-quantity motivation profile (246 students; 26.3%); (iii) high-quantity motivation profile (365 students; 39.1%); (iv) primarily intrinsically motivated profile (60 students, 6.4%); (v) mostly extrinsically motivated profile (88 students, 9.4%); and (vi) grade-introjected profile (74 students, 7.9%). Low-quantity and grade-introjected motivated students mostly used surface learning strategies whilst the high-quantity and primarily intrinsically motivated students used deep learning strategies. Lastly, unlike gender, individual interest and students' attitudes towards Physics learning predicted profile membership. Teachers should provide an interesting autonomous Physics classroom climate and give students clear instructions in self-reliant behaviours that promote intrinsic motivation.
KW - Motivation profiles
KW - physics learning
KW - latent profile analysis
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/18117295.2021.1956720
SN - 1028-8457
VL - 25
IS - 2
SP - 197
EP - 210
PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
CY - Abingdon
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Juang, Linda P.
A1 - Schachner, Maja Katharina
A1 - Pevec-Zimmer, Sharleen
A1 - Moffitt, Ursula Elinor
T1 - The Identity Project intervention in Germany
BT - creating a climate for reflection, connection, and adolescent identity development
JF - New directions for child and adolescent development
N2 - We examined whether German adolescents who participated in an adapted 8-week school-based intervention, the Identity Project, reported greater changes in heritage and global identities and perceptions of classroom cultural climate. We used a longitudinal, wait-list control design pooling eight classrooms across the school years of 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. The sample included 195 seventh graders (M-age = 12.35 years, SD =.79, 39% female, 83% of migration background). Findings showed moderate support for more heritage identity exploration and greater perceptions of unequal treatment and critical consciousness climate in the intervention group. There were also important differences across conditions regarding how identity and climate related to adolescent outcomes. We conclude that the Identity Project can be adapted and applied in other cultural contexts such as Germany. It provides a necessary space for adolescents to engage in discussions about diversity, cultural heritage, social inequities, and their relevance to one's identities.
KW - adolescent
KW - diversity climate
KW - Germany
KW - identity
KW - intervention
KW - school
Y1 - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20379
SN - 1534-8687
VL - 173
SP - 65
EP - 82
PB - Wiley
CY - San Fransisco
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Weymar, Mathias
A1 - Zähle, Tino
T1 - Editorial: New frontiers in noninvasive brain stimulation
BT - cognitive, affective and neurobiological effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation
JF - Frontiers in psychology / Frontiers Research Foundation
KW - vagus nerve stimulation
KW - tVNS
KW - neuromodulation
KW - cognition
KW - affective
KW - neurobiological
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.694723
SN - 1664-1078
VL - 12
PB - Frontiers Research Foundation
CY - Lausanne
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schad, Daniel
A1 - Betancourt, Michael
A1 - Vasishth, Shravan
T1 - Toward a principled Bayesian workflow in cognitive science
JF - Psychological methods
N2 - Experiments in research on memory, language, and in other areas of cognitive science are increasingly being analyzed using Bayesian methods. This has been facilitated by the development of probabilistic programming languages such as Stan, and easily accessible front-end packages such as brms. The utility of Bayesian methods, however, ultimately depends on the relevance of the Bayesian model, in particular whether or not it accurately captures the structure of the data and the data analyst's domain expertise. Even with powerful software, the analyst is responsible for verifying the utility of their model. To demonstrate this point, we introduce a principled Bayesian workflow (Betancourt, 2018) to cognitive science. Using a concrete working example, we describe basic questions one should ask about the model: prior predictive checks, computational faithfulness, model sensitivity, and posterior predictive checks. The running example for demonstrating the workflow is data on reading times with a linguistic manipulation of object versus subject relative clause sentences. This principled Bayesian workflow also demonstrates how to use domain knowledge to inform prior distributions. It provides guidelines and checks for valid data analysis, avoiding overfitting complex models to noise, and capturing relevant data structure in a probabilistic model. Given the increasing use of Bayesian methods, we aim to discuss how these methods can be properly employed to obtain robust answers to scientific questions.
KW - workflow
KW - prior predictive checks
KW - posterior predictive checks
KW - model
KW - building
KW - Bayesian data analysis
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000275
SN - 1082-989X
SN - 1939-1463
VL - 26
IS - 1
SP - 103
EP - 126
PB - American Psychological Association
CY - Washington
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Skowronski, Marika
A1 - Busching, Robert
A1 - Krahé, Barbara
T1 - Links between exposure to sexualized Instagram images and body image concerns in girls and boys
JF - Journal of media psychology
N2 - The current study examined the links between viewing female and male sexualized Instagram images (SII) and body image concerns within the three-step process of self-objectification among adolescents aged 13-18 years from Germany (N = 300, 61% female). Participants completed measures of SII use, thin- and muscular-ideal internalization, valuing appearance over competence, and body surveillance. Structural equation modeling revealed that SII use was associated with body image concerns for boys and girls via different routes. Specifically, female SII use was indirectly associated with higher body surveillance via thin-ideal internalization and subsequent valuing appearance over competence for girls. For both girls and boys, male SII use was indirectly linked to higher body surveillance via muscular-ideal internalization. Implications for the three-step model of self-objectification by sexualized social media are discussed.
KW - social media
KW - sexualization
KW - body image concerns
KW - self-objectification;
KW - body surveillance
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000296
SN - 1864-1105
SN - 2151-2388
VL - 34
IS - 1
SP - 55
EP - 62
PB - Hogrefe & Huber Publ. [u.a.]
CY - Göttingen
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schad, Daniel
A1 - Vasishth, Shravan
T1 - The posterior probability of a null hypothesis given a statistically significant result
JF - The quantitative methods for psychology
N2 - When researchers carry out a null hypothesis significance test, it is tempting to assume that a statistically significant result lowers Prob(H0), the probability of the null hypothesis being true. Technically, such a statement is meaningless for various reasons: e.g., the null hypothesis does not have a probability associated with it. However, it is possible to relax certain assumptions to compute the posterior probability Prob(H0) under repeated sampling. We show in a step-by-step guide that the intuitively appealing belief, that Prob(H0) is low when significant results have been obtained under repeated sampling, is in general incorrect and depends greatly on: (a) the prior probability of the null being true; (b) type-I error rate, (c) type-II error rate, and (d) replication of a result. Through step-by-step simulations using open-source code in the R System of Statistical Computing, we show that uncertainty about the null hypothesis being true often remains high despite a significant result. To help the reader develop intuitions about this common misconception, we provide a Shiny app (https://danielschad.shinyapps.io/probnull/). We expect that this tutorial will help researchers better understand and judge results from null hypothesis significance tests.
KW - Null hypothesis significance testing
KW - Bayesian inference
KW - statistical
KW - power
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.18.2.p011
SN - 1913-4126
SN - 2292-1354
VL - 18
IS - 2
SP - 130
EP - 141
PB - University of Montreal, Department of Psychology
CY - Montreal
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Felisatti, Arianna
A1 - Aagten-Murphy, David
A1 - Laubrock, Jochen
A1 - Shaki, Samuel
A1 - Fischer, Martin H.
T1 - The brain’s asymmetric frequency tuning
BT - asymmetric behavior originates from asymmetric perception
JF - Symmetry / Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)
N2 - To construct a coherent multi-modal percept, vertebrate brains extract low-level features (such as spatial and temporal frequencies) from incoming sensory signals. However, because frequency processing is lateralized with the right hemisphere favouring low frequencies while the left favours higher frequencies, this introduces asymmetries between the hemispheres. Here, we describe how this lateralization shapes the development of several cognitive domains, ranging from visuo-spatial and numerical cognition to language, social cognition, and even aesthetic appreciation, and leads to the emergence of asymmetries in behaviour. We discuss the neuropsychological and educational implications of these emergent asymmetries and suggest future research approaches.
KW - asymmetry
KW - global
KW - local
KW - spatial frequencies
KW - temporal frequencies
KW - embodied cognition
Y1 - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12122083
SN - 2073-8994
VL - 12
IS - 12
PB - MDPI
CY - Basel
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Elsner, Birgit
A1 - Adam, Maurits
T1 - Infants’ goal prediction for simple action events
BT - the role of experience and agency cues
JF - Topics in cognitive science / Cognitive Science Society
N2 - Looking times and gaze behavior indicate that infants can predict the goal state of an observed simple action event (e.g., object-directed grasping) already in the first year of life. The present paper mainly focuses on infants' predictive gaze-shifts toward the goal of an ongoing action. For this, infants need to generate a forward model of the to-be-obtained goal state and to disengage their gaze from the moving agent at a time when information about the action event is still incomplete. By about 6 months of age, infants show goal-predictive gaze-shifts, but mainly for familiar actions that they can perform themselves (e.g., grasping) and for familiar agents (e.g., a human hand). Therefore, some theoretical models have highlighted close relations between infants' ability for action-goal prediction and their motor development and/or emerging action experience. Recent research indicates that infants can also predict action goals of familiar simple actions performed by non-human agents (e.g., object-directed grasping by a mechanical claw) when these agents display agency cues, such as self-propelled movement, equifinality of goal approach, or production of a salient action effect. This paper provides a review on relevant findings and theoretical models, and proposes that the impacts of action experience and of agency cues can be explained from an action-event perspective. In particular, infants' goal-predictive gaze-shifts are seen as resulting from an interplay between bottom-up processing of perceptual information and top-down influences exerted by event schemata that store information about previously executed or observed actions.
KW - Action events
KW - Infant action‐ goal prediction
KW - Infant gaze
KW - behavior
KW - Eye tracking
KW - Feedforward processes
KW - Perception of
KW - agency cues
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/tops.12494
SN - 1756-8765
VL - 13
IS - 1
SP - 45
EP - 62
PB - Wiley
CY - Oxford
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Brandt, Naemi D.
A1 - Becker, Michael
A1 - Tetzner, Julia
A1 - Brunner, Martin
A1 - Kuhl, Poldi
A1 - Maaz, Kai
T1 - Personality across the lifespan exploring measurement invariance of a short Big Five Inventory from ages 11 to 84
JF - European journal of psychological assessment
N2 - Personality is a relevant predictor for important life outcomes across the entire lifespan. Although previous studies have suggested the comparability of the measurement of the Big Five personality traits across adulthood, the generalizability to childhood is largely unknown. The present study investigated the structure of the Big Five personality traits assessed with the Big Five Inventory-SOEP Version (BFI-S; SOEP = Socio-Economic Panel) across a broad age range spanning 11-84 years. We used two samples of N = 1,090 children (52% female, M-age = 11.87) and N = 18,789 adults (53% female, M-age = 51.09), estimating a multigroup CFA analysis across four age groups (late childhood: 11-14 years; early adulthood: 17-30 years; middle adulthood: 31-60 years; late adulthood: 61-84 years). Our results indicated the comparability of the personality trait metric in terms of general factor structure, loading patterns, and the majority of intercepts across all age groups. Therefore, the findings suggest both a reliable assessment of the Big Five personality traits with the BFI-S even in late childhood and a vastly comparable metric across age groups.
KW - personality traits
KW - measurement invariance
KW - ESEM
KW - lifespan
KW - late
KW - childhood
Y1 - 2018
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000490
SN - 1015-5759
SN - 2151-2426
VL - 36
IS - 1
SP - 162
EP - 173
PB - Hogrefe
CY - Göttingen
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Tseng, Chiao-I
A1 - Laubrock, Jochen
A1 - Bateman, John A.
T1 - The impact of multimodal cohesion on attention and interpretation in film
JF - Discourse, context & media
N2 - This article presents results of an exploratory investigation combining multimodal cohesion analysis and eye-tracking studies. Multimodal cohesion, as a tool of multimodal discourse analysis, goes beyond lin-guistic cohesive mechanisms to enable the construction of cross-modal discourse structures that system-atically relate technical details of audio, visual and verbal modalities. Patterns of multimodal cohesion from these discourse structures were used to design eye-tracking experiments and questionnaires in order to empirically investigate how auditory and visual cohesive cues affect attention and comprehen-sion. We argue that the cross-modal structures of cohesion revealed by our method offer a strong methodology for addressing empirical questions concerning viewers' comprehension of narrative settings and the comparative salience of visual, verbal and audio cues. Analyses are presented of the beginning of Hitchcock's The Birds (1963) and a sketch from Monty Python filmed in 1971. Our approach balances the narrative-based issue of how narrative elements in film guide meaning interpretation and the recipient -based question of where a film viewer's attention is directed during viewing and how this affects comprehension.
KW - Film
KW - Cohesion
KW - Discourse semantics
KW - Multimodality
KW - Eye-tracking
KW - Attention
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2021.100544
SN - 2211-6958
VL - 44
PB - Amsterdam [u.a.]
CY - Oxford
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Gamez-Guadix, Manuel
A1 - Wachs, Sebastian
A1 - Wright, Michelle F.
T1 - "Haters back off!" psychometric properties of the coping with cyberhate questionnaire and relationship with well-being in Spanish adolescents
JF - Psicothema
N2 - Background:
Cyberhate is a growing form of online aggression against a person or a group based on race, ethnicity, nationality, sexual orientation, gender, religion, or disability. The present study aims to examine psychometric properties of the Coping with Cyberhate Questionnaire, the prevalence of coping strategies in Spanish adolescents, differences in coping strategies based in sex, age, and victim status, and the association between coping with cyberhate and adolescents' mental well-being.
Method:
The sample consisted of 1,005 adolescents between 12 and 18 years old (Mage = 14.28 years, SD = 1.63; 51.9% girls) who completed self-report measures on coping strategies, victimization status, and mental well-being.
Results:
The results of confirmatory factor analyses showed a structure for the Coping with Cyberhate Questionnaire composed of six factors, namely Distal advice, Assertiveness, Helplessness/Selfblame, Close support, Technical coping, and Retaliation. It demonstrated acceptable internal consistency. The three most frequently endorsed coping strategies were Technical coping, Close support, and Assertiveness. In addition, lower Helplessness/Self-blame, and higher Close-support, Assertiveness, and Distal advice were significantly related to adolescents' better mental well-being.
Conclusion:
Prevention programs that educate adolescents about how to deal with cyberhate are needed.
KW - cybervictimization
KW - hate speech
KW - well-being
Y1 - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2020.219
SN - 0214-9915
SN - 1886-144X
VL - 32
IS - 4
SP - 567
EP - 574
PB - Colegio oficial de psicologos de asturias
CY - Oviedo
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Muschalla, Beate
A1 - Henning, Anne
A1 - Haake, Tim Woody
A1 - Cornetz, Kathrin
A1 - Olbrich, Dieter
T1 - Mental health problem or workplace problem or something else
BT - what contributes to work perception?
JF - Disability and rehabilitation : an international, multidisciplinary journal
N2 - Purpose: Work perception is an important predictor for work ability and, therefore, of interest for rehabilitation. Until now it is unclear to which extent different psychological aspects explain work perception. This study investigates in which way workplace problems on the one hand, and mental health and coping on the other hand, contribute to work perception.
Methods: A heterogeneous sample of 384 persons in working age with and without mental health problems was recruited. Participants gave self-reports on workplace problems, mental health problems, work-coping, work-anxiety, and work perception.
Results: Persons with mental health problems and workplace problems (M + W) perceive the highest degree of work demands, followed by persons with workplace problems but without mental health problems (NM + W). Work-anxiety appeared as the strongest factor explaining perception of high work demands, whereas general mental health problems did not contribute significantly to variance explanation.
Conclusions: Persons with specific mental health problems in terms of work-anxiety may be expected to perceive higher work demands. They may be detected when asking for work perception, e.g., within the frame of return-to-work interventions in rehabilitation, or in occupational health settings by mental hazard analysis.
KW - work ability
KW - work anxiety
KW - workplace
KW - mental disorders
KW - rehabilitation
KW - work perception
Y1 - 2018
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2018.1501099
SN - 0963-8288
SN - 1464-5165
VL - 42
IS - 4
SP - 502
EP - 509
PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
CY - Abingdon
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hoferichter, Frances
A1 - Kulakow, Stefan
A1 - Hufenbach, Miriam Catrin
T1 - Support from parents, peers, and teachers is differently associated with middle school students’ well-being
JF - Frontiers in psychology
N2 - Parents, peers, and teachers provide a powerful context for school students' well-being. However, a detailed and systematic analysis of how parental, peer, and teacher support relate to students' well-being, measured by the dimensions self-worth, psychological and physical well-being, is still missing. To address this research gap, the following study investigates 733 adolescent German students from grades 7 and 8 (M-age = 13.97, SD = 0.41, 52% girls) with respect to their perceived supportive relationships at home and within the school context. The study considers gender, socioeconomic status, and school form as potential confounders. The results of the structural equation model, analyzed with the statistical software R, indicate that perceived teacher support was positively related to students' self-worth and physical well-being, while peer support was related to psychological well-being. Students who perceived their parents as supportive reported higher well-being with respect to all three dimensions investigated.
KW - social support
KW - teachers
KW - peers
KW - parents
KW - middle school students
KW - well-being
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.758226
SN - 1664-1078
VL - 12
PB - Frontiers Media
CY - Lausanne
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Ventura-Bort, Carlos
A1 - Dolcos, Florin
A1 - Wendt, Julia
A1 - Wirkner, Janine
A1 - Hamm, Alfons O.
A1 - Weymar, Mathias
T1 - Item and source memory for emotional associates is mediated by different retrieval processes
JF - Neuropsychologia : an international journal in behavioural and cognitive neuroscience
N2 - Recent event-related potential (ERP) data showed that neutral objects encoded in emotional background pictures were better remembered than objects encoded in neutral contexts, when recognition memory was tested one week later. In the present study, we investigated whether this long-term memory advantage for items is also associated with correct memory for contextual source details. Furthermore, we were interested in the possibly dissociable contribution of familiarity and recollection processes (using a Remember/Know procedure). The results revealed that item memory performance was mainly driven by the subjective experience of familiarity, irrespective of whether the objects were previously encoded in emotional or neutral contexts. Correct source memory for the associated background picture, however, was driven by recollection and enhanced when the content was emotional. In ERPs, correctly recognized old objects evoked frontal ERP Old/New effects (300-500 ms), irrespective of context category. As in our previous study (Ventura-Bort et al., 2016b), retrieval for objects from emotional contexts was associated with larger parietal Old/New differences (600-800 ms), indicating stronger involvement of recollection. Thus, the results suggest a stronger contribution of recollection-based retrieval to item and contextual background source memory for neutral information associated with an emotional event.
KW - event-related potentials
KW - emotion
KW - source memory
KW - remember/know
KW - old/new
KW - effect
Y1 - 2017
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.12.015
SN - 0028-3932
SN - 1873-3514
VL - 145
PB - Elsevier
CY - Oxford
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hahn, Daniela
A1 - Weck, Florian
A1 - Witthöft, Michael
A1 - Kühne, Franziska
T1 - Assessment of counseling self-efficacy
BT - validation of the German Counselor Activity self-efficacy scales-revised
JF - Frontiers in psychology / Frontiers Research Foundation
N2 - Background:
Many authors regard counseling self-efficacy (CSE) as important in therapist development and training. The purpose of this study was to examine the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the German version of the Counselor Activity Self-Efficacy Scales-Revised (CASES-R).
Method:
The sample consisted of 670 German psychotherapy trainees, who completed an online survey. We examined the factor structure by applying exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis to the instrument as a whole.
Results:
A bifactor-exploratory structural equation modeling model with one general and five specific factors provided the best fit to the data. Omega hierarchical coefficients indicated optimal reliability for the general factor, acceptable reliability for the Action Skills-Revised (AS-R) factor, and insufficient estimates for the remaining factors. The CASES-R scales yielded significant correlations with related measures, but also with therapeutic orientations.
Conclusion:
We found support for the reliability and validity of the German CASES-R. However, the subdomains (except AS-R) should be interpreted with caution, and we do not recommend the CASES-R for comparisons between psychotherapeutic orientations.
KW - counselor activity self-efficacy scales
KW - counseling self-efficacy
KW - psychotherapy training
KW - assessment
KW - factor structure
KW - validation
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.780088
SN - 1664-1078
VL - 12
PB - Frontiers Research Foundation
CY - Lausanne
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Felisatti, Arianna
A1 - Fischer, Martin H.
A1 - Kulkova, Elena
A1 - Kühne, Katharina
A1 - Michirev, Alexej
T1 - Separation/connection procedures
BT - from cleansing behavior to numerical cognition
JF - Behavioral and brain sciences : an international journal of current research and theory with open peer commentary
N2 - Lee and Schwarz (L&S) suggest that separation is the grounded procedure underlying cleansing effects in different psychological domains. Here, we interpret L&S's account from a hierarchical view of cognition that considers the influence of physical properties and sensorimotor constraints on mental representations. This approach allows theoretical integration and generalization of L&S's account to the domain of formal quantitative reasoning.
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X20000461
SN - 1469-1825
VL - 44
PB - Cambridge Univ. Press
CY - New York
ER -
TY - THES
A1 - Ewert, Christina
T1 - The role of self-compassion in effective stress processing
T1 - Die Rolle von Selbstmitgefühl bei einer effektiven Stressverarbeitung
BT - a multimethod approach
BT - eine multimethodische Analyse
N2 - Background: The concept self-compassion (SC), a special way of being compassionate with oneself while dealing with stressful life circumstances, has attracted increasing attention in research over the past two decades. Research has already shown that SC has beneficial effects on affective well-being and other mental health outcomes. However, little is known in which ways SC might facilitate our affective well-being in stressful situations. Hence, a central concern of this dissertation was to focus on the question which underlying processes might influence the link between SC and affective well-being. Two established components in stress processing, which might also play an important role in this context, could be the amount of experienced stress and the way of coping with a stressor. Thus, using a multi-method approach, this dissertation aimed at finding to which extent SC might help to alleviate the experienced stress and promotes the use of more salutary coping, while dealing with stressful circumstances. These processes might ultimately help improve one’s affective well-being. Derived from that, it was hypothesized that more SC is linked to less perceived stress and intensified use of salutary coping responses. Additionally, it was suggested that perceived stress and coping mediate the relation between SC and affective well-being.
Method: The research questions were targeted in three single studies and one meta-study. To test my assumptions about the relations of SC and coping in particular, a systematic literature search was conducted resulting in k = 136 samples with an overall sample size of N = 38,913. To integrate the z-transformed Pearson correlation coefficients, random-effects models were calculated. All hypotheses were tested with a three-wave cross-lagged design in two short-term longitudinal online studies assessing SC, perceived stress and coping responses in all waves. The first study explored the assumptions in a student sample (N = 684) with a mean age of 27.91 years over a six-week period, whereas the measurements were implemented in the GESIS Panel (N = 2934) with a mean age of 52.76 years analyzing the hypotheses in a populationbased sample across eight weeks. Finally, an ambulatory assessment study was designed to expand the findings of the longitudinal studies to the intraindividual level. Thus, a sample of 213 participants completed questionnaires of momentary SC, perceived stress, engagement and disengagement coping, and affective well-being on their smartphones three times per day over seven consecutive days. The data was processed using 1-1-1 multilevel mediation analyses.
Results: Results of the meta-analysis indicated that higher SC is significantly associated with more use of engagement coping and less use of disengagement coping. Considering the relations between SC and stress processing variables in all three single studies, cross-lagged paths from the longitudinal data, as well as multilevel modeling paths from the ambulatory assessment data indicated a notable relation between all relevant stress variables. As expected, results showed a significant negative relation between SC and perceived stress and disengagement coping, as well as a positive connection with engagement coping responses at the dispositional and intra-individual level. However, considering the mediational hypothesis, the most promising pathway in the link between SC and affective well-being turned out to be perceived stress in all three studies, while effects of the mediational pathways through coping responses were less robust.
Conclusion: Thus, a more self-compassionate attitude and higher momentary SC, when needed in specific situations, can help to engage in effective stress processing. Considering the underlying mechanisms in the link between SC and affective well-being, stress perception in particular seemed to be the most promising candidate for enhancing affective well-being at the dispositional and at the intraindividual level. Future research should explore the pathways between SC and affective well-being in specific contexts and samples, and also take into account additional influential factors.
N2 - Hintergrund:
In den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten erregte das Konzept Selbstmitgefühl (SMG), eine besondere Art des Mitgefühls um sich im Umgang mit stressigen Lebensumständen zurechtzufinden, zunehmend Aufmerksamkeit in der Forschung. Zahlreiche Untersuchungen haben bereits gezeigt, dass SMG positive Auswirkungen auf das affektive Wohlbefinden sowie auf die psychische Gesundheit im Allgemeinen hat. Allerdings ist wenig darüber bekannt wie SMG unser affektives Wohlbefinden in Stresssituationen verbessern kann. Daher war es ein zentrales Anliegen dieser Dissertation, die Frage zu beantworten, welche zugrundeliegenden Prozesse den Zusammenhang zwischen SMG und affektivem Wohlbefinden beeinflussen können. Zwei etablierte Komponenten im Stressverarbeitungsprozess, die in diesem Zusammenhang ebenfalls eine wichtige Rolle spielen könnten, sind die Menge an erlebtem Stress sowie die Art und Weise, wie mit einem Stressor umgegangen wird (Coping). Unter Verwendung eines Multimethodenansatzes, war es demnach Ziel dieser Dissertation herauszufinden, inwieweit SMG dazu beitragen kann, den erlebten Stress abzumildern und eine heilsamere Bewältigung im Umgang mit stressigen Situationen zu fördern. Diese Prozesse könnten letztendlich dazu beitragen, das affektive Wohlbefinden zu verbessern. Daraus abgeleitet, wurde die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass mehr SMG mit weniger wahrgenommenem Stress und einem intensiveren Gebrauch von protektiven Bewältigungsreaktionen verbunden ist. Darüber hinaus wurde vermutet, dass wahrgenommener Stress und Coping den Zusammenhang zwischen SMG und affektivem Wohlbefinden vermitteln.
Methode:
Zur Beantwortung der Forschungsfragen wurden drei Einzelstudien und eine Metastudie konzipiert. Um die Annahmen über die Zusammenhänge von SMG und Bewältigungsstrategien zu überprüfen, wurde eine systematische Literaturrecherche durchgeführt. Die durchgeführte Suche ergab k = 136 Stichproben mit einer Gesamtstichprobengröße von N = 38.913. Zur Integration der z-transformierten Pearson-Korrelationskoeffizienten wurden Random-Effects-Modelle berechnet. In zwei Längsschnittstudien wurden alle Hypothesen mit einem Drei-Wellen-Cross-Lagged-Design überprüft, um die Zusammenhänge von SMG, wahrgenommenem Stress und Bewältigungsreaktionen zu bewerten. Die erste Studie untersuchte über einen Zeitraum von 12 Wochen die Annahmen anhand einer Stichprobe von Studenten (N = 684) mit einem Durchschnittsalter von 27,91 Jahren. Die zweite Studie fand im Rahmen einer bevölkerungsbasierten Paneluntersuchung (GESIS) in einem Zeitraum von 4 Monaten statt. An der Befragung nahmen N = 2934 mit einem Durchschnittsalter von 52,76 Jahren teil. Abschließend wurde eine Ambulante Assessmentstudie konzipiert, mit Hilfe dieser sollten die Hypothesen auf der intraindividuellen Ebene überprüft werden. 213 TeilnehmerInnen füllten Fragebögen zu momentanem SC, wahrgenommenem Stress, verwendeten Copingstrategien und affektivem Wohlbefinden dreimal täglich auf ihren Smartphones an sieben aufeinanderfolgenden Tagen aus. Die Daten wurden mithilfe von 1-1-1-Multilevel-Mediationsanalysen analysiert.
Ergebnisse:
Die Ergebnisse der Metaanalyse zeigten, dass eine Ausprägung in SMG signifikant mit
mehr Einsatz von Annäherungscoping und weniger Einsatz von Vermeidungscoping verbunden ist. Sowohl die cross-lagged Pfade der Längstschnittstudien als auch die Pfade der Mehrebenenanalysen des Ambulanten Assessments zeigten erwartete Zusammenhänge zwischen SMG und allen relevanten Stressvariablen. Wie erwartet, zeigte sich ein signifikant negativer Zusammenhang zwischen SMG und wahrgenommenem Stress sowie Vermeidungscoping sowohl auf dispositioneller als auch intraindividueller Ebene. Des Weiteren wurde ein positiver Zusammenhang mit Annäherungscoping auf beiden Ebenen gefunden. Die Mediationshypothese konnte nur teilweise bestätigt werden. So erwies sich der Mediator wahrgenommener Stress als konsistent im Zusammenhang zwischen SMG und affektivem Wohlbefinden in allen drei Studien, während die Mediationspfade für Coping weniger robust waren.
Fazit: Eine selbstmitfühlendere Haltung sowie höheres momentanes SMG kann in bestimmten Situationen dabei helfen, Stress effektiver zu bewältigen. Insbesondere weniger Stresswahrnehmung scheint ein vielversprechender Kandidat in der Vermittlung des Zusammenhangs zwischen SMG und affektivem Wohlbefinden auf dispositionell und auf intraindividueller Ebene zu sein. Personen mit mehr SMG erleben in anspruchsvollen Situationen weniger Stress, was schon von Beginn des stressigen Erlebnisses für das AWB förderlich sein kann, ohne dass weitere Bewältigungsreaktionen erforderlich werden. Zukünftige Forschung sollte zugrundeliegende Mechanismen zwischen SMG und affektivem Wohlbefinden in spezifischen Kontexten und Stichproben untersuchen, und auch weitere Einflussfaktoren berücksichtigen.
KW - self-compassion
KW - Selbstmitgefühl
KW - stress processing
KW - Stressverarbeitung
KW - coping
KW - Coping
KW - well-being
KW - Wohlbefinden
Y1 - 2023
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-607486
ER -
TY - THES
A1 - Kwarikunda, Diana
T1 - Interest, motivation, and learning strategies use during physics learning
T1 - Interesse, Motivation und Einsatz von Lernstrategien beim Physikunterricht
N2 - The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the developmental dynamics between interest, motivation, and learning strategy use during physics learning. The target population was lower secondary school students from a developing country, given that there is hardly in research that studies the above domain-specific concepts in the context of developing countries. The aim was addressed in four parts.
The first part of the study was guided by three objectives: (a) to adapt and validate the Science Motivation Questionnaire (SMQ-II) for the Ugandan context; (b) to examine whether there are significant differences in motivation for learning Physics with respect to students’ gender; and (c) to establish the extent to which students’ interest predicts their motivation to learn Physics. Being a pilot study, the sample comprised 374 randomly selected students from five schools in central Uganda who responded to anonymous questionnaires that included scales from the SMQ-II and the Individual Interest Questionnaire. Data were analysed using confirmatory factor analyses, t-tests and structural equation modelling in SPSS-25 and Mplus-8. The five-factor model solution of the SMQ-II fitted adequately with the study data, with deletion of one item. The modified SMQ-II exhibited invariant factor loadings and intercepts (i.e., strong measurement invariance) when administered to boys and girls. Furthermore, on assessing whether motivation for learning Physics varied with gender, no significant differences were noted. On assessing the predictive effects of individual interest on students’ motivation, individual interest significantly predicted all motivational constructs, with stronger predictive strength on students’ self-efficacy and self-determination in learning Physics.
In the second part whilst using comprised 934 Grade 9 students from eight secondary schools in Uganda, Latent profile analysis (LPA) - a person-centred approach was used to investigate motivation patterns that exist in lower secondary school students during physics learning. A three-step approach to LPA was used to answer three research questions: RQ1, which profiles of secondary school students exist with regards to their motivation for Physics learning; RQ2, are there differences in students’ cognitive learning strategies in the identified profiles; and RQ3, does students’ gender, attitudes, and individual interest predict membership in these profiles? Six motivational profiles were identified: (i) low-quantity motivation profile (101 students; 10.8%); (ii) moderate-quantity motivation profile (246 students; 26.3%); (iii) high-quantity motivation profile (365 students; 39.1%); (iv) primarily intrinsically motivated profile (60 students,6.4%); (v) mostly extrinsically motivated profile (88 students, 9.4%); and (vi) grade-introjected profile (74 students, 7.9%). Low-quantity and grade introjected motivated students mostly used surface learning strategies whilst the high-quantity and primarily intrinsically motivated students used deep learning strategies. On examining the predictive effect of gender, individual interest, and students’ attitudes on the profile membership, unlike gender, individual interest and students’ attitudes towards Physics learning strongly predicted profile membership.
In the third part of the study, the occurrence of different secondary school learner profiles depending on their various combinations of cognitive and metacognitive learning strategy use, as well as their differences in perceived autonomy support, intrinsic motivation, and gender was examined. Data were collected from 576 9th grade student. Four learner profiles were identified: competent strategy user, struggling user, surface-level learner, and deep-level learner profiles. Gender differences were noted in students’ use of elaboration and organization strategies to learn Physics, in favour of girls. In terms of profile memberships, significant differences in gender, intrinsic motivation and perceived autonomy support were also noted. Girls were 2.4 - 2.7 times more likely than boys to be members of the competent strategy user and surface-level learner profiles. Additionally, higher levels of intrinsic motivation predicted an increased likelihood membership into the deep-level learner profile, whilst higher levels of perceived teacher autonomy predicted an increased likelihood membership into the competent strategy user profile as compared to other profiles.
Lastly, in the fourth part, changes in secondary school students’ physics motivation and cognitive learning strategies use during physics learning across time were examined. Two waves of data were collected from initially 954 9th students through to their 10th grade. A three-step approach to Latent transition analysis was used. Generally, students’ motivation decreased from 9th to 10th grade. Qualitative students’ motivation profiles indicated strong with-in person stability whilst the quantitative profiles were relatively less stable. Mostly, students moved from the high quantity motivation profile to the extrinsically motivated profiles. On the other hand, the cognitive learning strategies use profiles were moderately stable; with higher with-in person stability in the deep-level learner profile. None of the struggling users and surface-level learners transitioned into the deep-level learners’ profile. Additionally, students who perceived increased support for autonomy from their teachers had higher membership likelihood into the competent users’ profiles whilst those with an increase in individual interest score had higher membership likelihood into the deep-level learner profile.
N2 - Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Entwicklungsdynamik zwischen Interesse, Motivation und dem Einsatz von Lernstrategien während des Physikunterrichts zu untersuchen. Die Zielpopulation waren Schüler der Sekundarstufe I aus einem Entwicklungsland, da es in der Forschung kaum Forschung gibt, die die oben genannten domänenspezifischen Konzepte im Kontext von Entwicklungsländern Ländern untersucht. Das Ziel wurde in vier Teilen verfolgt. Der erste Teil der Studie wurde von drei Zielen geleitet: (a) Anpassung und Validierung des Fragebogens zur Wissenschaftsmotivation (SMQ-II) für den ugandischen Kontext; (b) die Untersuchung ob es signifikante Unterschiede in der Motivation für das Lernen von Physik in Bezug auf das Geschlecht der SchülerInnen gibt; und (c) das Ausmaß, in dem das Interesse der SchülerInnen ihre Motivation zum Lernen von Physik vorhersagt. Da es sich um eine Pilotstudie handelt, umfasste die Stichprobe 374 zufällig ausgewählte von fünf Schulen in Zentraluganda, die anonyme Fragebögen beantworteten die Skalen aus dem SMQ-II und dem Fragebogen zum individuellen Interesse enthielten. Die Daten wurden mittels konfirmatorischer Faktorenanalysen, t-Tests und Strukturgleichungsmodellen in SPSS-25 und Mplus-8. Die Lösung des Fünf-Faktoren-Modells der SMQ-II passte adäquat zu den Studiendaten, wobei ein Item gestrichen wurde. Die modifizierte SMQ-II wies invariante Faktorladungen Ladungen und Achsenabschnitte (d. h. starke Messinvarianz), wenn er an Jungen und Mädchen. Darüber hinaus wurden bei der Beurteilung der Frage, ob die Motivation für das Lernen von Physik mit dem Geschlecht variiert, wurden keine signifikanten Unterschiede festgestellt. Bei der Bewertung der prädiktiven Effekte des individuellen Interesse auf die Motivation der Schüler ergab, dass das individuelle Interesse alle Motivationskonstrukte signifikant vorhersagte, wobei die Konstrukte vor, wobei die Vorhersagekraft für die Selbstwirksamkeit und die Selbstbestimmung der Schüler beim Lernen von Physik.
Im zweiten Teil, der 934 Schüler der Klasse 9 aus acht Sekundarschulen in Uganda umfasste Schulen in Uganda, wurde die latente Profilanalyse (LPA) - ein personenzentrierter Ansatz - verwendet, um Motivationsmuster zu untersuchen, die bei Schülern der Sekundarstufe I während des Physik lernen. Die LPA wurde in drei Schritten durchgeführt, um drei Forschungsfragen zu beantworten: RQ1, Welche Profile von Sekundarschülern gibt es in Bezug auf ihre Motivation für das Physiklernen? lernen; RQ2, gibt es Unterschiede in den kognitiven Lernstrategien der Schüler in den identifizierten Profilen; und RQ3, sagt das Geschlecht, die Einstellung und das individuelle Interesse der Schüler die Zugehörigkeit zu diesen Profilen vor? Es wurden sechs Motivationsprofile identifiziert: (i) Profil mit geringer QuantitätMotivationsprofil (101 Studierende; 10,8 %); (ii) Motivationsprofil mit mittlerer Quantität (246Studenten; 26,3%); (iii) Motivationsprofil mit hohem Bedarf (365 Studenten; 39,1%); (iv) primär intrinsisch motiviertes Profil (60 Studierende, 6,4%); (v) überwiegend extrinsisch motiviertes Profil (88 Schüler, 9,4 %); und (vi) ein Profil, das von der Note abhängt (74 Schüler, 7,9 %). Geringfügig und Grade-introjizierte motivierte Studierende verwendeten hauptsächlich oberflächliche Lernstrategien, während die hochquantitativen und hauptsächlich intrinsisch motivierten Studierenden tiefgehende Lernstrategien verwendeten. Auf Untersuchung des prädiktiven Effekts des Geschlechts, des individuellen Interesses und der Einstellung der Studierenden auf die Profilzugehörigkeit: Im Gegensatz zum Geschlecht haben das individuelle Interesse und die Einstellung der Schüler zum Physik eine starke Vorhersage der Profilzugehörigkeit.
Im dritten Teil der Studie wird das Auftreten unterschiedlicher Lernerprofile in der Sekundarstufe Lernenden der Sekundarstufe in Abhängigkeit von den verschiedenen Kombinationen kognitiver und metakognitiver und metakognitiven Lernstrategien sowie die Unterschiede in der wahrgenommenen Autonomieunterstützung, der intrinsischen Motivation und Geschlecht untersucht. Es wurden Daten von 576 Schülern der 9. Klasse erhoben. Vier Lernende wurden vier Lernerprofile identifiziert: kompetente Strategieanwender, schwierige Anwender, oberflächliche Lerner und Profile mit tiefem Lernniveau. Es wurden geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede bei der Verwendung von Elaborations- und Organisationsstrategien für das Erlernen von Physik, wobei Mädchen bevorzugt wurden. In Bezug auf die Zugehörigkeit zu den Profilen, wurden signifikante Unterschiede in Bezug auf Geschlecht, intrinsische Motivation und wahrgenommene Autonomieunterstützung wurden ebenfalls festgestellt. Mädchen gehörten mit 2,4 bis 2,7-mal höherer Wahrscheinlichkeit als Jungen zu den kompetenten Strategieanwender- und Oberflächenniveau-Lernprofilen. Darüber hinaus sagten höhere Werte der intrinsischen Motivation eine höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit für die Zugehörigkeit zum Profil der tiefgründigen Lernenden voraus, während ein höheres Maß an wahrgenommener Lehrerautonomie eine höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit für eine Zugehörigkeit zum Profil des kompetenten Strategieanwenders im Vergleich zu den anderen Profilen.
Im vierten Teil schließlich wurden die Veränderungen in der Physikmotivation von Sekundarschülern und die Verwendung kognitiver Lernstrategien während des Physikunterrichts im Laufe der Zeit untersucht. In zwei Wellen wurden die Daten von ursprünglich 954 Schülern der 9. bis zur 10. Es wurde ein dreistufiger Ansatz der latenten Übergangsanalyse verwendet. Im Allgemeinen nahm die Motivation der Schüler von der 9. zur 10.Klasse ab. Die qualitativen Motivationsprofile der Schüler zeigten eine starke Stabilität innerhalb der Person, während die quantitativen Profile relativ weniger stabil waren. Meistens, wechselten die Schüler vom Profil der hohen quantitativen Motivation zu den extrinsisch motivierten Profilen. Andererseits waren die Profile für die Nutzung kognitiver Lernstrategien mäßig stabil, wobei das Profil der tiefgründig Lernenden eine höhere Stabilität aufwies. Keiner der schwierigen Nutzer und der oberflächlichen Lernenden ging in das Profil der tiefgründigen Lernenden über. Darüber hinaus hatten Schüler, die von ihren Lehrern eine stärkere Unterstützung der Autonomie wahrnahmen eine höhere Zugehörigkeitswahrscheinlichkeit zu den Profilen der kompetenten Nutzer, während die Schüler mit einer höheren individuellem Interesse eine höhere Zugehörigkeitswahrscheinlichkeit zum Profil der tiefgründigen Lernenden hatten Profil aufwiesen.
KW - individual interest
KW - motivation
KW - cognitive and metacognitive learning strategies
KW - person-centered approaches
KW - individuelle Interessen
KW - Motivation
KW - kognitive und metakognitive Lernstrategien
KW - personenzentrierte Ansätze
Y1 - 2023
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-609311
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Miller, Jeff
A1 - Schwarz, Wolfgang
T1 - Delta plots for conflict tasks
BT - an activation-suppression race model
JF - Psychonomic bulletin & review : a journal of the Psychonomic Society
N2 - We describe a mathematically simple yet precise model of activation suppression that can explain the negative-going delta plots often observed in standard Simon tasks. The model postulates a race between the identification of the relevant stimulus attribute and the suppression of irrelevant location-based activation, with the irrelevant activation only having an effect if the irrelevant activation is still present at the moment when central processing of the relevant attribute starts. The model can be fitted by maximum likelihood to observed distributions of RTs in congruent and incongruent trials, and it provides good fits to two previously-reported data sets with plausible parameter values. R and MATLAB software for use with the model is provided.
KW - Delta plots
KW - RT models
KW - Simon effect
KW - Activation suppression model
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-021-01900-5
SN - 1069-9384
SN - 1531-5320
VL - 28
IS - 6
SP - 1776
EP - 1795
PB - Springer
CY - New York
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Weck, Florian
A1 - Junga, Yvonne Marie
A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold
A1 - Hahn, Daniela
A1 - Brucker, Katharina
A1 - Witthöft, Michael
T1 - Effects of competence feedback on therapist competence and patient outcome
BT - a randomized controlled trial
JF - Journal of consulting and clinical psychology
N2 - Objective:
Therapist competence is considered essential for the success of psychotherapy. Feedback is an intervention which has the potential to improve therapist competence. The present study investigated whether competence feedback leads to an improvement of therapist competence and patient outcome.
Method:
Sixty-seven master-level clinical trainees were randomly assigned to either a competence feedback group (CFG) or a control group (CG). Patients with a diagnosis of major depression (N = 114) were randomly assigned to CFG or CG. Treatment included 20 individual sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). In CFG, therapists received, parallel to the treatment, five competence feedbacks, based on videotaped therapy sessions. Independent raters assessed therapist competence with the Cognitive Therapy Scale (CTS) and provided the competence feedback. Patient outcome was evaluated with the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and therapeutic alliance (Helping Alliance Questionnaire [HAQ]) from both therapist's (HAQ-T) and patient's (HAQ-P) perspective were evaluated after each of the 20 sessions.
Results:
(a) Therapist competence (CTS) increased significantly more for CFG than CG. (b) Depression (BDI-II) decreased significantly across sessions for both groups, but without evidence for a group-differential benefit for the CFG. (c) Therapeutic alliance (HAQ-T/P) increased significantly across sessions for both groups from both perspectives, but without group differences. (d) There is a positive effect of BDI-II on CTS at the beginning and a negative effect of CTS on BDI-II at the end of therapy.
Conclusion:
Competence feedback improves therapists' independently rated competence, but there is no evidence that competence feedback in CBT leads to better outcome.
What is the public health significance of this article? This study suggests the substantial value of systematic competence feedback for improving therapist competence in the psychotherapy of depression. No significant effect of competence feedback on the reduction of reported depressive symptoms was found.
KW - feedback
KW - outcome
KW - major depression
KW - therapeutic alliance
KW - therapeutic
KW - competencies
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000686
SN - 0022-006X
SN - 1939-2117
VL - 89
IS - 11
SP - 885
EP - 897
PB - American Psychological Association
CY - Washington
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hyönä, Jukka
A1 - Heikkilä, Timo T.
A1 - Vainio, Seppo
A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1 - Parafoveal access to word stem during reading
BT - an eye movement study
JF - Cognition : international journal of cognitive science
N2 - Previous studies (Hyona, Yan, & Vainio, 2018; Yan et al., 2014) have demonstrated that in morphologically rich languages a word's morphological status is processed parafoveally to be used in modulating saccadic programming in reading. In the present parafoveal preview study conducted in Finnish, we examined the exact nature of this effect by comparing reading of morphologically complex words (a stem + two suffixes) to that of monomorphemic words. In the preview-change condition, the final 3-4 letters were replaced with other letters making the target word a pseudoword; for suffixed words, the word stem remained intact but the suffix information was unavailable; for monomorphemic words, only part of the stem was parafoveally available. Three alternative predictions were put forth. According to the first alternative, the morphological effect in initial fixation location is due to parafoveally perceiving the suffix as a highly frequent letter cluster and then adjusting the saccade program to land closer to the word beginning for suffixed than monomorphemic words. The second alternative, the processing difficulty hypothesis, assumes a morphological complexity effect: suffixed words are more complex than monomorphemic words. Therefore, the attentional window is narrower and the saccade is shorter. The third alternative posits that the effect reflects parafoveal access to the word's stem. The results for the initial fixation location and fixation durations were consistent with the parafoveal stem-access view.
KW - Eye movements
KW - Reading
KW - Morphological complexity
KW - Parafoveal processing
KW - Display change
KW - Initial fixation location
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104547
SN - 0010-0277
SN - 1873-7838
VL - 208
PB - Elsevier
CY - Amsterdam
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Pan, Jinger
A1 - Laubrock, Jochen
A1 - Yan, Ming
T1 - Phonological consistency effects in Chinese sentence reading
JF - Scientific studies of reading
N2 - In two eye-tracking experiments, we investigated the processing of information about phonological consistency of Chinese phonograms during sentence reading. In Experiment 1, we adopted the error disruption paradigm in silent reading and found significant effects of phonological consistency and homophony in the foveal vision, but only in a late processing stage. Adding oral reading to Experiment 2, we found both effects shifted to earlier indices of parafoveal processing. Specifically, low-consistency characters led to a better homophonic foveal recovery effect in Experiment 1 and stronger homophonic preview benefits in Experiment 2. These findings suggest that phonological consistency information can be obtained during sentence reading, and compared to the low-consistency previews the high-consistency previews are processed faster, which leads to greater interference to the recognition of target characters.
Y1 - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/10888438.2020.1789146
SN - 1088-8438
SN - 1532-799X
VL - 25
IS - 4
SP - 335
EP - 350
PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
CY - Abingdon
ER -
TY - THES
A1 - Heinze, Peter Eric
T1 - An exploration of activity and therapist preferences and their predictors in German-speaking samples
T1 - Exploration von Aktivitäts- und Therapeut:innenpräferenzen und deren Prädiktoren in deutschsprachigen Stichproben
N2 - According to current definitions of evidence-based practice, patients’ preferences play an important role for the psychotherapeutic process and outcomes. However, whereas a significant body of research investigated preferences regarding specific treatments, research on preferred activities or therapist characteristics is rare, investigated heterogeneous aspects with inconclusive results, lacked validated assessment tools, and neglected relevant preferences, their predictors as well as the perspective of mental health professionals. Therefore, the three studies of this dissertation aimed to address the most fundamental drawbacks in current preference research by providing a validated questionnaire, focus efforts on activity and therapist preferences and add preferences of psychotherapy trainees. To this end, Paper I reports the translation and validation of the 18-item Cooper-Norcross Inventory of Preference (C-NIP) in a broad, heterogeneous sample of N = 969 laypeople, resulting in good to acceptable reliabilities and first evidence of validity. However, the original factor structure was not replicated. Paper II assesses activity preferences of psychotherapists in training using the C-NIP and compares them with the initial laypeople sample. There were significant differences between both samples, with trainees preferring a more patient-directed, emotionally intense and confrontational approach than laypeople. CBT trainees preferred a more therapist-directed, present-focused, challenging and less emotional intense approach than psychodynamic or -analytic trainees. Paper III explores therapist preferences and tests predictors for specific preference choices. For most characteristics, more than half of the participants did not have specific preferences. Results pointed towards congruency effects (i.e., preference for similar characteristics), especially for members of marginalized groups. The dissertation provides both researchers and practitioners with a validated questionnaire, shows potentially obstructive differences between patients and therapists and underlines the importance of therapist characteristics for marginalized groups, thereby laying the foundation for future applications and implementations in research and practice.
N2 - Aktuelle Definitionen von evidenzbasierter Psychotherapie betonen neben Faktoren wie Therapiearten, Interventionen, Therapeut:inneneffekte, Beziehungseffekte und Patient:innenfaktoren die Relevanz von Präferenzen für den Therapieprozess und -erfolg. Während Behandlungspräferenzen bereits in vielen Studien untersucht wurden, gibt es nur wenige heterogene Ergebnisse zu Präferenzen bezüglich des psychotherapeutischen Vorgehens sowie gewünschter Eigenschaften von Psychotherapeut:innen. Zudem fehlen ein validierter Fragebogen, wichtige Präferenzen und deren Prädiktoren sowie die Perspektive der Behandler:innen. Die Dissertation greift daher die größten Lücken der Präferenzforschung im Rahmen von drei Studien zu Aktivitäts- und Therapeut:innenpräferenzen auf.
Paper I stellt die Übersetzung und Validierung des Cooper-Norcross Inventory of Preferences in einer breiten Bevölkerungsstichprobe (N = 969) dar. Obwohl die Originalfaktorstruktur nicht repliziert werden konnte, erfasst die Skala vier Faktoren der Aktivitätspräferenz reliabel und valide. Paper II ergänzt eine Stichprobe von N = 466 Psychotherapeut:innen in Ausbildung (PiA) und vergleicht diese mit der ursprünglichen Bevölkerungsstichprobe. PiAs präferierten dabei einen signifikant stärkeren patientengeleiteten, emotional fordernden und konfrontativen Ansatz. PiAs der KVT präferierten im Vergleich zu PiAs der Psychoanalyse oder -dynamik einen therapeutengeleiteten, gegenwärtigen, konfrontativen und weniger emotional fordernden Ansatz. Paper III untersuchte Präferenzen hinsichtlich mehrerer Therapeut:inneneigenschaften und deren Prädiktoren. Für die meisten Eigenschaften gaben mehr als die Hälfte der Proband:innen an, keine spezifischen Präferenzen zu haben. Es zeigten sich jedoch Kongruenzeffekte, insbesondere für Personen aus marginalisierten Gruppen. Die Dissertation legt den Grundstein für künftige Anwendungen von Präferenzen für Forschende und Behandelnde, indem ein validierter Fragebogen vorgestellt, potentiell hinderliche Unterschiede zwischen Patient:innen und Therapeut:innen beschrieben und die Relevanz von Therapeut:inneneigenschaften für marginalisierte Gruppen dargestellt wird.
KW - psychotherapy
KW - preferences
KW - preference assessment
KW - psychotherapy training
KW - respondent pool
KW - Psychotherapie
KW - Präferenzen
KW - Präferenzmessung
KW - Psychotherapieausbildung
KW - Panelstichprobe
Y1 - 2023
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-607534
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hodapp, Alice
A1 - Grimm, Sabine
T1 - Neural signatures of temporal regularity and recurring patterns in random tonal sound sequences
JF - European journal of neuroscience : EJN / European Neuroscience Association
N2 - The auditory system is highly sensitive to recurring patterns in the acoustic input - even in otherwise unstructured material, such as white noise or random tonal sequences. Electroencephalography (EEG) research revealed a characteristic negative potential to periodically recurring auditory patterns - a response, which has been interpreted as memory trace-related and specific, rather than as a sign of periodicity-driven entrainment. Here, we aim to disentangle these two possible contributions by investigating the influence of a periodic sound sequence's inherent temporal regularity on event-related potentials. Participants were presented continuous sequences of short tones of random pitch, with some sequences containing a recurring pattern, and asked to indicate whether they heard a repetition. Patterns were either spaced equally across the random sequence (isochronous condition) or with a temporal jitter (jittered condition), which enabled us to differentiate between event-related potentials (and thus processing operations associated with a memory trace for a repeated pattern) and the periodic nature of the repetitions. A negative recurrence-related component could be observed independently of temporal regularity, was pattern-specific, and modulated by across trial repetition of the pattern. Critically, isochronous pattern repetition induced an additional early periodicity-related positive component, which started to build up already before the pattern onset and which was elicited undampedly even when the repeated pattern was occasionally not presented. This positive component likely reflects a sensory driven entrainment process that could be the foundation of a behavioural benefit in detecting temporally regular repetitions.
KW - auditory sensory memory
KW - entrainment
KW - ERP
KW - pattern detection
KW - repetition
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.15123
SN - 0953-816X
SN - 1460-9568
VL - 53
IS - 8
SP - 2740
EP - 2754
PB - Wiley
CY - Oxford
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Wood, Danielle
A1 - Shaki, Samuel
A1 - Fischer, Martin H.
T1 - Turn the beat around: Commentary on "Slow and fast beat sequences are represented differently through space" (De Tommaso & Prpic, 2020, in Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics)
JF - Attention, perception, & psychophysics : AP&P ; a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc.
N2 - There has been increasing interest in the spatial mapping of various perceptual and cognitive magnitudes, such as expanding the spatial-numerical association of response codes (SNARC) effect into domains outside of numerical cognition. Recently, De Tommaso and Prpic (Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 82, 2765-2773, 2020) reported in this journal that only fast tempos over 104 beats per minute have spatial associations, with more right-sided associations and faster responses for faster tempos. After discussing the role of perceived loudness and possible response strategies, we propose and recommend methodological improvements for further research.
KW - Distance effect
KW - Music cognition
KW - Pitch
KW - magnitude association
KW - Semantic
KW - congruity effect
KW - SMARC
KW - Sound recognition
KW - Spatial cognition
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-021-02247-8
SN - 1943-3921
SN - 1943-393X
VL - 83
IS - 4
SP - 1518
EP - 1521
PB - Springer
CY - New York
ER -
TY - THES
A1 - Schwetlick, Lisa
T1 - Data assimilation for neurocognitive models of eye movement
T1 - Datenassimilation für Neurokognitive Modelle in der Blickbewegungsforschung
N2 - Visual perception is a complex and dynamic process that plays a crucial role in how we perceive and interact with the world. The eyes move in a sequence of saccades and fixations, actively modulating perception by moving different parts of the visual world into focus. Eye movement behavior can therefore offer rich insights into the underlying cognitive mechanisms and decision processes. Computational models in combination with a rigorous statistical framework are critical for advancing our understanding in this field, facilitating the testing of theory-driven predictions and accounting for observed data. In this thesis, I investigate eye movement behavior through the development of two mechanistic, generative, and theory-driven models. The first model is based on experimental research regarding the distribution of attention, particularly around the time of a saccade, and explains statistical characteristics of scan paths. The second model implements a self-avoiding random walk within a confining potential to represent the microscopic fixational drift, which is present even while the eye is at rest, and investigates the relationship to microsaccades. Both models are implemented in a likelihood-based framework, which supports the use of data assimilation methods to perform Bayesian parameter inference at the level of individual participants, analyses of the marginal posteriors of the interpretable parameters, model comparisons, and posterior predictive checks. The application of these methods enables a thorough investigation of individual variability in the space of parameters. Results show that dynamical modeling and the data assimilation framework are highly suitable for eye movement research and, more generally, for cognitive modeling.
N2 - Die visuelle Wahrnehmung ist einer der komplexesten Sinne, die dem Menschen zur Verfügung stehen. Jede Sekunde werden 108 - 109 bits Information von Lichtrezeptoren in den Augen aufgenommen und verarbeitet. Dieser Verarbeitung liegen komplexe und dynamische Prozesse zugrunde, die diese große Menge an Informationen in ein kohärentes Perzept verwandeln. Da nur ein kleiner Bereich, die Fovea, hohe Auflösung aufnehmen kann, bildet die Anordnung der Lichtrezeptoren in der Retina den ersten Filtermechanismus dieses Systems. Um trotzdem das gesamte visuelle Feld scharf sehen zu können, bewegen sich die Augen nach und nach über die verschiedenen Elemente der visuellen Welt. Dabei werden interessante oder relevante Inhalte in den Fokus gerückt. Die Bewegung erfolgt in einer Reihe von schnellen Bewegungen (Sakkaden) und relativen Ruheperioden (Fixationen). Während der Fixationen ist das Auge allerdings nicht still, stattdessen sorgen mikroskopische Bewegungen, ein langsamer Drift und schnelle Mikrosakkaden, für eine konstante Bewegung des Auges. Die Auswahl der Fixationsorte sowie die Bewegung an sich bieten Hinweise auf die Verarbeitungsprozesse, die der visuellen Wahrnehmung zugrunde liegen.
Wahrnehmung und Handlung sind besonders im Falle der Blickbewegung eng verknüpft und voneinander abhängig: die Bewegung beeinflusst, welche visuelle Information auf die Rezeptoren trifft und die Wahrnehmung ist entscheidend für die Auswahl der Bewegung. In meiner Dissertation entwickele ich einen dynamischen Ansatz zur Modellierung von kognitiven Prozessen, der die Entfaltung von Wahrnehmung und Handlung über die Zeit in den Vordergrund stellt. Darüber hinaus sind die angewendeten Modelle mechanistisch, d.h. sie stützen sich auf biologisch plausible Mechanismen zur Erzeugung von Verhalten.
Ein mechanistischer, dynamischer Modellierungsansatz birgt einige entscheidende Vorteile für den wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisgewinn. Ergebnisse aus der Literatur und der experimentellen Forschung dienen als Grundlage, um Verhalten zu erklären. Zeigt das Modell auf Basis dieser Mechanismen tatsächlich das erwartete Verhalten, so ist dies ein starkes Indiz für die aufgestellten Hypothesen für dessen Ursache. Des Weiteren entsteht komplexes Verhalten zumeist nicht monokausal, sondern aus einer Zusammenkunft an Ursachen oder als emergente Eigenschaft. Die Modellieung erlaubt es uns, solche komplexen Prozesse durch Variationen und Veränderungen des Modells im Detail besser zu verstehen.
Der methodische Rahmen des Modellierungsansatzes stützt sich auf die umfangreiche Literatur zur dynamischen Modellierung und die Bayes’sche Likelihood-basierte Parameterinferenz. Modelle werden mithilfe dieser statistischen Methoden optimiert, sodass die statistisch bestmögliche Passung von Modell und Daten erreicht wird. Möglich gemacht wird diese Optimierung durch die Likelihood Funktion des Modells, d.h. es wird die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Daten gegeben des Modells errechnet. Zudem werden durch das Variieren der Parameter oder durch analytische Verfahren jene Parameter gewählt, welche die höchste Wahrscheinlichkeit ergeben. Darüberhinaus kann mit Hilfe eines Bays’schen Ansatzes auch eine Approximation der Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilung (Marginal Posterior) pro Parameter errechnet werden. Wenn durch das Modell eine Likelihood Funktion definiert wird, existiert eine gute statistische Grundlage, die starke Inferenzen erlaubt. Wenn eine solche Likelihood Funktion für ein gegebenes Modell nicht formuliert werden kann, muss die Parameterinferenz anhand von anderen Qualitätsmetriken erfolgen. Obwohl dies in der Vergangenheit in den Kognitionswissenschaften häufig der Standard war, bietet die Likelihood-basierte Modellierung doch klare Vorteile, so zum Beispiel die Unabhängigkeit von der Wahl der Metrik und eine starke statistische Basis.
Modellparameter in einem mechanistischen Modell haben außerdem typischerweise eine eindeutige Bedeutung für die Mechanismen des Modells. Sie repräsentieren zum Beispiel die Größe der räumlichen Aufmerksamkeitsspanne oder die zeitliche Gedächtnisspanne. Die statistische Parameterinferenz erlaubt daher auch direkte Rückschlüsse auf die Ausprägung der Mechanismen. Zudem sind die hier behandelten Modelle auch generativ, sodass es möglich ist, Daten zu simulieren. Mithilfe von sogenannten Posterior Predictive Checks ist es möglich, das Modellverhalten direkt mit experimentell beobachtetem Verhalten zu vergleichen.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird der beschriebene Modellierungsansatz auf zwei Modelle menschlicher Blickbewegungen angewandt. Das erste Modell beschreibt dabei die Auswahl der Fixationsorte bei der Betrachtung von Szenen. Es modelliert explizit die Dynamik der Aufmerksamkeit und deren Auswirkungen auf die Blickbewegung. Das zweite Modell beschreibt die mikroskopischen fixationalen Driftbewegungen mithilfe eines Self-Avoiding Walks. Beide Modelle sind dynamische Modelle mit interpretierbaren Parametern und einer Likelihood Funktion. Somit kann für beide Modelle Bayes’sche Parameterinferenz auf Versuchspersonenebene ermöglicht werden.
In der ersten im Rahmen dieser Dissertation präsentierten Arbeit verwenden wir das SceneWalk Modell. Dieses besteht grundsätzlich aus einer Aktivations- und einer Inhibitionskomponente, die sich jeweils über die Zeit mittels einer Differenzialgleichung entwickeln. Die Summe beider Komponenten ergibt für jeden Punkt auf einem diskreten Gitter die Wahrscheinlichkeit eine Sakkade zu diesem Punkt. Experimentelle Forschung zeigt, dass die visuelle Aufmerksamkeit kurz vor einer Sakkade bereits auf den nächsten Fixationsort verlagert wird. Des Weiteren gibt es nach der Sakkade Evidenz für eine Verschiebung der Aufmerksamkeit in die Richtung der Sakkade, aber über den intendierten Fixationsort hinaus. Hier erweitern wir das SceneWalk Modell, indem wir Aufmerksamkeitsprozesse rund um den Zeitpunkt der Sakkade implementieren. Diese Aufmerksamkeitsprozesse erwirken bei den Modiellierungergebnissen eine verbesserte Passung zwischen Daten und Modell und bieten einen Erklärungsansatz für die charakteristischen Winkelverteilungen von aufeinanderfolgenden Sakkaden. In dieser Arbeit zeigen wir außerdem, dass es möglich ist, mittels Bayes’scher Inferenz, separate und aussagekräftige Parameter für einzelne Individuen zu schätzen.
In der zweiten Arbeit wenden wir dasselbe Modell, SceneWalk, und die Bayes’sche Inferenz nicht nur auf die Modellierung von verschiedenen Individuen, sondern auch verschiedenen Aufgaben an. Wir zeigen hier Evidenz für systematische Unterschiede in den dynamischen Aufmerksamkeitsparametern, die durch das Modell erfasst werden können. Überdies erweitern wir das SceneWalk Modell in dieser Arbeit um eine zeitliche Komponente (Spatiotemporal Likelihood), sodass jetzt auch die Fixationsdauer im Rahmen des Modells miterfasst wird. Mithilfe dieser Erweiterung finden wir Evidenz für eine Kopplung von Fixationsdauer und Salienz.
Die dritte Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit einem Modell für fixationale Driftbewegungen. Das SAW-Modell verwendet einen statistischen Self-Avoiding Random Walk, d.h. eine quasi-zufällige Bewegung auf einem diskreten Gitter, die statistisch ihre eigene Trajektorie vermeidet. Das Gedächtnis der eigenen Trajektorie ist durch einen Parameter definiert. Diese Bewegung wird durch ein Potential daran gehindert, sich zu weit von ihrem Ausgangspunkt zu entfernen. Wir verwenden die selbe Methode der Bayes’schen Parameterinferenz und schätzen so Parameter für Individuen. Des Weiteren stellen wir eine explorative Analyse vor, die einen Zusammenhang zwischen der latenten Aktivierung des Models und Mikrosakkaden findet.
In dieser Dissertation wird ein dynamischer Ansatz zur Modellierung von Kognition untersucht, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf Blickbewegungen und visueller Wahrnehmung liegt. Die Arbeit basiert auf der Beobachtung, dass Wahrnehmung und Handlung voneinander abhängig sind und sich im Laufe der Zeit dynamisch entfalten und, dass biologische und neurophysiologische Erkenntnisse die Randbedingungen für verhaltensbezogene Erklärungen liefern sollten. Beide vorgestellten Modelle erfassen zentrale Aspekte des Blickverhaltens sowie individuelle Unterschiede. Die Modelle erlauben eine Untersuchung der zeitlichen Dynamik ihrer jeweiligen Prozesse und können zur Simulation verschiedener Bedingungen und Aufgaben verwendet werden, um deren Auswirkungen auf das Verhalten zu analysieren. Der vorgestellte Modellierungsansatz beinhaltet die Verwendung von dynamischen und mechanistischen Modellen, statistische Inferenz von Parametern, Vergleich von statistischen Eigenschaften simulierter und experimenteller Daten und ermöglicht auch objektive Modellvergleiche. Der dynamische Ansatz zur Modellierung von Kognition ist eine plausible und adäquate Methode um die Interdependenz von Wahrnehmung und Handlung zu beschreiben. Sie bietet die Möglichkeit, Verhalten unter Verwendung theoriebasierter und experimentell fundierter Mechanismen zu erzeugen. Die hier vorgestellten Modelle zeigen das Potenzial dieses Ansatzes und können als Grundlage für weitere Forschungen auf dem Gebiet der kognitiven Modellierung dienen.
KW - eye movement
KW - mathematical modeling
KW - dynamical models
KW - data assimilation
KW - scan paths
KW - attention
KW - Aufmerksamkeit
KW - Datenassimilation
KW - dynamische Modelle
KW - Blickbewegungen
KW - mathematische Modellierung
KW - Blickpfade
Y1 - 2023
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-598280
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Lindborg, Alma
A1 - Andersen, Tobias S.
T1 - Bayesian binding and fusion models explain illusion and enhancement effects in audiovisual speech perception
JF - PLoS one
N2 - Speech is perceived with both the ears and the eyes. Adding congruent visual speech improves the perception of a faint auditory speech stimulus, whereas adding incongruent visual speech can alter the perception of the utterance. The latter phenomenon is the case of the McGurk illusion, where an auditory stimulus such as e.g. "ba" dubbed onto a visual stimulus such as "ga" produces the illusion of hearing "da". Bayesian models of multisensory perception suggest that both the enhancement and the illusion case can be described as a two-step process of binding (informed by prior knowledge) and fusion (informed by the information reliability of each sensory cue). However, there is to date no study which has accounted for how they each contribute to audiovisual speech perception. In this study, we expose subjects to both congruent and incongruent audiovisual speech, manipulating the binding and the fusion stages simultaneously. This is done by varying both temporal offset (binding) and auditory and visual signal-to-noise ratio (fusion). We fit two Bayesian models to the behavioural data and show that they can both account for the enhancement effect in congruent audiovisual speech, as well as the McGurk illusion. This modelling approach allows us to disentangle the effects of binding and fusion on behavioural responses. Moreover, we find that these models have greater predictive power than a forced fusion model. This study provides a systematic and quantitative approach to measuring audiovisual integration in the perception of the McGurk illusion as well as congruent audiovisual speech, which we hope will inform future work on audiovisual speech perception.
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246986
SN - 1932-6203
VL - 16
IS - 2
PB - PLoS
CY - San Fransisco
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Ventura-Bort, Carlos
A1 - Wirkner, Janine
A1 - Wendt, Julia
A1 - Hamm, Alfons O.
A1 - Weymar, Mathias
T1 - Establishment of emotional memories is mediated by vagal nerve activation
BT - evidence from noninvasive taVNS
JF - The journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience
N2 - Emotional memories are better remembered than neutral ones, but the mechanisms leading to this memory bias are not well under-stood in humans yet. Based on animal research, it is suggested that the memory-enhancing effect of emotion is based on central nor-adrenergic release, which is triggered by afferent vagal nerve activation. To test the causal link between vagus nerve activation and emotional memory in humans, we applied continuous noninvasive transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) during exposure to emotional arousing and neutral scenes and tested subsequent, long-term recognition memory after 1 week. We found that taVNS, compared with sham, increased recollection-based memory performance for emotional, but not neutral, material. These findings were complemented by larger recollection-related brain potentials (parietal ERP Old/New effect) during retrieval of emotional scenes encoded under taVNS, compared with sham. Furthermore, brain potentials recorded during encoding also revealed that taVNS facilitated early attentional discrimination between emotional and neutral scenes. Extending animal research, our behavioral and neu-ral findings confirm a modulatory influence of the vagus nerve in emotional memory formation in humans.
KW - emotion
KW - ERPs
KW - memory
KW - Old
KW - New effect
KW - LPP
KW - vagus nerve
KW - tVNS
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2329-20.2021
SN - 1529-2401
VL - 41
IS - 36
SP - 7636
EP - 7648
PB - Society for Neuroscience
CY - Washington, DC
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Raith, Anna-Marie
A1 - Hämmerling, Marie
A1 - Klein, Sabrina
A1 - Peitz, Diana
A1 - Knaevelsrud, Christine
A1 - Zagorscak, Pavle
T1 - Selbstwertförderung in der universellen Prävention von Essstörungen
BT - Pilotierung einer internetbasierten Intervention an einer studentischen Stichprobe
JF - Psychotherapeut
N2 - Background
Eating disorders are prevalent, often have chronic courses and relapses are frequent even after effective treatment approaches. Therefore, prevention is decisive; however, many of the current prevention programs are resource intensive. Internet-based interventions can represent cost-effective and low threshold alternatives but only few approaches have so far been investigated.
Objective
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of an internet-based unaccompanied preventive intervention.
Material and methods
The intervention was newly developed based on behavior therapeutic techniques and piloted in a group of 200 students using a randomized waiting list control group design. Data on eating disorder-specific pathology (eating disorder examination questionnaire, EDE-Q), self-esteem (Rosenberg self-esteem scale, RSES), and well-being (World Health Organization-five well-being index, WHO-5) were collected before and after the intervention or the waiting period. Data were evaluated based on variance analysis.
Results
A total of 43% of participants completed the intervention. Self-esteem increases were stronger in the intervention group in comparison to the waiting control group with large effect sizes (eta(2)(p) p = 0.33). There were no significant differences between the groups for the other variables.
Conclusion
Unaccompanied online self-help appears to provide a promising approach for improving self-esteem thus contributing to the prevention of eating disorders. Investigations in larger and more heterogeneous groups are necessary in the future to identify possibly present smaller preventive effects.
N2 - Hintergrund
Essstörungen sind prävalent, chronifizieren häufig und gehen trotz wirksamer Behandlungsansätze oft mit Rückfällen einher. Prävention ist daher entscheidend, jedoch sind viele aktuelle Präventionsprogramme ressourcenintensiv. Internetbasierte Interventionen können eine kostengünstige und niedrigschwellige Alternative darstellen, sind jedoch bislang nur wenig untersucht.
Fragestellung
Wie wirksam ist ein internetbasiertes, unbegleitetes Präventionsangebot?
Material und Methode
Die Intervention wurde auf Basis verhaltenstherapeutischer Techniken neu entwickelt und im Rahmen eines randomisierten Wartekontrollgruppendesigns an 200 Studierenden pilotiert. Vor und nach der Intervention bzw. Wartezeit wurden Daten zu essstörungsspezifischer Pathologie (Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire, EDE‑Q), Wohlbefinden (WHO-Five Well-Being Index, WHO-5) sowie Selbstwert (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, RSES) erhoben und varianzanalytisch untersucht.
Ergebnisse
Die Intervention wurde von 43 % der Teilnehmenden vollständig durchlaufen. Der Selbstwert nahm in der Interventionsgruppe im Vergleich zur Wartekontrollgruppe stärker zu (η2p= 0,33). Auf den anderen Variablen ergaben sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen.
Schlussfolgerung
Unbegleitete Online-Selbsthilfe erscheint vielversprechend, um den Selbstwert zu verbessern und damit einen Beitrag zur Prävention von Essstörungen zu leisten. Untersuchungen in größeren, heterogenen Gruppen sind künftig nötig, um ggf. vorhandene, kleinere Präventionseffekte zu entdecken.
T2 - Promotion of self-esteem in the universal prevention of eating disorders. Pilot study of an internet-based intervention in a sample of students
KW - Internet-based Interventions
KW - Self-care
KW - Treatment adherence
KW - Treatment
KW - efficacy
KW - Randomized controlled trial
KW - Internetbasierte Interventionen
KW - Selbsthilfe
KW - Behandlungsadhärenz
KW - Behandlungswirksamkeit
KW - Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00278-021-00515-4
SN - 0935-6185
SN - 1432-2080
VL - 66
IS - 4
SP - 275
EP - 281
PB - Springer
CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hilbert, Anja
A1 - Warschburger, Petra
T1 - Adipositas – Aktuelle Forschung zu Grundlagen und Therapie
JF - Psychotherapeut
T2 - Obesity - Current research on principles and treatment
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00278-020-00479-x
SN - 0935-6185
SN - 1432-2080
VL - 66
IS - 1-2
SP - 1
EP - 2
PB - Springer
CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Zhou, Yuefang
A1 - Kornher, Tristan
A1 - Mohnke, Janett
A1 - Fischer, Martin H.
T1 - Tactile interaction with a humanoid robot
BT - effects on physiology and subjective impressions
JF - International journal of social robotics
N2 - This study investigated how touching and being touched by a humanoid robot affects human physiology, impressions of the interaction, and attitudes towards humanoid robots. 21 healthy adult participants completed a 3 (touch style: touching, being touched, pointing) x 2 (body part: hand vs buttock) within-subject design using a Pepper robot. Skin conductance response (SCR) was measured during each interaction. Perceived impressions of the interaction (i.e., friendliness, comfort, arousal) were measured per questionnaire after each interaction. Participants' demographics and their attitude towards robots were also considered. We found shorter SCR rise times in the being touched compared to the touching condition, possibly reflecting psychological alertness to the unpredictability of robot-initiated contacts. The hand condition had shorter rise times than the buttock condition. Most participants evaluated the hand condition as most friendly and comfortable and the robot-initiated interactions as most arousing. Interacting with Pepper improved attitudes towards robots. Our findings require future studies with larger samples and improved procedures. They have implications for robot design in all domains involving tactile interactions, such as caring and intimacy.
KW - Human– robot tactile interaction
KW - Skin conductance
KW - Buttocks
KW - Robot Pepper
KW - Human– robot intimate relationships
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-021-00749-x
SN - 1875-4791
SN - 1875-4805
VL - 13
IS - 7
SP - 1657
EP - 1677
PB - Springer
CY - Dordrecht
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Dolcos, Florin
A1 - Katsumi, Yuta
A1 - Bogdan, Paul C.
A1 - Shen, Chen
A1 - Jun, Suhnyoung
A1 - Buetti, Simona
A1 - Lleras, Alejandro
A1 - Bost, Kelly Freeman
A1 - Weymar, Mathias
A1 - Dolcos, Sanda
T1 - The impact of focused attention on subsequent emotional recollection
BT - a functional MRI investigation
JF - Neuropsychologia : an international journal in behavioural and cognitive neuroscience
N2 - In his seminal works, Endel Tulving argued that functionally distinct memory systems give rise to subjective experiences of remembering and knowing (i.e., recollection- vs. familiarity-based memory, respectively). Evidence shows that emotion specifically enhances recollection, and this effect is subserved by a synergistic mechanism involving the amygdala (AMY) and hippocampus (HC). In extreme circumstances, however, uncontrolled recollection of highly distressing memories may lead to symptoms of affective disorders. Therefore, it is important to understand the factors that can diminish such detrimental effects. Here, we investigated the effects of Focused Attention (FA) on emotional recollection. FA is an emotion regulation strategy that has been proven quite effective in reducing the impact of emotional responses associated with the recollection of distressing autobiographical memories, but its impact during emotional memory encoding is not known. Functional MRI and eye-tracking data were recorded while participants viewed a series of composite negative and neutral images with distinguishable foreground (FG) and background (BG) areas. Participants were instructed to focus either on the FG or BG content of the images and to rate their emotional responses. About 4 days later, participants' memory was assessed using the R/K procedure, to indicate whether they Recollected specific contextual details about the encoded images or the images were just familiar to them - i.e., participants only Knew that they saw the pictures without being able to remember specific contextual details. First, results revealed that FA was successful in decreasing memory for emotional pictures viewed in BG Focus condition, and this effect was driven by recollection-based retrieval. Second, the BG Focus condition was associated with decreased activity in the AMY, HC, and anterior parahippocampal gyrus for subsequently recollected emotional items. Moreover, correlation analyses also showed that reduced activity in these regions predicted greater reduction in emotional recollection following FA. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of FA in mitigating emotional experiences and emotional recollection associated with unpleasant emotional events.
KW - affect
KW - emotion control
KW - emotional memory
KW - MTL
KW - emotion-cognition
KW - interaction
KW - functional magnetic resonance imaging
Y1 - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107338
SN - 0028-3932
SN - 1873-3514
VL - 138
PB - Elsevier
CY - Oxford
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Miklashevsky, Alex
A1 - Lindemann, Oliver
A1 - Fischer, Martin H.
T1 - The force of numbers
BT - Investigating manual signatures of embodied number processing
JF - Frontiers in human neuroscience / Frontiers Research Foundation
N2 - The study has two objectives: (1) to introduce grip force recording as a new technique for studying embodied numerical processing; and (2) to demonstrate how three competing accounts of numerical magnitude representation can be tested by using this new technique: the Mental Number Line (MNL), A Theory of Magnitude (ATOM) and Embodied Cognition (finger counting-based) account. While 26 healthy adults processed visually presented single digits in a go/no-go n-back paradigm, their passive holding forces for two small sensors were recorded in both hands. Spontaneous and unconscious grip force changes related to number magnitude occurred in the left hand already 100-140 ms after stimulus presentation and continued systematically. Our results support a two-step model of number processing where an initial stage is related to the automatic activation of all stimulus properties whereas a later stage consists of deeper conscious processing of the stimulus. This interpretation generalizes previous work with linguistic stimuli and elaborates the timeline of embodied cognition. We hope that the use of grip force recording will advance the field of numerical cognition research.
KW - ATOM
KW - embodied cognition
KW - finger counting
KW - grip force
KW - mental number
KW - line
KW - number processing
KW - numerical cognition
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2020.590508
SN - 1662-5161
VL - 14
PB - Frontiers Media
CY - Lausanne
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Peitz, Diana
A1 - Schulze, Julian
A1 - Warschburger, Petra
T1 - Getting a deeper understanding of mindfulness in the context of eating behavior
BT - Development and validation of the Mindful Eating Inventory
JF - Appetite : multidisciplinary research on eating and drinking
N2 - Purpose:
Current research supports the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions for maladaptive eating behaviors associated with obesity and eating disorders. To investigate potential underlying mechanisms at work, reliable and valid instruments that allow for an exhaustive assessment of the context-specific construct Mindful Eating (ME) are needed. Therefore, the current work aimed to develop a comprehensive inventory reflecting a wide range of ME attitudes and behaviors: The Mindful Eating Inventory (MEI).
Methods & Results:
Study 1 describes the item pool development for an initial version of the MEI comprising various steps (compilation of items, expert ratings, focus groups and think aloud protocols by laypersons). Within Study 2, the factor structure of this initial version was explored in an online sample of N = 828 participants and the item pool was shortened via a sequential process based on statistical and content-related considerations. Exploratory factor analyses yielded a seven-factor structure. This structure could be confirmed within Study 3 on an independent online sample of N = 612 participants using confirmatory factor analysis. Criterion validity was supported by hypotheses-confirming correlations with eating-specific and global health-relevant outcomes.
Conclusion:
Our findings demonstrate that the MEI is a valid and reliable (in terms of internal consistency and retest-reliability) tool, which allows for a comprehensive assessment of various ME attitudes and behaviors within one parsimonious inventory. It further enabled us to propose a so far missing, initial scientific operational definition of this eating-specific construct, that may help to advance future research and clinical application by clarifying mechanisms of action.
KW - Mindful Eating
KW - Mindfulness
KW - Assessment
KW - Maladaptive Eating Behavior
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2020.105039
SN - 0195-6663
SN - 1095-8304
VL - 159
PB - Elsevier
CY - Amsterdam
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Stadion, Mandy
A1 - Schürmann, Annette
T1 - Intermittent fasting
T1 - Intermittierendes Fasten
BT - What effects does it have in humans?
BT - Welche Effekte hat es beim Menschen?
JF - Psychotherapeut
N2 - A long-term positive energy balance leads to overweight and obesity. Adiposity is the main risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes and cancer and is often accompanied by depression. The increasing prevalence creates a major problem for the healthcare system. The conservative management of obesity strives for weight loss by reducing the daily caloric intake and increasing physical activity as well as an improvement in the quality of life supported by psychological interventions. For reducing body weight, intermittent fasting represents an alternative to continuous calorie restriction as it can be easily integrated into daily life. In this form of diet calorie intake is limited in time, i.e. on 2 days in the week or 6-10 h per day. Animal and human studies provide evidence that intermittent fasting over a longer time period is a suitable method to decrease body fat and to improve many metabolic parameters. Fasting alters metabolism and activates specific cellular pathways. These have not only cardioprotective effects but also neuroprotective and antidepressive effects. In this article the currently discussed mechanisms induced by intermittent fasting are highlighted and the essential observations from randomized controlled human trials are presented.
KW - Obesity
KW - Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
KW - Insulin sensitivity
KW - Metabolic flexibility
KW - Circadian rhythm
Y1 - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00278-020-00471-5
SN - 0935-6185
SN - 1432-2080
VL - 66
IS - 1
SP - 23
EP - 27
PB - Springer
CY - New York
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Jacobs, Ingo
A1 - Wollny, Anna
A1 - Seidler, Juliana
A1 - Wochatz, Germar
T1 - A trait emotional intelligence perspective on schema modes
JF - Scandinavian Journal of Psychology
N2 - Schema modes (ormodes) are a key concept in the theory underlying schema therapy. Modes have rarely been related to established models of personality traits. The present study thus investigates the associations between trait emotional intelligence (TEI) and 14 modes, and tests a global TEI-mode factors-general psychological distress mediation model. The study draws on self-report data from 173 inpatients from a German clinic for psychosomatic medicine. Global TEI correlated positively with both healthy modes (happy child and healthy adult) and negatively with 10 maladaptive modes. When modes were regressed on the four TEI factors, six (emotionality), five (well-being), four (sociability), and four (self-control) significant partial effects on 10 modes emerged. In the parallel mediation model, the mode factors internalization and compulsivity fully mediated the global TEI-general psychological distress link. Implications of the results for the integration of modes with traits in general and with TEI in particular as well as implications of low TEI as a transdiagnostic feature of personality malfunctioning are discussed.
KW - externalization
KW - internalization
KW - level of personality functioning
KW - mentalization
KW - psychological distress
KW - schema modes
KW - trait emotional
KW - intelligence
Y1 - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12670
SN - 0036-5564
SN - 1467-9450
VL - 62
IS - 2
SP - 227
EP - 236
PB - Wiley
CY - Hoboken
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Romero-Sanchez, Monica
A1 - Skowronski, Marika
A1 - Bohner, Gerd
A1 - Megias, Jesus L.
T1 - Talking about ‘victims’, ‘survivors’ and ‘battered women’
BT - how labels affect the perception of women who have experienced intimate partner violence (‘Víctimas’, ‘supervivientes’ y ‘mujeres maltratadas’: cómo influyen las etiquetas en la percepción de las mujeres que han sufrido violencia por parte de sus parejas)
JF - International Journal of Social Psychology : Revista de Psicología Social
N2 - Two studies addressed effects of the labels 'victim', 'battered woman' and 'survivor' on the perception of women who have experienced intimate partner violence (IPV). Spanish undergraduates provided free associations (Study 1; N = 54) and completed semantic differentials (Study 2; N = 142) regarding the labels. Results showed that the term 'survivor' evoked more positive associations and ratings than both 'victim' and 'battered woman', which did not differ from each other. At the same time, however, when asked directly, participants rated 'survivor' as the least appropriate term. These seemingly opposing findings replicate research on the terms' use in sexual aggression. Results were independent of individuals' acceptance of myths about IPV or knowing a woman who has experienced IPV. Implications for the use of specific language when communicating about IPV are discussed.
KW - intimate partner violence
KW - labelling
KW - social judgement
KW - survivor
KW - victim
Y1 - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/02134748.2020.1840232
SN - 0213-4748
SN - 1579-3680
VL - 36
IS - 1
SP - 30
EP - 60
PB - Taylor & Francis Group
CY - Routledge
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hatukai, Tatiana
A1 - Algom, Daniel
A1 - Fischer, Martin H.
T1 - Rodin has it!
BT - the role of hands in improving the selectivity of attention
JF - Acta psychologica : international journal of psychonomics
N2 - We report a new discovery on the role of hands in guiding attention, using the classic Stroop effect as our assay. We show that the Stroop effect diminishes, hence selective attention improves, when observers hold their chin, emulating Rodin's famous sculpture, "The Thinker." In two experiments we show that the Rodin posture improves the selectivity of attention as efficiently as holding the hands nearby the visual stimulus (the near-hands effect). Because spatial proximity to the displayed stimulus is neither present nor intended, the presence of the Rodin effect implies that attentional prioritization by the hands is not limited to the space between the hands.
KW - Rodin posture
KW - attention
KW - embodied cognition
KW - stroop-effect
Y1 - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103160
SN - 0001-6918
SN - 1873-6297
VL - 210
PB - Elsevier
CY - Amsterdam [u.a.]
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Strauß, Sophie
A1 - Bondü, Rebecca
A1 - Roth, Felix
T1 - Justice sensitivity in middle childhood
BT - measurement and location in the temperamental and social skills space
JF - Journal of personality assessment
N2 - Research suggested that justice sensitivity (JS)-the tendency to perceive and negatively respond to injustice-may already manifest in middle childhood, but empirical evidence is sparse. We, therefore, examined the measurement of JS in this age range and its associations with prosocial behavior, aggressive behavior, temperamental traits, and social skills. We had 361 children between 6 and 10 years of age and/or their parents rate the children's JS and its potential correlates. We replicated the JS-factor structure with three correlated subscales in both child and parent-ratings that showed strict measurement invariance. In line with previous findings in older age groups, victim JS positively predicted aggressive and negatively predicted prosocial behavior, whereas observer and perpetrator JS positively predicted prosocial and perpetrator JS negatively predicted aggressive behavior. The JS perspectives showed expected links with temperamental traits. All three subscales were positively related to empathy and theory of mind, but victim JS was negatively related to affective self-regulation. Findings suggest that interpersonal differences in JS may reliably and validly be measured in middle childhood and that JS is associated with aggressive and prosocial behavior already in childhood. Thus, future research should consider the role of JS for moral and personality development and developmental psychopathology.
Y1 - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2020.1753754
SN - 0022-3891
SN - 1532-7752
VL - 103
IS - 4
SP - 476
EP - 488
PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
CY - Philadelphia, Pa. [u.a]
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kühne, Franziska
A1 - Meister, Ramona
A1 - Maass, Ulrike
A1 - Paunov, Tatjana
A1 - Weck, Florian
T1 - How reliable are therapeutic competence ratings?
BT - results of a systematic review and meta-analysis
JF - Cognitive therapy and research
N2 - Assessments of psychotherapeutic competencies play a crucial role in research and training. However, research on the reliability and validity of such assessments is sparse. This study aimed to provide an overview of the current evidence and to provide an average interrater reliability (IRR) of psychotherapeutic competence ratings. A systematic review was conducted, and 20 studies reported in 32 publications were collected. These 20 studies were included in a narrative synthesis, and 20 coefficients were entered into the meta-analysis. Most primary studies referred to cognitive-behavioral therapies and the treatment of depression, used the Cognitive Therapy Scale, based ratings on videos, and trained the raters. Our meta-analysis revealed a pooled ICC of 0.82, but at the same time severe heterogeneity. The evidence map highlighted a variety of variables related to competence assessments. Further aspects influencing the reliability of competence ratings and regarding the considerable heterogeneity are discussed in detail throughout the manuscript.
KW - competency
KW - therapist competence
KW - adherence
KW - psychotherapy
KW - assessment
Y1 - 2019
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-019-10056-5
SN - 0147-5916
SN - 1573-2819
VL - 44
IS - 2
SP - 241
EP - 257
PB - Springer
CY - New York
ER -
TY - THES
A1 - Strauß, Sophie
T1 - Justice sensitivity in middle childhood
T1 - Ungerechtigkeitssensibilität in der mittleren Kindheit
T2 - exploring the measurement and manifestation of a trait in a sensitive developmental phase and its relations to variables from the social and moral development space
T2 - Erforschung der Messung und Manifestation eines Traits in einer sensiblen Entwicklungsphase und seiner Beziehungen zu Variablen der sozialen und moralischen Entwicklung
N2 - Justice structures societies and social relations of any kind; its psychological integration provides a fundamental cornerstone for social, moral, and personality development. The trait justice sensitivity captures individual differences in responses toward perceived injustice (JS; Schmitt et al., 2005, 2010). JS has shown substantial relations to social and moral behavior in adult and adolescent samples; however, it was not yet investigated in middle childhood despite this being a sensitive phase for personality development. JS differentiates in underlying perspectives that are either more self- or other-oriented regarding injustice, with diverging outcome relations. The present research project investigated JS and its perspectives in children aged 6 to 12 years with a special focus on variables of social and moral development as potential correlates and outcomes in four cross-sectional studies. Study 1 started with a closer investigation of JS trait manifestation, measurement, and relations to important variables from the nomological network, such as temperamental dimensions, social-cognitive skills, and global pro- and antisocial behavior in a pilot sample of children from south Germany. Study 2 investigated relations between JS and distributive behavior following distributive principles in a large-scale data set of children from Berlin and Brandenburg. Study 3 explored the relations of JS with moral reasoning, moral emotions, and moral identity as important precursors of moral development in the same large-scale data set. Study 4 investigated punishment motivation to even out, prevent, or compensate norm transgressions in a subsample, whereby JS was considered as a potential predictor of different punishment motives. All studies indicated that a large-scale, economic measurement of JS is possible at least from middle childhood onward. JS showed relations to temperamental dimensions, social skills, global social behavior; distributive decisions and preferences for distributive principles; moral reasoning, emotions, and identity; as well as with punishment motivation; indicating that trait JS is highly relevant for social and moral development. The underlying self- or other-oriented perspectives showed diverging correlate and outcome relations mostly in line with theory and previous findings from adolescent and adult samples, but also provided new theoretical ideas on the construct and its differentiation. Findings point to an early internal justice motive underlying trait JS, but additional motivations underlying the JS perspectives. Caregivers, educators, and clinical psychologists should pay attention to children’s JS and toward promoting an adaptive justice-related personality development to foster children’s prosocial and moral development as well as their mental health.
N2 - Gerechtigkeit strukturiert Gesellschaften und soziale Beziehungen jeglicher Art; ihre psychologische Integration stellt einen grundlegenden Eckpfeiler für die soziale, moralische und Persönlichkeitsentwicklung dar. Ungerechtigkeitssensibilität (justice sensitivity; JS) erfasst als Trait individuelle Unterschiede in der Reaktion auf wahrgenommene Ungerechtigkeit (Schmitt et al., 2005, 2010). JS hat bei Erwachsenen und Jugendlichen substanzielle Zusammenhänge mit sozialem und moralischem Verhalten gezeigt; in der mittleren Kindheit wurde sie jedoch noch nicht untersucht, obwohl die mittlere Kindheit eine sensible Phase für die Persönlichkeitsentwicklung ist. JS differenziert sich in zugrunde liegende Perspektiven, die in Bezug auf Ungerechtigkeit entweder stärker selbst- oder fremdorientiert sind, mit divergierenden Outcome Beziehungen. Das vorliegende Forschungsprojekt untersuchte JS und seine Perspektiven bei Kindern im Alter von 6 bis 12 Jahren mit besonderem Augenmerk auf Variablen der sozialen und moralischen Entwicklung als mögliche Korrelate und Outcomes in vier Querschnittsstudien. Studie 1 begann mit einer näheren Untersuchung der Manifestation und Messung von JS sowie der Beziehungen zu wichtigen Variablen des nomologischen Netzwerks, wie z. B. Temperamentsdimensionen, sozial-kognitiven Fähigkeiten und globalem pro- und antisozialen Verhalten in einer Pilotstichprobe mit Kindern aus Süddeutschland. Studie 2 untersuchte Beziehungen zwischen JS und distributivem Verhalten nach distributiven Prinzipien in einem groß angelegten Datensatz mit Kindern aus Berlin und Brandenburg. Studie 3 untersuchte die Beziehungen zwischen JS und moralischem Schlussfolgern, moralischen Emotionen und moralischer Identität als wichtigen Vorläufern der moralischen Entwicklung in demselben Datensatz. Studie 4 untersuchte Bestrafungsmotivation zum Ausgleich, zur Verhinderung oder zur Kompensation von Normübertretungen in einer Teilstichprobe, wobei JS als potenzieller Prädiktor für verschiedene Bestrafungsmotive betrachtet wurde. Alle Studien zeigten, dass eine groß angelegte, ökonomische Messung von JS mindestens ab der mittleren Kindheit möglich ist. JS zeigte Beziehungen zu Temperamentsdimensionen, sozialen Fähigkeiten, globalem Sozialverhalten; distributiven Entscheidungen und Präferenzen für distributive Prinzipien; moralischem Schlussfolgern, Emotionen und Identität sowie mit Bestrafungsmotivation. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass Trait JS für die soziale und moralische Entwicklung von großer Bedeutung ist. Die zugrunde liegenden selbst- oder fremdorientierten Perspektiven zeigten divergierende Korrelat- und Outcome Beziehungen, die größtenteils mit der Theorie und früheren Befunden aus Jugendlichen- und Erwachsenenstichproben übereinstimmten, aber auch neue theoretische Ideen über das Konstrukt und seine Differenzierung lieferten. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf ein frühes internalisiertes Gerechtigkeitsmotiv hin, das Trait JS zugrunde liegt, aber auch auf zusätzliche Motivationen, die den JS-Perspektiven zugrunde liegen. Eltern, Betreuungspersonen, Pädagog:innen und klinische Psycholog:innen sollten die JS von Kindern beachten und eine adaptive gerechtigkeitsbezogene Persönlichkeitsentwicklung unterstützen, um die prosoziale und moralische Entwicklung der Kinder sowie ihre psychische Gesundheit zu fördern.
KW - justice sensitivity
KW - moral development
KW - middle childhood
KW - distributive justice
KW - personality development
KW - justice development
KW - Ungerechtigkeitssensibilität
KW - Verteilungsgerechtigkeit
KW - Gerechtigkeitsentwicklung
KW - mittlere Kindheit
KW - moralische Entwicklung
KW - Persönlichkeitsentwicklung
Y1 - 2023
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-591944
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Felisatti, Arianna
A1 - Laubrock, Jochen
A1 - Shaki, Samuel
A1 - Fischer, Martin H.
T1 - A biological foundation for spatial–numerical associations
BT - the brain's asymmetric frequency tuning
JF - Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
N2 - "Left" and "right" coordinates control our spatial behavior and even influence abstract thoughts. For number concepts, horizontal spatial-numerical associations (SNAs) have been widely documented: we associate few with left and many with right. Importantly, increments are universally coded on the right side even in preverbal humans and nonhuman animals, thus questioning the fundamental role of directional cultural habits, such as reading or finger counting. Here, we propose a biological, nonnumerical mechanism for the origin of SNAs on the basis of asymmetric tuning of animal brains for different spatial frequencies (SFs). The resulting selective visual processing predicts both universal SNAs and their context-dependence. We support our proposal by analyzing the stimuli used to document SNAs in newborns for their SF content. As predicted, the SFs contained in visual patterns with few versus many elements preferentially engage right versus left brain hemispheres, respectively, thus predicting left-versus rightward behavioral biases. Our "brain's asymmetric frequency tuning" hypothesis explains the perceptual origin of horizontal SNAs for nonsymbolic visual numerosities and might be extensible to the auditory domain.
KW - hemispheric asymmetry
KW - numerical cognition
KW - SNARC effect
KW - spatial
KW - frequency tuning
KW - spatial-numerical associations
KW - spatial vision
Y1 - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14418
SN - 0077-8923
SN - 1749-6632
VL - 1477
IS - 1
SP - 44
EP - 53
PB - Wiley
CY - Hoboken
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Bondü, Rebecca
A1 - Bilgin, Ayten
A1 - Warschburger, Petra
T1 - Justice sensitivity and rejection sensitivity as predictors and outcomes of eating disorder pathology
BT - a 5-year longitudinal study
JF - The international journal of eating disorders
N2 - Objective:
Rejection sensitivity and justice sensitivity are personality traits that are characterized by frequent perceptions and intense adverse responses to negative social cues. Whereas there is good evidence for associations between rejection sensitivity, justice sensitivity, and internalizing problems, no longitudinal studies have investigated their association with eating disorder (ED) pathology so far. Thus, the present study examined longitudinal relations between rejection sensitivity, justice sensitivity, and ED pathology.
Method:
Participants (N = 769) reported on their rejection sensitivity, justice sensitivity, and ED pathology at 9-19 (T1), 11-21 (T2), and 14-22 years of age (T3).
Results:
Latent cross-lagged models showed longitudinal associations between ED pathology and anxious rejection sensitivity, observer and victim justice sensitivity. T1 and T2 ED pathology predicted higher T2 and T3 anxious rejection sensitivity, respectively. In turn, T2 anxious rejection sensitivity predicted more T3 ED pathology. T1 observer justice sensitivity predicted more T2 ED pathology, which predicted higher T3 observer justice sensitivity. Furthermore, T1 ED pathology predicted higher T2 victim justice sensitivity.
Discussion:
Rejection sensitivity-particularly anxious rejection sensitivity-and justice sensitivity may be involved in the maintenance or worsening of ED pathology and should be considered by future research and in prevention and treatment of ED pathology. Also, mental health problems may increase rejection sensitivity and justice sensitivity traits in the long term.
KW - eating disorder pathology
KW - justice sensitivity
KW - longitudinal
KW - rejection
KW - sensitivity
Y1 - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23273
SN - 0276-3478
SN - 1098-108X
VL - 53
IS - 6
SP - 926
EP - 936
PB - Wiley
CY - New York, NY
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Ay-Bryson, Destina Sevde
A1 - Weck, Florian
A1 - Heinze, Peter Eric
A1 - Lang, Thomas
A1 - Kühne, Franziska
T1 - Can psychotherapy trainees distinguish standardized patients from real patients?
T1 - Können Psychotherapeut*innen in Ausbildung standardisierte Patient*innen von realen Patient*innen unterscheiden?
BT - a pilot study
BT - Ergebnisse einer Pilotstudie
JF - Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie
N2 - Background:
Under the new psychotherapy law in Germany, standardized patients (SPs) are to become a standard component inpsychotherapy training, even though little is known about their authenticity.Objective:The present pilot study explored whether, followingan exhaustive two-day SP training, psychotherapy trainees can distinguish SPs from real patients.
Methods:
Twenty-eight psychotherapytrainees (M= 28.54 years of age,SD= 3.19) participated as blind raters. They evaluated six video-recorded therapy segments of trained SPsand real patients using the Authenticity of Patient Demonstrations Scale.
Results:
The authenticity scores of real patients and SPs did notdiffer (p= .43). The descriptive results indicated that the highest score of authenticity was given to an SP. Further, the real patients did notdiffer significantly from the SPs concerning perceived impairment (p= .33) and the likelihood of being a real patient (p= .52).
Conclusions:
The current results suggest that psychotherapy trainees were unable to distinguish the SPs from real patients. We therefore stronglyrecommend incorporating training SPs before application. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.
N2 - Theoretischer Hintergrund:
Mit dem neu eingeführten Direktstudium für zukünftige Psychotherapeut_innen (PiA) wirdder Einsatz von standardisierten Patient_innen (SP) in der Lehre zunehmen, obwohl die Authentizität der Rollendarstellungen durch SPempirisch bislang kaum untersucht wurde. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es daher zu untersuchen, ob SP trainiert werden können, dassPsychotherapeut_innen in Ausbildung (PiA) SP von realen Patient_innen nicht unterscheiden können.
Methode:
Insgesamt nahmen 28 PiA(M= 28.54 Jahre,SD= 3.19) als verblindete Rater teil. Sie haben sechs Therapiesitzungen von trainierten SP und realen Patient_innen mitder Skala Authentizität von Patientendarstellungen bewertet.
Ergebnisse:
Die Authentizitätswerte von SP unterschieden sich nicht signifi-kant von realen Patient_innen (p= .43). Deskriptive Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass ein SP im Schnitt am authentischsten bewertet wurde.Darüber hinaus unterschieden sich SP und reale Patient_innen nicht hinsichtlich der wahrgenommenen Beeinträchtigung (p= .33) sowie derWahrscheinlichkeit, als reale/r Patient_in bewertet zu werden (p= .52).
Fazit:
Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass PiA SP vonrealen Patient_innen nicht unterscheiden konnten. Daher legen wir ein ausführliches Training der SP nahe, bevor sie für Studium und Lehreeingesetzt werden. Die Limitationen sowie zukünftige Forschungsideen werden diskutiert.
KW - evidence-based training
KW - learning
KW - simulated patients
KW - simulation-based
KW - education
KW - therapist competence
KW - evidenzbasiertes Training
KW - Lernen
KW - Simulationspatient_innen
KW - simulationsbasierte Lehre
KW - therapeutische
KW - Kompetenz
Y1 - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1026/1616-3443/a000594
SN - 1616-3443
SN - 2190-6297
VL - 49
IS - 3
SP - 182
EP - 190
PB - Hogrefe
CY - Göttingen
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Heinze, Peter Eric
A1 - Weck, Florian
A1 - Hahn, Daniela
A1 - Kühne, Franziska
T1 - Differences in psychotherapy preferences between psychotherapy trainees and laypeople
JF - Psychotherapy research : the official journal of the Society for Psychotherapy Research
N2 - Objective: Despite increasing research on psychotherapy preferences, the preferences of psychotherapy trainees are largely unknown. Moreover, differences in preferences between trainees and their patients could (a) hinder symptom improvement and therapy success for patients and (b) represent significant obstacles in the early career and development of future therapists. Method: We compared the preferences of n = 466 psychotherapy trainees to those of n = 969 laypersons using the Cooper-Norcross Inventory of Preferences. Moreover, we compared preferences between trainees in cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) and psychodynamic trainees. Results: We found significant differences between both samples in 13 of 18 items, and three of four subscales. Psychotherapy trainees preferred less therapist directiveness (d = 0.58), more emotional intensity (d = 0.74), as well as more focused challenge (d = 0.35) than laypeople. CBT trainees preferred more therapist directiveness (d = 2.00), less emotional intensity (d = 0.51), more present orientation (d = 0.76) and more focused challenge (d = 0.33) than trainees in psychodynamic/psychoanalytic therapy. Conclusion: Overall, the results underline the importance of implementing preference assessment and discussion during psychotherapy training. Moreover, therapists of different orientations seem to cover a large range of preferences for patients, in order to choose the right fit.
KW - psychotherapy process
KW - psychotherapy training
KW - activity preference;
KW - C-NIP
KW - assessment
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2022.2098076
SN - 1050-3307
SN - 1468-4381
VL - 33
IS - 3
SP - 374
EP - 386
PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
CY - Abingdon
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Wagner, Birgit
A1 - Hofmann, Laura
A1 - Maaß, Ulrike
T1 - Online-group intervention after suicide bereavement through the use of webinars
BT - study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
JF - Trials
N2 - Introduction:
The death of a significant person through suicide is a very difficult experience and can have long-term impact on an individual's psychosocial and physical functioning. However, there are only few studies that have examined the effects of interventions in suicide survivors. In the present study, we examine an online-group intervention for people bereaved by suicide using a group-webinar.
Methods:
The intervention was developed based on focus groups with the target group. The cognitive-behavioral 12-module webinar-based group intervention focuses on suicide bereavement-related themes such as feelings of guilt, stigmatization, meaning reconstruction and the relationship to the deceased. Further, the webinar includes testimonial videos and psychoeducation. The suicide survivors are randomized to the intervention or the waiting list in a group-cluster randomized controlled trial. Primary outcomes are suicidality (Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation) and depression (Beck Depression Inventory-II) and secondary outcomes are symptoms of prolonged grief disorder (Inventory of Complicated Grief-German Version ), posttraumatic stress disorder ( Revised Impact of Event Scale ), stigmatization (Stigma of Suicide and Suicide Survivor ) and posttraumatic cognitions (Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory).
Discussion:
Previous studies of Internet-based interventions for the bereaved were based on writing interventions showing large treatment effects. Little is known about the use of webinars as group interventions. Advantages and challenges of this novel approach of psychological interventions will be discussed.
KW - Suicide bereavement
KW - grief
KW - group intervention
KW - webinar
KW - suicidality
KW - prolonged grief disorder
KW - randomized controlled trial
Y1 - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-019-3891-5
SN - 1468-6694
SN - 1745-6215
VL - 21
IS - 1
PB - BioMed Central
CY - London
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Skowronski, Marika
A1 - Busching, Robert
A1 - Krahé, Barbara
T1 - Women’s exposure to sexualized TV, self-objectification, and consideration of cosmetic surgery
BT - the role of age
JF - Psychology of popular media
N2 - Public Policy Relevance Statement TV is full of content presenting women in a sexualized way, with a focus on their sexual appearance and appeal to others. We found that across an age spectrum from 15 to 72 years, the more women watched sexualized TV, the more concerned they were about their body; a link between watching sexualized TV and considering cosmetic surgery was found only for women above the age of 31. Adding to the evidence documenting negative consequences of sexualized media use on young women's body image, this study is a first indicator that these might also apply to women across a broader age spectrum.
Extensive research has documented links between sexualized media use and body image concerns. Previous findings are based largely on female adolescents or young adults, although objectification theory predicts changes of body image concerns with age. Therefore, the current study investigated the link of sexualized TV exposure (STE) with self-objectification and consideration of cosmetic surgery within the framework of objectification theory in a sample of 519 female participants between the age of 15 and 72 (M = 39.43 years). Participants completed measures of STE, appearance-ideal internalization, valuing appearance over competence, body surveillance, and consideration of cosmetic surgery. Structural equation modeling revealed that STE was indirectly linked with consideration of cosmetic surgery via valuing appearance over competence and body surveillance. Age was negatively related to internalization, valuing appearance over competence, and body surveillance, but did not moderate the links between STE and body image. Older women scored lower on the body-related variables, but the associations between STE and self-objectification were the same across the age spectrum. STE predicted consideration of cosmetic surgery only for women over 31 years of age. Implications concerning the role of age in linking sexualized media to self-objectification are discussed.
KW - television
KW - sexualization
KW - age
KW - body image
KW - self-objectification
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000348
SN - 2160-4143
SN - 2160-4142
VL - 11
IS - 2
SP - 117
EP - 124
PB - American Psychological Association
CY - Washington
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Philipp, Rebecca
A1 - Kriston, Levente
A1 - Kühne, Franziska
A1 - Harter, Martin
A1 - Meister, Ramona
T1 - Concepts of metacognition in the treatment of patients with mental disorders
JF - Journal of rational emotive and cognitive behavior therapy
N2 - While metacognitive interventions are gaining attention in the treatment of various mental disorders, a review of the literature showed that the term is often defined poorly and used for a variety of psychotherapeutic approaches that do not necessarily pursue the same goal. We give a summary of three metacognitive interventions which were developed within a sound theoretical framework-metacognitive therapy, metacognitive training, and metacognitively-oriented integrative psychotherapies-and discuss their similarities and distinctive features. We then offer an integrative operational definition of metacognitive interventions as goal-oriented treatments that target metacognitive content, which is characterized by the awareness and understanding of one's own thoughts and feelings as well as the thoughts and feelings of others. They aim to alleviate disorder-specific and individual symptoms by gaining more flexibility in cognitive processing.
KW - metacognition
KW - therapy
KW - training
KW - narrative
KW - interpersonal
KW - mental
KW - disorders
Y1 - 2019
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-019-00333-3
SN - 0894-9085
SN - 1573-6563
VL - 38
IS - 2
SP - 173
EP - 183
PB - Springer
CY - New York, NY
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kawasaki, Yui
A1 - Akamatsu, Rie
A1 - Omori, Mika
A1 - Sugawara, Masumi
A1 - Yamazaki, Yoko
A1 - Matsumoto, Satoko
A1 - Fujiwara, Yoko
A1 - Iwakabe, Shigeru
A1 - Kobayashi, Tetsuyuki
T1 - Development and validation of the Expanded Mindful Eating Scale
JF - International journal of health care quality assurance
N2 - Purpose
To develop and validate the Expanded Mindful Eating Scale (EMES), an expanded mindful eating model created for the promotion of health and sustainability.
Design/methodology/approach
A cross-sectional study using self-administered questionnaire surveys on Ochanomizu Health Study (OHS) was conducted. The survey was provided to 1,388 female university students in Tokyo, Japan. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and a partial correlation analysis were used to confirm construct and criterion validity. Internal consistency of the EMES was confirmed to calculate Cronbach's alpha.
Findings
The response rate was 38.7 % (n = 537). Mean BMI was 20.21 +/- 2.12, and 18.8% of them were classified as "lean" (BMI < 18.5). The authors listed 25 items and obtained a final factor structure of five factors and 20 items, as a result of EFA. Through CFA, the authors obtained the following fit indices for a final model: GFI = 0.914, AGFI = 0.890, CFI = 0.870 and RMSEA = 0.061. The total EMES score was significantly correlated with BMI, mindfulness, body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness and life satisfaction (r = -0.138, -0.315, -0.339, -0.281 and 0.149,p < 0.01, respectively). Cronbach's alpha for all items in this scale was 0.687.
Practical implications
The authors suggest the possibility that practitioners and researchers of mindful eating that includes this new concept can use authors' novel scale as an effective measurement tool.
Originality/value
The EMES, which can multidimensionally measure the concept of the expanded model of mindful eating was first developed in this study.
KW - sustainability
KW - scale development
KW - university students
KW - nutrition
KW - education
KW - health of the planet
KW - mindful eating
Y1 - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHCQA-01-2020-0009
SN - 0952-6862
SN - 1758-6542
VL - 33
IS - 4-5
SP - 309
EP - 321
PB - Emerald Group Publishing Limited
CY - Bingley
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - D'Ascenzo, Stefania
A1 - Lugli, Luisa
A1 - Nicoletti, Roberto
A1 - Fischer, Martin H.
T1 - Assessing orienting of attention to understand the time course of mental calculation
JF - Cognitive processing : international quarterly of cognitive science
N2 - Number processing induces spatial attention shifts to the left or right side for small or large numbers, respectively. This spatial-numerical association (SNA) extends to mental calculation, such that subtractions and additions induce left or right biases, respectively. However, the time course of activating SNAs during mental calculation is unclear. Here, we addressed this issue by measuring visual position discrimination during auditory calculation. Thirty-four healthy adults listened in each trial to five successive elements of arithmetic facts (first operand, operator, second operand, equal and result) and verbally classified their correctness. After each element (except for the result), a fixation dot moved equally often to either the left or right side and participants pressed left or right buttons to discriminate its movement direction (four times per trial). First and second operand magnitude (small/large), operation (addition/subtraction), result correctness (right/wrong) and movement direction (left/right) were balanced across 128 trials. Manual reaction times of dot movement discriminations were considered in relation to previous arithmetic elements. We found no evidence of early attentional shifts after first operand and operator presentation. Discrimination performance was modulated consistent with SNAs after the second operand, suggesting that attentional shifts occur once there is access to all elements necessary to complete an arithmetic operation. Such late-occurring attention shifts may reflect a combination of multiple element-specific biases and confirm their functional role in mental calculation.
KW - Attention
KW - Mental arithmetic
KW - Numerical cognition
KW - Spatial-numerical
KW - associations
Y1 - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-020-00970-y
SN - 1612-4782
SN - 1612-4790
VL - 21
IS - 4
SP - 493
EP - 500
PB - Springer
CY - Heidelberg ; Berlin
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Shaki, Samuel
A1 - Fischer, Martin H.
T1 - Nothing to dance about: unclear evidence for symbolic representations and numerical competence in honeybees
BT - a comment on: symbolic representation of numerosity by honeybees (Apis mellifera): matching characters to small quantities
JF - Proceedings of the Royal Society of London : B, Biological sciences
Y1 - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2840
SN - 0962-8452
SN - 1471-2954
VL - 287
IS - 1925
PB - Royal Society
CY - London
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Malesza, Marta
A1 - Ostaszewski, Paweł
T1 - Assessing individual differences in discounting
BT - construction and initial validation of the discounting inventory
JF - Current psychology
N2 - The purpose of the project was to develop the Discounting Inventory (DI), a measure of individual differences in delay, probability, effort, and social discounting, all related to behavioral impulsivity. Over 400 items relating to four types of discounting were generated. Next, a study followed by a series of psychometric analyses of data obtained from a group of 2843 individuals was conducted. Principal Component Analysis yielded a four-factor structure of data, reflecting the four types of discounting. The results of Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed good fit of the four-factor model to data. Through several iterations of retaining and deleting items on the basis of their component loadings, item intercorrelations, and contribution to coefficient alphas, the total number of items was reduced to 48. The final 48-item version of the inventory has satisfactory psychometric characteristics, including Cronbach's alpha and test-retest stability. In addition, significant correlations were observed between the DI and traditional discounting instruments, suggesting that the DI measures a construct similar to the behavioral discounting process. The development of the tool was based on the assumption that discounting is a personality trait. However, the present data suggest that discounting may reflect more a state than trait function.
KW - scale construction
KW - personality trait
KW - impulsivity
KW - discounting
Y1 - 2017
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9754-x
SN - 1046-1310
SN - 1936-4733
VL - 39
IS - 1
SP - 207
EP - 219
PB - Springer
CY - New York
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Stone, Kate
A1 - Nicenboim, Bruno
A1 - Vasishth, Shravan
A1 - Rösler, Frank
T1 - Understanding the effects of constraint and predictability in ERP
T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2 - Intuitively, strongly constraining contexts should lead to stronger probabilistic representations of sentences in memory. Encountering unexpected words could therefore be expected to trigger costlier shifts in these representations than expected words. However, psycholinguistic measures commonly used to study probabilistic processing, such as the N400 event-related potential (ERP) component, are sensitive to word predictability but not to contextual constraint. Some research suggests that constraint-related processing cost may be measurable via an ERP positivity following the N400, known as the anterior post-N400 positivity (PNP). The PNP is argued to reflect update of a sentence representation and to be distinct from the posterior P600, which reflects conflict detection and reanalysis. However, constraint-related PNP findings are inconsistent. We sought to conceptually replicate Federmeier et al. (2007) and Kuperberg et al. (2020), who observed that the PNP, but not the N400 or the P600, was affected by constraint at unexpected but plausible words. Using a pre-registered design and statistical approach maximising power, we demonstrated a dissociated effect of predictability and constraint: strong evidence for predictability but not constraint in the N400 window, and strong evidence for constraint but not predictability in the later window. However, the constraint effect was consistent with a P600 and not a PNP, suggesting increased conflict between a strong representation and unexpected input rather than greater update of the representation. We conclude that either a simple strong/weak constraint design is not always sufficient to elicit the PNP, or that previous PNP constraint findings could be an artifact of smaller sample size.
T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 829
KW - N400
KW - anterior PNP
KW - posterior P600
KW - probabilistic processing
KW - constraint
KW - predictability
KW - entropy
Y1 - 2023
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-587594
SN - 1866-8364
IS - 829
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Stone, Kate
A1 - Nicenboim, Bruno
A1 - Vasishth, Shravan
A1 - Rösler, Frank
T1 - Understanding the effects of constraint and predictability in ERP
JF - Neurobiology of language
N2 - Intuitively, strongly constraining contexts should lead to stronger probabilistic representations of sentences in memory. Encountering unexpected words could therefore be expected to trigger costlier shifts in these representations than expected words. However, psycholinguistic measures commonly used to study probabilistic processing, such as the N400 event-related potential (ERP) component, are sensitive to word predictability but not to contextual constraint. Some research suggests that constraint-related processing cost may be measurable via an ERP positivity following the N400, known as the anterior post-N400 positivity (PNP). The PNP is argued to reflect update of a sentence representation and to be distinct from the posterior P600, which reflects conflict detection and reanalysis. However, constraint-related PNP findings are inconsistent. We sought to conceptually replicate Federmeier et al. (2007) and Kuperberg et al. (2020), who observed that the PNP, but not the N400 or the P600, was affected by constraint at unexpected but plausible words. Using a pre-registered design and statistical approach maximising power, we demonstrated a dissociated effect of predictability and constraint: strong evidence for predictability but not constraint in the N400 window, and strong evidence for constraint but not predictability in the later window. However, the constraint effect was consistent with a P600 and not a PNP, suggesting increased conflict between a strong representation and unexpected input rather than greater update of the representation. We conclude that either a simple strong/weak constraint design is not always sufficient to elicit the PNP, or that previous PNP constraint findings could be an artifact of smaller sample size.
KW - N400
KW - anterior PNP
KW - posterior P600
KW - probabilistic processing
KW - constraint
KW - predictability
KW - entropy
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1162/nol_a_00094
SN - 2641-4368
VL - 4
IS - 2
SP - 221
EP - 256
PB - MIT Press
CY - Cambridge, MA, USA
ER -
TY - THES
A1 - Hettinger, Katharina
T1 - Teaching-related self-efficacy beliefs of teachers
BT - do they matter for teaching behavior and students’ affective-motivational characteristics?
N2 - Teacher self-efficacy is highly relevant for effective teaching, student academic development, and teachers’ wellbeing, as theoretical work (Bandura, 1997; Tschannen-Moran et al., 1998) and empirical studies (i.e., Burić & Kim, 2020; Klassen & Chiu, 2010; van Uden et al., 2013) have shown associations with effective classroom management, student support, student motivation, and teachers’ job satisfaction. Given the importance of teacher self-efficacy for teaching and learning, it is interesting to note that existing research is limited in several aspects – first, longitudinal studies on the relations between teacher self-efficacy and student academic outcomes are widely missing; second, empirical studies often assess teacher self-efficacy as a one-dimensional construct, neglecting its multidimensional character; third, studies often only focus on either the students’ or the teachers’ perspective on teaching and thus do not include simultaneously multiple sources of information on teaching practices as a consequence of teacher self-efficacy; fourth, research often does not systematically consider the effects of teacher self-efficacy on students’ academic outcomes at both the group and individual level. Against this backdrop, this dissertation presents three longitudinal studies that aim to contribute to a more detailed perspective on teacher self-efficacy by examining systematically and longitudinally the relations between multiple dimensions of teacher self-efficacy and theoretically aligned teaching quality facets as perceived by teachers and students, as well as their relations to students’ motivational-affective outcomes – more concretely, their relations to students’ interest, enjoyment, and self-efficacy in a multi-level analysis approach. Study 1 examines the longitudinal relations between teacher self-efficacy for classroom management and student-perceived monitoring and social relatedness, and investigates whether the two student-reported teaching dimensions explain the relations between teacher self-efficacy for classroom management and student enjoyment using multi-level analyses. Study 2 examines longitudinally how teacher self-efficacy for student engagement relates to student interest through student- and teacher-perceived emotional support. Also, including student and teacher perspectives on teaching, Study 3 examines the longitudinal relations between specific facets of teacher self-efficacy for classroom management and classroom discipline, teacher self-efficacy for instructional strategies and cognitive activation, teacher self-efficacy for student engagement and competence support, teacher self-efficacy for emotional support and social relatedness, as well as teacher self-efficacy for student-oriented teaching and learning goal-oriented instruction with students’ enjoyment and self-efficacy. Furthermore, in Studies 2 and 3 the cross-level mediation effects of longitudinal relations with teacher self-efficacy on student motivational-affective characteristics via teaching practices are examined in order to address the lack of empirical studies disentangling the relations for specifically individual- vs. group-level effects. The limitations and implications are discussed in terms of their theoretical and practical relevance for school practice, teacher education, and teacher training.
KW - teacher self-efficacy facets
KW - perceived teaching quality
KW - students' motivational and emotional characteristics
KW - longitudinal analyses
KW - multi-level modeling
Y1 - 2023
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kawasaki, Yui
A1 - Akamatsu, Rie
A1 - Warschburger, Petra
T1 - The relationship between traditional and common Japanese childhood education and adulthood towards avoiding food waste behaviors
JF - Waste Management
N2 - Japanese parents and educators teach children to refrain from leaving food in their plates. Their teachings have direct (advising children to refrain from leaving food uneaten) and indirect (meal-related rituals before and after mealtimes) influence in enhancing gratitude for food in daily life.This cross-sectional study aimed to examine 1) the interaction of direct and indirect approaches to avoiding food waste behaviors and 2) the mediation of gratitude for food by preventing such behaviors. Overall, 400 Japanese adults (female: n = 200) responded to a self-administrated anonymous questionnaire survey measuring: the present food waste avoiding behaviors; current gratitude for food; direct and indirect childhood approaches for avoiding food waste behaviors. Participants' mean (standard deviation) age and body mass index were 40.0 (11.6) and 21.9 (3.9), respectively. A significant main effect of the indirect approach and the interaction of direct and indirect approaches were obtained by adjusting the participants' background. Moreover, through mediation analyses with percentile-corrected bootstrap confidence intervals, it was observed that gratitude for food mediated the association between direct and indirect childhood approaches and avoiding food waste behaviors. Despite no information on the current meal-related rituals of the respondents, this study suggests the potential of these approaches in enhancing gratitude for food as a new approach to reduce food waste worldwide.
KW - Cross-sectional
KW - Meal-related ritual
KW - Education
KW - Food waste
KW - Gratitude
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2022.04.020
SN - 0956-053X
SN - 1879-2456
VL - 145
SP - 1
EP - 9
PB - Elsevier
CY - Oxford
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Koenig, Julian
A1 - Abler, Birgit
A1 - Agartz, Ingrid
A1 - akerstedt, Torbjorn
A1 - Andreassen, Ole A.
A1 - Anthony, Mia
A1 - Baer, Karl-Juergen
A1 - Bertsch, Katja
A1 - Brown, Rebecca C.
A1 - Brunner, Romuald
A1 - Carnevali, Luca
A1 - Critchley, Hugo D.
A1 - Cullen, Kathryn R.
A1 - de Geus, Eco J. C.
A1 - de la Cruz, Feliberto
A1 - Dziobek, Isabel
A1 - Ferger, Marc D.
A1 - Fischer, Hakan
A1 - Flor, Herta
A1 - Gaebler, Michael
A1 - Gianaros, Peter J.
A1 - Giummarra, Melita J.
A1 - Greening, Steven G.
A1 - Guendelman, Simon
A1 - Heathers, James A. J.
A1 - Herpertz, Sabine C.
A1 - Hu, Mandy X.
A1 - Jentschke, Sebastian
A1 - Kaess, Michael
A1 - Kaufmann, Tobias
A1 - Klimes-Dougan, Bonnie
A1 - Koelsch, Stefan
A1 - Krauch, Marlene
A1 - Kumral, Deniz
A1 - Lamers, Femke
A1 - Lee, Tae-Ho
A1 - Lekander, Mats
A1 - Lin, Feng
A1 - Lotze, Martin
A1 - Makovac, Elena
A1 - Mancini, Matteo
A1 - Mancke, Falk
A1 - Mansson, Kristoffer N. T.
A1 - Manuck, Stephen B.
A1 - Mather, Mara
A1 - Meeten, Frances
A1 - Min, Jungwon
A1 - Mueller, Bryon
A1 - Muench, Vera
A1 - Nees, Frauke
A1 - Nga, Lin
A1 - Nilsonne, Gustav
A1 - Ordonez Acuna, Daniela
A1 - Osnes, Berge
A1 - Ottaviani, Cristina
A1 - Penninx, Brenda W. J. H.
A1 - Ponzio, Allison
A1 - Poudel, Govinda R.
A1 - Reinelt, Janis
A1 - Ren, Ping
A1 - Sakaki, Michiko
A1 - Schumann, Andy
A1 - Sorensen, Lin
A1 - Specht, Karsten
A1 - Straub, Joana
A1 - Tamm, Sandra
A1 - Thai, Michelle
A1 - Thayer, Julian F.
A1 - Ubani, Benjamin
A1 - van Der Mee, Denise J.
A1 - van Velzen, Laura S.
A1 - Ventura-Bort, Carlos
A1 - Villringer, Arno
A1 - Watson, David R.
A1 - Wei, Luqing
A1 - Wendt, Julia
A1 - Schreiner, Melinda Westlund
A1 - Westlye, Lars T.
A1 - Weymar, Mathias
A1 - Winkelmann, Tobias
A1 - Wu, Guo-Rong
A1 - Yoo, Hyun Joo
A1 - Quintana, Daniel S.
T1 - Cortical thickness and resting-state cardiac function across the lifespan
BT - a cross-sectional pooled mega-analysis
JF - Psychophysiology : journal of the Society for Psychophysiological Research
N2 - Understanding the association between autonomic nervous system [ANS] function and brain morphology across the lifespan provides important insights into neurovisceral mechanisms underlying health and disease. Resting-state ANS activity, indexed by measures of heart rate [HR] and its variability [HRV] has been associated with brain morphology, particularly cortical thickness [CT]. While findings have been mixed regarding the anatomical distribution and direction of the associations, these inconsistencies may be due to sex and age differences in HR/HRV and CT. Previous studies have been limited by small sample sizes, which impede the assessment of sex differences and aging effects on the association between ANS function and CT. To overcome these limitations, 20 groups worldwide contributed data collected under similar protocols of CT assessment and HR/HRV recording to be pooled in a mega-analysis (N = 1,218 (50.5% female), mean age 36.7 years (range: 12-87)). Findings suggest a decline in HRV as well as CT with increasing age. CT, particularly in the orbitofrontal cortex, explained additional variance in HRV, beyond the effects of aging. This pattern of results may suggest that the decline in HRV with increasing age is related to a decline in orbitofrontal CT. These effects were independent of sex and specific to HRV; with no significant association between CT and HR. Greater CT across the adult lifespan may be vital for the maintenance of healthy cardiac regulation via the ANS-or greater cardiac vagal activity as indirectly reflected in HRV may slow brain atrophy. Findings reveal an important association between CT and cardiac parasympathetic activity with implications for healthy aging and longevity that should be studied further in longitudinal research.
KW - aging
KW - autonomic nervous system
KW - cortical thickness
KW - heart rate
KW - heart
KW - rate variability
KW - sex
Y1 - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.13688
SN - 0048-5772
SN - 1469-8986
VL - 58
IS - 7
PB - Wiley
CY - Hoboken
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Wagner, Birgit
A1 - Rosenberg, Nicole
A1 - Hofmann, Laura
A1 - Maaß, Ulrike
T1 - Web-based bereavement care
BT - a systematic review and meta-analysis
JF - Frontiers in psychiatry
N2 - Background:
Web-based interventions have been introduced as novel and effective treatments for mental disorders and, in recent years, specifically for the bereaved. However, a systematic summary of the effectiveness of online interventions for people experiencing bereavement is still missing.
Objective:
A systematic literature search was conducted by four reviewers who reviewed and meta-analytically summarized the evidence for web-based interventions for bereaved people.
Methods:
Systematic searches (PubMed, Web of Science, PsycInfo, PsycArticles, Medline, and CINAHL) resulted in seven randomized controlled trials (N= 1,257) that addressed adults having experienced bereavement using internet-based interventions. We used random effects models to summarize treatment effects for between-group comparisons (treatmentvs.control at post) and stability over time (postvs.follow-up).
Results:
All web-based interventions were based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). In comparison with control groups, the interventions showed moderate (g= .54) to large effects (g= .86) for symptoms of grief and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), respectively. The effect for depression was small (g= .44). All effects were stable over time. A higher number of treatment sessions achieved higher effects for grief symptoms and more individual feedback increased effects for depression. Other moderators (i.e.dropout rate, time since loss, exposure) did not significantly reduce moderate degrees of heterogeneity between the studies.
Limitations:
The number of includable studies was low in this review resulting to lower power for moderator analyses in particular.
Conclusions:
Overall, the results of web-based bereavement interventions are promising, and its low-threshold approach might reduce barriers to bereavement care. Nonetheless, future research should further examine potential moderators and specific treatment components (e.g.exposure, feedback) and compare interventions with active controls.
KW - grief
KW - bereavement
KW - depression
KW - post-traumatic stress disorder
KW - internet
KW - e-health
KW - intervention
KW - psychotherapy
Y1 - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00525
SN - 1664-0640
VL - 11
PB - Frontiers Media
CY - Lausanne
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Austin, Gina
A1 - Bondü, Rebecca
A1 - Elsner, Birgit
T1 - Executive function, theory of mind, and conduct-problem symptoms in middle childhood
JF - Frontiers in psychology
N2 - Studies show relations between executive function (EF), Theory of Mind (ToM), and conduct-problem (CP) symptoms. However, many studies have involved cross-sectional data, small clinical samples, pre-school children, and/or did not consider potential mediation effects. The present study examined the longitudinal relations between EF, ToM abilities, and CP symptoms in a population-based sample of 1,657 children between 6 and 11 years (T1: M = 8.3 years, T2: M = 9.1 years; 51.9% girls). We assessed EF skills and ToM abilities via computerized tasks at first measurement (T1), CP symptoms were rated via parent questionnaires at T1 and approximately 1 year later (T2). Structural-equation models showed a negative relation between T1 EF and T2 CP symptoms even when controlling for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and other variables. This relation was fully mediated by T1 ToM abilities. The study shows how children's abilities to control their thoughts and behaviors and to understand others' mental states interact in the development of CP symptoms.
KW - executive functions
KW - theory of mind
KW - conduct-problem symptoms
KW - middle
KW - childhood
KW - longitudinal
Y1 - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00539
SN - 1664-1078
VL - 11
PB - Frontiers Media
CY - Lausanne
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Cajar, Anke
A1 - Engbert, Ralf
A1 - Laubrock, Jochen
T1 - How spatial frequencies and color drive object search in real-world scenes
BT - a new eye-movement corpus
JF - Journal of vision
N2 - When studying how people search for objects in scenes, the inhomogeneity of the visual field is often ignored. Due to physiological limitations, peripheral vision is blurred and mainly uses coarse-grained information (i.e., low spatial frequencies) for selecting saccade targets, whereas high-acuity central vision uses fine-grained information (i.e., high spatial frequencies) for analysis of details. Here we investigated how spatial frequencies and color affect object search in real-world scenes. Using gaze-contingent filters, we attenuated high or low frequencies in central or peripheral vision while viewers searched color or grayscale scenes. Results showed that peripheral filters and central high-pass filters hardly affected search accuracy, whereas accuracy dropped drastically with central low-pass filters. Peripheral filtering increased the time to localize the target by decreasing saccade amplitudes and increasing number and duration of fixations. The use of coarse-grained information in the periphery was limited to color scenes. Central filtering increased the time to verify target identity instead, especially with low-pass filters. We conclude that peripheral vision is critical for object localization and central vision is critical for object identification. Visual guidance during peripheral object localization is dominated by low-frequency color information, whereas high-frequency information, relatively independent of color, is most important for object identification in central vision.
KW - scene viewing
KW - eye movements
KW - object search
KW - central and peripheral
KW - vision
KW - spatial frequencies
KW - color
KW - gaze-contingent displays
Y1 - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1167/jov.20.7.8
SN - 1534-7362
VL - 20
IS - 7
PB - Association for Research in Vision and Opthalmology
CY - Rockville
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Michałowski, Jarosław M.
A1 - Wiwatowska, Ewa
A1 - Weymar, Mathias
T1 - Brain potentials reveal reduced attention and error-processing during a monetary Go/No-Go task in procrastination
JF - Scientific reports
N2 - Procrastination is a self-regulatory problem of voluntarily and destructively delaying intended and necessary or personally important tasks. Previous studies showed that procrastination is associated with executive dysfunctions that seem to be particularly strong in punishing contexts. In the present event-related potential (ERP) study a monetary version of the parametric Go/No-Go task was performed by high and low academic procrastinators to verify the influence of motivational context (reward vs. punishment expectation) and task difficulty (easy vs. hard) on procrastination-related executive dysfunctions. The results revealed increased post-error slowing along with reduced P300 and error-related negativity (ERN) amplitudes in high (vs. low) procrastination participants-effects that indicate impaired attention and error-related processing in this group. This pattern of results did not differ as a function of task difficulty and motivation condition. However, when the task got more difficult executive attention deficits became even more apparent at the behavioral level in high procrastinators, as indexed by increased reaction time variability. The findings substantiate prior preliminary evidence that procrastinators show difficulties in certain aspects of executive functioning (in attention and error processing) during execution of task-relevant behavior, which may be more apparent in highly demanding situations.
KW - Attention
KW - Cognitive control
KW - Motivation
KW - Neurophysiology
KW - Neuroscience
KW - Psychology
KW - Reward
Y1 - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75311-2
SN - 2045-2322
VL - 10
IS - 1
PB - Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature
CY - London
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Vöhringer, Matthias
A1 - Schütz, Astrid
A1 - Geßler, Sarah
A1 - Schröder-Abé, Michela
T1 - SREIS-D
BT - die deutschsprachige Version der Self-Rated Emotional Intelligence Scale
BT - German version of the Self-Rated Emotional Intelligence Scale (SREIS) in a clinical sample and a control group
JF - Diagnostica
N2 - Emotionale Intelligenz (EI) ist ein zentraler Prädiktor psychischer Gesundheit. Im deutschsprachigen Raum lag bislang keine am Vier-Facetten-Modell der EI orientierte Selbstbeschreibungsskala vor, die an klinischen und nicht-klinischen Gruppen getestet wurde. Die Self-Rated Emotional Intelligence Scale (SREIS) ist mit 19 Items ein ökonomisch einsetzbares Instrument. Die Skala wurde ins Deutsche übertragen und psychometrisch überprüft. Außerdem wurde die SREIS erstmals an einer klinischen Population getestet. Auch werden erstmals differenzierte Ergebnisse zu den vier EI-Facetten vorgelegt. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen die Faktorenstruktur der englischen Originalskala. Die Reliabilität der Gesamtskala ist als gut einzustufen. Validität wird durch erwartungskonforme Korrelationen mit anderen EI-Maßen sowie klinischen Parametern belegt. Durch Diskriminationsfähigkeit zwischen klinischer Stichprobe und nicht-klinischer Kontrollgruppe zeigt die Skala zusätzlich klinische Relevanz. Skalare Messinvarianz zwischen beiden Gruppen liegt vor. Die SREIS-D ist ein ökonomisch einsetzbares Selbstberichtsmaß zur Erfassung von Facetten der EI im klinischen und subklinischen Bereich.
N2 - Emotional intelligence (EI) is significantly linked to mental health. However, many existing EI measures are not based on integrative theoretical approaches and they lack clinical testing. The present study presents the German version of a 19-item self-report scale based on the widely accepted four-branch model of EI. It is the first study to use the scale in a large clinical sample (n = 338) in addition to a nonclinical sample (n = 218) and to show specific relations with the four facets of EI. Factorial structure and psychometric criteria were evaluated in both samples. The results confirm the factor structure of the original scale. The reliability of the total scale measured with McDonald’s omega is good. Validity is shown based on correlations with other EI measures and clinical indicators. Furthermore, the SREIS-D discriminates between clinical and nonclinical groups. Scalar measurement invariance was found between both groups. The scale can be considered useful and economic for use in clinical emotions and nonclinical assessment of overall EI and of the four facets of perceiving emotions, using emotions to facilitate thinking, understanding emotion and managing emotions.
KW - Emotionale Intelligenz
KW - Emotionsregulation
KW - Emotionswahrnehmung
KW - Skala
KW - psychische Gesundheit
KW - emotional intelligence
KW - emotion regulation
KW - emotion-perception
KW - self-report
KW - mental health
Y1 - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1026/0012-1924/a000248
SN - 0012-1924
SN - 2190-622X
VL - 66
IS - 3
SP - 200
EP - 210
PB - Hogrefe
CY - Göttingen
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schuster, Isabell
A1 - Tomaszewska, Paulina
T1 - Pathways from child sexual and physical abuse to sexual and physical intimate partner violence victimization through attitudes toward intimate partner violence
JF - Journal of family violence
N2 - Although many studies have shown that victims of child abuse have an increased vulnerability to revictimization in intimate relationships, the underlying mechanisms are not yet sufficiently well understood. Therefore, this study aimed at examining this relationship for both sexual and physical forms of violence as well as investigating the potential mediating role of attitudes toward sexual and physical intimate partner violence (IPV). Also, the potential moderating role of gender was explored. Sexual and physical child abuse and IPV victimization in adulthood as well as attitudes toward the respective form of IPV were assessed among 716 participants (448 female) in an online survey. The path analyses showed that child sexual abuse was positively linked to sexual IPV victimization among both women and men, whereas child physical abuse was positively associated with physical IPV victimization among women only. Furthermore, the relationship between both forms of child abuse and IPV victimization was mediated through more supportive attitudes toward the respective forms of IPV, but only among men. This study provides novel insights regarding the links between sexual and physical child abuse and revictimization in adulthood, suggesting that supporting attitudes toward IPV may be seen as vulnerability factor for revictimization. The moderating role of gender is especially discussed.
KW - child abuse
KW - intimate partner violence
KW - attitudes toward intimate partner violence
KW - gender
Y1 - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00180-2
SN - 0885-7482
SN - 1573-2851
VL - 36
IS - 4
SP - 443
EP - 453
PB - Springer
CY - New York
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kratky, Nicole
A1 - Schröder-Abé, Michela
T1 - A court file analysis of child protection cases
BT - what do children say?
JF - Child & family social work
N2 - Children's participation in legal proceedings affecting them personally has been gaining importance. So far, a primary research concern has been how children experience their participation in court proceedings. However, little is known about the child's voice itself: Are children able to clearly express their wishes, and if so, what do they say in child protection cases? In this study, we extracted information about children's statements from court file data of 220 child protection cases in Germany. We found 182 children were asked about their wishes. The majority of the statements found came either from reports of the guardians ad litem or from judicial records of the child hearings. Using content analysis, three main aspects of the statements were extracted: wishes concerning main place of residence, wishes about whom to have or not contact with, and children granting decision-making authority to someone else. Children's main focus was on their parents, but others (e.g., relatives and foster care providers) were also mentioned. Intercoder agreement was substantial. Making sure that child hearings are as informative as possible is in the child's best interest. Therefore, the categories developed herein might help professionals to ask questions more precisely relevant to the child.
KW - children's participation
KW - child protection
KW - child's voice
KW - child
KW - welfare
KW - court files
KW - family court
Y1 - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12744
SN - 1356-7500
SN - 1365-2206
VL - 25
IS - S1
SP - 169
EP - 177
PB - Wiley-Blackwell
CY - Oxford
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Juang, Linda P.
A1 - Schachner, Maja Katharina
A1 - Pevec-Zimmer, Sharleen
A1 - Moffitt, Ursula Elinor
T1 - The Identity Project intervention in Germany
BT - creating a climate for reflection, connection, and adolescent identity development
JF - New directions for child and adolescent development
N2 - We examined whether German adolescents who participated in an adapted 8-week school-based intervention, the Identity Project, reported greater changes in heritage and global identities and perceptions of classroom cultural climate. We used a longitudinal, wait-list control design pooling eight classrooms across the school years of 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. The sample included 195 seventh graders (M-age = 12.35 years, SD =.79, 39% female, 83% of migration background). Findings showed moderate support for more heritage identity exploration and greater perceptions of unequal treatment and critical consciousness climate in the intervention group. There were also important differences across conditions regarding how identity and climate related to adolescent outcomes. We conclude that the Identity Project can be adapted and applied in other cultural contexts such as Germany. It provides a necessary space for adolescents to engage in discussions about diversity, cultural heritage, social inequities, and their relevance to one's identities.
KW - adolescent
KW - diversity climate
KW - Germany
KW - identity
KW - intervention
KW - school
Y1 - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20379
SN - 1534-8687
VL - 173
SP - 65
EP - 82
PB - Wiley
CY - San Fransisco
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Patzwald, Christiane
A1 - Matthes, Daniel
A1 - Elsner, Birgit
T1 - Eighteen-month-olds integrate verbal cues into their action processing
BT - evidence from ERPs and mu power
JF - Infant behavior & development : an international and interdisciplinary journal
N2 - Behavioral research has shown that infants use both behavioral cues and verbal cues when processing the goals of others' actions. For instance, 18-month-olds selectively imitate an observed goal-directed action depending on its (in)congruence with a model's previous verbal announcement of a desired action goal. This EEG-study analyzed the electrophysiological underpinnings of these behavioral findings on the two functional levels of conceptual action processing and motor activation. Mid-latency mean negative ERP amplitude and mu-frequency band power were analyzed while 18-month-olds (N = 38) watched videos of an adult who performed one out of two potential actions on a novel object. In a within-subjects design, the action demonstration was preceded by either a congruent or an incongruent verbally announced action goal (e.g., "up" or "down" and upward movement). Overall, ERP negativity did not differ between conditions, but a closer inspection revealed that in two subgroups, about half of the infants showed a broadly distributed increased mid-latency ERP negativity (indicating enhanced conceptual action processing) for either the congruent or the incongruent stimuli, respectively. As expected, mu power at sensorimotor sites was reduced (indicating enhanced motor activation) for congruent relative to incongruent stimuli in the entire sample. Both EEG correlates were related to infants' language skills. Hence, 18-month-olds integrate action-goal-related verbal cues into their processing of others' actions, at the functional levels of both conceptual processing and motor activation. Further, cue integration when inferring others' action goals is related to infants' language proficiency.
KW - EEG
KW - infancy
KW - social cues
KW - verbs
KW - action processing
KW - social learning
KW - event-related potentials (ERPs)
KW - Mu power
KW - motor activation
Y1 - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2019.101414
SN - 0163-6383
SN - 1879-0453
VL - 58
PB - Elsevier
CY - New York
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schuster, Isabell
A1 - Tomaszewska, Paulina
A1 - Marchewka, Juliette
A1 - Krahé, Barbara
T1 - Does question format matter in assessing the prevalence of sexual aggression?
BT - A methodological study
JF - The journal of sex research
N2 - As research on sexual aggression has been growing, methodological issues in assessing prevalence rates have received increased attention. Building on work by Abbey and colleagues about effects of question format, participants in this study (1,253; 621 female; 632 male) were randomly assigned to one of two versions of the Sexual Aggression and Victimization Scale (SAV-S). In Version 1, the coercive tactic (use/threat of physical force, exploitation of the inability to resist, verbal pressure) was presented first, and sexual acts (sexual touch, attempted and completed sexual intercourse, other sexual acts) were presented as subsequent questions. In Version 2, sexual acts were presented first, and coercive tactics as subsequent questions. No version effects emerged for overall perpetration rates reported by men and women. The overall victimization rate across all items was significantly higher in the tactic-first than in the sexual-act-first conditions for women, but not for men. Classifying participants by their most severe experience of sexual victimization showed that fewer women were in the nonvictim category and more men were in the nonconsensual sexual contact category when the coercive tactic was presented first. Sexual experience background did not moderate the findings. The implications for the measurement of self-reported sexual aggression victimization and perpetration are discussed.
KW - self-report measures
KW - experiences survey
KW - risk-factors
KW - victimization
KW - rape
KW - assault
KW - women
KW - perpetration
KW - reliability
KW - responses
Y1 - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2020.1777927
SN - 0022-4499
SN - 1559-8519
VL - 58
IS - 4
SP - 502
EP - 511
PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
CY - Abingdon
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Meixner, Johannes M.
A1 - Nixon, Jessie S.
A1 - Laubrock, Jochen
T1 - The perceptual span is dynamically adjusted in response to foveal load by beginning readers
JF - Journal of experimental psychology : general
N2 - The perceptual span describes the size of the visual field from which information is obtained during a fixation in reading. Its size depends on characteristics of writing system and reader, but-according to the foveal load hypothesis-it is also adjusted dynamically as a function of lexical processing difficulty. Using the moving window paradigm to manipulate the amount of preview, here we directly test whether the perceptual span shrinks as foveal word difficulty increases. We computed the momentary size of the span from word-based eye-movement measures as a function of foveal word frequency, allowing us to separately describe the perceptual span for information affecting spatial saccade targeting and temporal saccade execution. First fixation duration and gaze duration on the upcoming (parafoveal) word N + 1 were significantly shorter when the current (foveal) word N was more frequent. We show that the word frequency effect is modulated by window size. Fixation durations on word N + 1 decreased with high-frequency words N, but only for large windows, that is, when sufficient parafoveal preview was available. This provides strong support for the foveal load hypothesis. To investigate the development of the foveal load effect, we analyzed data from three waves of a longitudinal study on the perceptual span with German children in Grades 1 to 6. Perceptual span adjustment emerged early in development at around second grade and remained stable in later grades. We conclude that the local modulation of the perceptual span indicates a general cognitive process, perhaps an attentional gradient with rapid readjustment.
KW - eye movements
KW - attention
KW - perceptual span
KW - foveal load
KW - reading
KW - development
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001140
SN - 0096-3445
SN - 1939-2222
VL - 151
IS - 6
SP - 1219
EP - 1232
PB - American Psychological Association
CY - Washington
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Shaki, Samuel
A1 - Fischer, Martin H.
T1 - Systematic spatial distortion of quantitative estimates
JF - Psychological research
N2 - Magnitude estimation has been studied since the beginnings of scientific psychology and constitutes a fundamental aspect of human behavior. Yet, it has apparently never been noticed that estimates depend on the spatial arrangement used. We tested 167 adults in three experiments to show that the spatial layout of stimuli and responses systematically distorts number estimation, length production, and weight reproduction performance. The direction of distortion depends on the observer's counting habits, but does not seem to reflect the use of spatially associated number concepts. Our results imply that all quantitative estimates are contaminated by a "spell of space" whenever stimuli or responses are spatially distributed.
Y1 - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-020-01390-5
SN - 0340-0727
SN - 1430-2772
VL - 85
IS - 6
SP - 2177
EP - 2185
PB - Springer
CY - Heidelberg
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Rabovsky, Milena
A1 - McClelland, James L.
T1 - Quasi-compositional mapping from form to meaning
BT - a neural network-based approach to capturing neural responses during human language comprehension
JF - Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London : B, Biological sciences
N2 - We argue that natural language can be usefully described as quasi-compositional and we suggest that deep learning-based neural language models bear long-term promise to capture how language conveys meaning. We also note that a successful account of human language processing should explain both the outcome of the comprehension process and the continuous internal processes underlying this performance. These points motivate our discussion of a neural network model of sentence comprehension, the Sentence Gestalt model, which we have used to account for the N400 component of the event-related brain potential (ERP), which tracks meaning processing as it happens in real time. The model, which shares features with recent deep learning-based language models, simulates N400 amplitude as the automatic update of a probabilistic representation of the situation or event described by the sentence, corresponding to a temporal difference learning signal at the level of meaning. We suggest that this process happens relatively automatically, and that sometimes a more-controlled attention-dependent process is necessary for successful comprehension, which may be reflected in the subsequent P600 ERP component. We relate this account to current deep learning models as well as classic linguistic theory, and use it to illustrate a domain general perspective on some specific linguistic operations postulated based on compositional analyses of natural language. This article is part of the theme issue 'Towards mechanistic models of meaning composition'.
KW - language
KW - meaning
KW - event-related brain potentials
KW - neural networks
KW - N400
KW - P600
Y1 - 2019
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0313
SN - 0962-8436
SN - 1471-2970
SN - 0080-4622
VL - 375
IS - 1791
PB - Royal Society
CY - London
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schuster, Isabell
A1 - Tomaszewska, Paulina
A1 - Krahé, Barbara
T1 - Changing cognitive risk factors for sexual aggression
BT - Risky sexual scripts, low sexual self-esteem, perception of pornography, and acceptance of sexual coercion
JF - Journal of interpersonal violence
N2 - Sexual aggression is a problem among college students worldwide, and a growing body of research has identified variables associated with an increased risk of victimization and perpetration. Among these, sexuality-related cognitions, such as sexual scripts, sexual self-esteem, perceived realism of pornography, and acceptance of sexual coercion, play a major role. The current experimental study aimed to show that these cognitive risk factors of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration are amenable to change, which is a critical condition for evidence-based intervention efforts. College students in Germany (N = 324) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: a treatment group designed to change participants' sexual scripts for consensual sex with regard to the role of alcohol consumption, casual sex, and ambiguous communication of sexual intentions as risk factors for sexual aggression (EG1), a treatment group designed to promote sexual self-esteem, challenge the perceived realism of pornography, and reduce the acceptance of sexual coercion (EG2), and a non-treatment control group (CG). Baseline (T1), post-experimental (T2), and follow-up (T3) measures were taken across an eight-week period. Sexual scripts contained fewer risk factors for sexual aggression in EG1 than in EG2 and CG at T3. Sexual self-esteem was enhanced in EG2 at T2 relative to the other two groups. Acceptance of sexual coercion was lower in EG2 than in EG1 and CG at T2 and T3. No effect was found for perceived realism of pornography. The findings are discussed in terms of targeting cognitive risk factors as a basis for intervention programs.
KW - sexual aggression
KW - sexual scripts
KW - sexual self-esteem
KW - sexual coercion
KW - college students
Y1 - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520922341
SN - 0886-2605
SN - 1552-6518
VL - 37
IS - 3-4
SP - NP1377
EP - NP1400
PB - Sage Publ.
CY - Thousand Oaks
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Sixtus, Elena
A1 - Lindemann, Oliver
A1 - Fischer, Martin H.
T1 - Stimulating numbers
BT - signatures of finger counting in numerosity processing
JF - Psychological research : an international journal of perception, attention, memory, and action
N2 - Finger counting is one of the first steps in the development of mature number concepts. With a one-to-one correspondence of fingers to numbers in Western finger counting, fingers hold two numerical meanings: one is based on the number of fingers raised and the second is based on their ordinal position within the habitual finger counting sequence. This study investigated how these two numerical meanings of fingers are intertwined with numerical cognition in adults. Participants received tactile stimulation on their fingertips of one hand and named either the number of fingers stimulated (2, 3, or 4 fingers; Experiment 1) or the number of stimulations on one fingertip (2, 3, or 4 stimulations; Experiment 2). Responses were faster and more accurate when the set of stimulated fingers corresponded to finger counting habits (Experiment 1) and when the number of stimulations matched the ordinal position of the stimulated finger (Experiment 2). These results show that tactile numerosity perception is affected by individual finger counting habits and that those habits give numerical meaning to single fingers.
Y1 - 2018
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-018-0982-y
SN - 0340-0727
SN - 1430-2772
VL - 84
IS - 1
SP - 152
EP - 167
PB - Springer
CY - Heidelberg
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Meier, Jacqueline Katharina
A1 - Weymar, Mathias
A1 - Schwabe, Lars
T1 - Stress alters the neural context for building new memories
JF - Journal of cognitive neuroscience
N2 - Stressful events affect mnemonic processing, in particular for emotionally arousing events. Previous research on the mechanisms underlying stress effects on human memory focused on stress-induced changes in the neural activity elicited by a stimulus. We tested an alternative mechanism and hypothesized that stress may already alter the neural context for successful memory formation, reflected in the neural activity preceding a stimulus. Therefore, 69 participants underwent a stress or control procedure before encoding neutral and negative pictures. During encoding, we recorded high-density EEG and analyzed-based on multivariate searchlight analyses-oscillatory activity and cross-frequency coupling patterns before stimulus onset that were predictive of memory tested 24 hr later. Prestimulus theta predicted subsequent memory in controls but not in stressed participants. Instead, prestimulus gamma predicted successful memory formation after stress, specifically for emotional material. Likewise, stress altered the patterns of prestimulus theta-beta and theta-gamma phase-amplitude coupling predictive of subsequent memory, again depending on the emotionality of the presented material. Our data suggest that stress changes the neural context for building new memories, tuning this neural context specifically to the encoding of emotionally salient events. These findings point to a yet unknown mechanism through which stressful events may change (emotional) memory formation.
Y1 - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01613
SN - 0898-929X
SN - 1530-8898
VL - 32
IS - 12
SP - 2226
EP - 2240
PB - MIT Press
CY - Cambridge
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Szeska, Christoph
A1 - Richter, Jan
A1 - Wendt, Julia
A1 - Weymar, Mathias
A1 - Hamm, Alfons O.
T1 - Promoting long-term inhibition of human fear responses by non-invasive transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation during extinction training
JF - Scientific reports
N2 - Inhibiting fear-related thoughts and defensive behaviors when they are no longer appropriate to the situation is a prerequisite for flexible and adaptive responding to changing environments. Such inhibition of defensive systems is mediated by ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), limbic basolateral amygdala (BLA), and brain stem locus-coeruleus noradrenergic system (LC-NAs). Non-invasive, transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) has shown to activate this circuit. Using a multiple-day single-cue fear conditioning and extinction paradigm, we investigated long-term effects of tVNS on inhibition of low-level amygdala modulated fear potentiated startle and cognitive risk assessments. We found that administration of tVNS during extinction training facilitated inhibition of fear potentiated startle responses and cognitive risk assessments, resulting in facilitated formation, consolidation and long-term recall of extinction memory, and prevention of the return of fear. These findings might indicate new ways to increase the efficacy of exposure-based treatments of anxiety disorders.
KW - Amygdala
KW - Autonomic nervous system
KW - Electromyography – EMG
KW - Extinction
KW - Fear conditioning
Y1 - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-58412-w
SN - 2045-2322
VL - 10
IS - 1
PB - Nature Publishing Group
CY - London
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Ewert, Christina
A1 - Vater, Annika
A1 - Schröder-Abé, Michela
T1 - Self-compassion and coping
BT - a meta-analysis
JF - Mindfulness
N2 - Objectives:
Self-compassion, a positive and caring attitude toward oneself, has been identified as an important correlate of coping in stressful situations. High self-compassion is related to higher use of adaptive and less maladaptive coping in demanding or painful situations. However, estimates of these relations in terms of specific adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies have remained inconclusive. Therefore, the present meta-analysis investigates the relation between self-compassion and different forms of adaptive and maladaptive coping. It also takes into account potential moderators such as age, gender, and regional background.
Methods:
A systematic literature search resulted in k = 136 samples with an overall sample size of N = 38,913. Random-effects models were used to integrate the z-transformed Pearson correlation coefficients.
Results:
Analyses yielded a positive correlation between self-compassion and adaptive coping (r = .306) and a negative correlation between self-compassion and maladaptive coping (r = - .500). The association of self-compassion with emotional approach coping was positive (r = .340), as was the association with problem-focused coping (r = .205). Participants' age appeared to be a significant moderator of the relation between self-compassion and coping.
Conclusions:
Self-compassion is important for understanding the mechanisms involved in coping with stress and demanding life events. The size and direction of correlations depend on the coping strategies considered, with protective effects of self-compassion with respect to maladaptive coping being the most pronounced. Further research should examine the relation between self-compassion and coping in more detail and focus on additional moderators.
KW - Meta-analysis
KW - Self-compassion
KW - Coping
KW - Stress regulation
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01563-8
SN - 1868-8527
SN - 1868-8535
VL - 12
IS - 5
SP - 1063
EP - 1077
PB - Springer
CY - Dordrecht
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Bondü, Rebecca
A1 - Birke, Joseph B.
T1 - Aggression-related sexual fantasies
BT - prevalence rates, sex differences, and links with personality, attitudes, and behavior
JF - The journal of sexual medicine : basic research and clinical studies in male and female sexual function and dysfunction
N2 - Background: Aggression-related sexual fantasies (ASF) are considered an important risk factor for sexual aggression, but empirical knowledge is limited, in part because previous research has been based on predominantly male, North-American college samples, and limited numbers of questions.
Aim: The present study aimed to foster the knowledge about the frequency and correlates of ASF, while including a large sample of women and a broad range of ASF.
Method: A convenience sample of N = 664 participants from Germany including 508 (77%) women and 156 (23%) men with a median age of 25 (21-27) years answered an online questionnaire. Participants were mainly recruited via social networks (online and in person) and were mainly students. We examined the frequencies of (aggression-related) sexual fantasies and their expected factor structure (factors reflecting affective, experimental, masochistic, and aggression-related contents) via exploratory factor analysis. We investigated potential correlates (eg, psychopathic traits, attitudes towards sexual fantasies) as predictors of ASF using multiple regression analyses. Finally, we examined whether ASF would positively predict sexual aggression beyond other pertinent risk factors using multiple regression analysis.
Outcomes: The participants rated the frequency of a broad set of 56 aggression-related and other sexual fantasies, attitudes towards sexual fantasies, the Big Five (ie, broad personality dimensions including neuroticism and extraversion), sexual aggression, and other risk factors for sexual aggression.
Results: All participants reported non-aggression-related sexual fantasies and 77% reported at least one ASF in their lives. Being male, frequent sexual fantasies, psychopathic traits, and negative attitudes towards sexual fantasies predicted more frequent ASF. ASF were the strongest predictor of sexual aggression beyond other risk factors, including general aggression, psychopathic traits, rape myth acceptance, and violent pornography consumption.
Clinical Translation: ASF may be an important risk factor for sexual aggression and should be more strongly considered in prevention and intervention efforts.
Strengths and Limitations: The strengths of the present study include using a large item pool and a large sample with a large proportion of women in order to examine ASF as a predictor of sexual aggression beyond important control variables. Its weaknesses include the reliance on cross-sectional data, that preclude causal inferences, and not continuously distinguishing between consensual and non-consensual acts.
Conclusion: ASF are a frequent phenomenon even in in the general population and among women and show strong associations with sexual aggression. Thus, they require more attention by research on sexual aggression and its prevention.
KW - aggressive sexual fantasies
KW - sexual aggression
KW - psychopathic traits
KW - rape myths acceptance
KW - big five
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.06.006
SN - 1743-6095
SN - 1743-6109
VL - 18
IS - 8
SP - 1383
EP - 1397
PB - Oxford University Press
CY - Oxford
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Malesza, Marta
A1 - Kaczmarek, Magdalena Claudia
T1 - The convergent validity between self- and peer-ratings of the dark triad personality
JF - Current psychology
N2 - Researchers examining the accuracy of observers ratings of others are devoting increased attention to peer-reported personality traits. Thus, the main purpose of this study was to investigate convergent validity of the three-factor Dark Triad model of personality framework, using two different rating methods: self-ratings and peer-ratings. Each participant (N = 266) was asked to collect three peer ratings (total peers N = 798). First, respondents completed three Dark Triad measures-Mach IV, SRP-III, and NPI-17 instruments. The peer-report forms of these instruments consisted of the same items as in the self-report version, but the rephrasing was appropriate to a third-person perspective. With the exception of one subscale of narcissism, Dark Triad measures demonstrated substantial convergent validity. These findings challenge views that at least two dark personality characteristics, i.e. psychopathy and Machiavellianism, are accurately observable phenomenon. The influences of agreement between self and other raters are discussed in relation to the degree of ratability and social desirability.
KW - dark triad
KW - sonstruct validity
KW - self-rating
KW - other-rating
Y1 - 2018
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9906-7
SN - 1046-1310
SN - 1936-4733
VL - 39
IS - 6
SP - 2166
EP - 2173
PB - Springer
CY - New York
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Rentzsch, Katrin
A1 - Schröder-Abé, Michela
T1 - Top down or bottom up?
BT - evidence from the longitudinal development of global and domain-specific self-esteem in adulthood
JF - Journal of personality and social psychology / American Psychological Association
N2 - Classical theoretical perspectives have implied that either global self-esteem has an impact on domain-specific self-esteem (top-down) or domain-specific self-esteem affects global self-esteem (bottom-up). The goal of the present research was to investigate whether classical top-down and bottom-up approaches could withstand a thorough test. To do so, we applied elaborate analytical methods in a four-wave longitudinal study across 6 years with preregistered hypotheses and data analyses. We analyzed data from N = 1,417 German participants (30.6% men, median of 12 to 13 years of education) with an average age of 47.0 years (SD = 12.4, range 18 to 88) at intake. Analyses using latent variable approaches for modeling intraindividual change provided evidence of top-down effects only. For example, participants with higher global self-esteem exhibited an increase in performance self-esteem but not vice versa. Our results also provided evidence of "vertical" associations between global and domain-specific self-esteem, that is, parallel development within the same time frame. In addition, the analyses revealed high rank order stability and a substantial trait component in global self-esteem and the self-esteem domains. The present findings have important theoretical and practical implications for the stability and development of self-esteem in adulthood and advance the understanding of global and domain-specific self-esteem in personality theory.
KW - self-esteem
KW - domain-specific
KW - top-down and bottom-up
KW - stability
KW - adulthood
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000393
SN - 0022-3514
SN - 1939-1315
VL - 122
IS - 4
SP - 714
EP - 730
PB - American Psychological Association
CY - Washington
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kühne, Franziska
A1 - Fauth, Henriette
A1 - Ay-Bryson, Destina Sevde
A1 - Visser, Leonie N.C.
A1 - Weck, Florian
T1 - Communicating the diagnosis of cancer or depression
BT - Results of a randomized controlled online study using video vignettes
JF - Cancer medicine
N2 - Background
Communicating a diagnosis is highly important, yet complex, especially in the context of cancer and mental disorders. The aim was to explore the communication style of an oncologist vs. psychotherapist in an online study.
Methods
Patients (N = 136: 65 cancer, 71 depression) were randomly assigned to watch a standardized video vignette with one of two communication styles (empathic vs. unempathic). Outcome measures of affectivity, information recall, communication skills, empathy and trust were applied.
Results
Regardless of diagnosis, empathic communication was associated with the perception of a significantly more empathic (p < 0.001, η2partial = 0.08) and trustworthy practitioner (p = 0.014, η2partial = 0.04) with better communication skills (p = 0.013, η2partial = 0.05). Cancer patients reported a larger decrease in positive affect (p < 0.001, η2partial = 0.15) and a larger increase in negative affect (p < 0.001, η2partial = 0.14) from pre- to post-video than depressive patients. Highly relevant information was recalled better in both groups (p < 0.001, d = 0.61–1.06).
Conclusions
The results highlight the importance of empathy while communicating both a diagnosis of cancer and a mental disorder. Further research should focus on the communication of a mental disorder in association with cancer.
KW - consultation
KW - mental health
KW - oncology
KW - psycho-oncology
KW - skills
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.4396
SN - 2045-7634
VL - 10
IS - 24
SP - 9012
EP - 9021
PB - Wiley
CY - Hoboken, New Jersey, USA
ER -
TY - CHAP
A1 - Giraudier, Manon
A1 - Ventura-Bort, Carlos
A1 - Weymar, Mathias
T1 - A pooled preliminary analysis on the effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on salivary alpha-amylase as noradrenergic biomarker
T2 - Psychophysiology : journal of the Society for Psychophysiological Research
KW - Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation
KW - Salivary
KW - Alpha-amylase
KW - Pooled Data
Y1 - 2021
SN - 1469-8986
VL - 58
SP - S60
EP - S60
PB - Wiley-Blackwell
CY - Malden, Mass. [u.a.]
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Bondü, Rebecca
A1 - Birke, Joseph
T1 - Links between aggressive sexual fantasies and presumably non-consensual aggressive sexual behavior when controlling for BDSM identity
JF - International journal of conflict and violence
N2 - Recent research provides evidence that aggressive sexual fantasies predict aggressive sexual behavior in the general population. However, sexual fantasies including fantasies about the infliction of pain and humiliation, should be frequent and often consensually acted upon among individuals with sadomasochistic likings. The question arises whether sexual fantasies with aggressive content still predict presumably non-consensual aggressive sexual behavior in individuals with sadomasochistic likings, given that BDSM encounters are generally considered consensual. To investigate this question, we conducted a questionnaire survey of sexual fantasies, as sessing the frequency of seventy sexual fantasies involving non-aggressive, masochistic, and aggressive acts. Our sample (N = 182) contained 99 respondents who self-identified as sadist, masochist, or switcher; 44 reported no such identification. For respondents reporting BDSM identification, we replicated a factor structure for sexual fantasies similar to that previously found in the general population, including three factors reflecting fantasies about increasingly severe aggressive sexual acts. Fantasies about injuring a partner and/or using weapons and fantasies about sexual coercion predicted presumably non-consensual sexual behavior independently of other risk factors for aggressive sexual behavior and irrespective of BDSM identification. Hence, severely aggressive sexual fantasies may predispose to presumably non-consensual sexual behavior in both individuals with and without BDSM identification.
KW - aggressive sexual fantasies
KW - BDSM
KW - sexual aggression
KW - psychopathy
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.4119/ijcv-3777
SN - 1864-1385
VL - 14
IS - 1
PB - Inst. for Interdisciplinary Conflict and Violence Research, Univ. of Bielefeld
CY - Bielefeld
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Maaß, Ulrike
T1 - Rezension zu: Edelmann, Walter, Wittmann, Simone: Lernpsychologie – mit Online-Material. - (8., vollständig überarbeitete Auflage). - Weinheim; Basel: Beltz, 2019. - 264 S. : Illustrationen, Diagramme. - ISBN 978-3-621-28601-5
JF - Zeitschrift für klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie : Forschung und Praxis ; Organ der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie (DGPS), der Sektion Klinische Psychologie im Berufsverband Deutscher Psychologinnen und Psychologen (BDP), der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Verhaltenstherapie e.V. (DGVT), der Gesellschaft für wissenschaftliche Gesprächspsychotherapie e.V. (GWG) und der Sektion Klinische Psychologie im Berufsverband Österreichischer Psychologen (B.Ö.P.)
Y1 - 2021
SN - 978-3-621-28601-5
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1026/1616-3443/a000604
SN - 1616-3443
SN - 2190-6297
VL - 50
IS - 2
SP - 100
EP - 101
PB - Hogrefe
CY - Göttingen
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Weck, Florian
T1 - Ein praxisnaher Leitfaden zur kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutischen Behandlung von Auftrittsängsten bei Musikerinnen und Musikern
BT - Rezension zu: Mumm, Jennifer ; Plag, Jens ; Fehm, Lydia ; Witzleben Ines von ; Fernholz, Isabel; Schmidt, Alexander; Stöhle, Andreas: Auftrittsängste bei Musikerinnen und Musikern : ein kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutischer Behandlungsleitfaden. - Göttingen: Hogrefe, 2020. - 231 S. - ISBN 978-3-8017-2988-2
JF - Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie
Y1 - 2021
SN - 978-3-8017-2988-2
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1026/1616-3443/a000615
SN - 1616-3443
SN - 2190-6297
VL - 50
IS - 1
SP - 46
EP - 47
PB - Hogrefe
CY - Göttingen
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schuster, Isabell
A1 - Tomaszewska, Paulina
T1 - Introduction to the special issue. Prevalence and predictors of teen dating violence: A European perspective
JF - New directions for child and adolescent development
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20444
SN - 1534-8687
SN - 1520-3247
VL - 178
IS - Special Issue: Prevalence and predictors of teen dating violence: a European perspective
SP - 5
EP - 10
PB - Jossey-Bass
CY - San Francisco, Calif. [u.a.]
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Kayser, Daniela Niesta
A1 - Vock, Miriam
A1 - Wojciechowicz, Anna Aleksandra
T1 - Example of best practice
BT - refugee teachers at the University of Potsdam. A requalification program for newly arrived teachers in Germany
JF - Intercultural education
N2 - The Refugee Teachers Program, established at the University of Potsdam, Brandenburg, in 2016, represents a successful model for training and integrating individuals with foreign teaching qualifications through an 18-month teaching and language course. Initially created to help meet the demand for teachers in Germany, the Refugee Teachers Program has been further refined over the course of the last three years in the light of expert meetings, theoretical considerations, and negotiations with the Brandenburg Ministry of Education. This was the first program of its kind in Germany, following an influx of people being forced to migrate from countries such as Syria, Afghanistan, and Iraq in 2015. The program responded to these international events by providing training, work, and refuge for migrants who already had teaching experience in their home countries. More than 85 participants successfully completed the program and many have taken up newly created positions as teachers and pedagogical assistants in German schools. However, a number of hurdles still remain before most of the program's graduates can be granted full employment as teachers in Germany.
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/14675986.2021.1851513
SN - 1467-5986
SN - 1469-8439
VL - 32
IS - 1
SP - 108
EP - 118
PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
CY - Abingdon
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Esser, Günter
T1 - Rezension zu: Geissler, Julia; Vloet, Timo D.; Romanos, Marcel; Zwanzger, Ulrike; Jans, Thomas: Verhaltenstherapie bei ADHS im Jugendalter : ein modular aufgebautes Therapieprogramm. - Göttingen: Hogrefe, 102 S. - (Therapeutische Praxis, Bd. 94). - ISBN: 978-3-8017-2979-0
JF - Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie
Y1 - 2020
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1026/1616-3443/a000551
SN - 1616-3443
SN - 2190-6297
VL - 49
IS - 2
SP - 138
EP - 139
PB - Hogrefe
CY - Göttingen
ER -