TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Predictors of women's aggressive driving behavior N2 - Predictors of women's aggressive driving behavior were explored in a study involving 256 female motorists. Sex role orientation, dispositional aggressiveness, age, and annual mileage were measured as independent variables, and aggressive driving behavior was included as the dependent variable. Stepwise hierarchical regression analysis showed that age was negatively related to driving aggression, whereas annual mileage had a positive relationship with driving aggression. Dispositional aggressiveness was a significant predictor of driving aggression. Of the two components of sex role orientation, only femininity was associated with driving aggression, with higher femininity scores predicting lower aggressive driving scores. Masculinity failed to predict aggressive driving, as did the interaction of masculinity and femininity. In combination, the predictors explained 29% of the variance in women's aggressive driving. The results are discussed with respect to the role of dispositional variables as predictors of driving aggression in women. Aggr. Behav. 31:537-546, 2005. (c) 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc Y1 - 2005 SN - 0096-140X ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Cognitive coping with the threat of rape : Vigilance and cognitive avoidance N2 - Individual differences in women's avoidant and vigilant style in coping with the threat of rape were explored in four studies. In the first study, 97 women read a rape scenario and completed measures of cognitive vigilance and avoidance. They also provided ratings of fear of rape and anticipated coping problems in case of sexual assault. Vigilance was associated with significantly higher levels of fear of rape and anticipation of more severe coping problems. No effects were found for cognitive avoidance. Study 2 replicated these findings with a sample of 275 women. In addition, it showed that high vigilance was associated with significantly more rape-preventive behaviors. Study 3, including 172 women, was an online study on the effect of cognitive coping style on fear of rape, anticipated coping problems, and two behavioral measures of rape avoidance. High vigilance was related to higher levels of fear of rape, anticipation of more severe coping problems, and more rape-preventive behaviors. Finally, Study 4 (N = 2 10) showed that individual differences in cognitive coping style affected rape-related affect and behavior in the absence of a rape scenario, underlining the chronic salience of the threat of rape for women. Vigilance was positively related to fear of rape, rape-avoidance behavior, and anticipated coping problems. In contrast, a negative relationship was found between cognitive avoidance and fear of rape, rape-avoidance strategies, and anticipated coping problems. Across the four studies, no evidence was found for an interactive effect of cognitive avoidance and vigilance, as suggested by the construct of repression versus sensitization. The findings are discussed in the light of previous research on repression- sensitization in coping with threatening information Y1 - 2005 SN - 0022-3506 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Fixation durations before word skipping in reading N2 - We resolve a controversy about reading fixations before word-skipping saccades which were reported as longer or shorter than control fixations in earlier studies. Our statistics are based on resampling of matched sets of fixations before skipped and nonskipped words, drawn from a database of 121,321 single fixations contributed by 230 readers of the Potsdam sentence corpus. Matched fixations originated from single-fixation forward-reading patterns and were equated for their positions within words. Fixations before skipped words were shorter before short or high-frequency words and longer before long or low-frequency words in comparison with control fixations. Reasons for inconsistencies in past research and implications for computational models are discussed Y1 - 2005 SN - 1069-9384 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Keus, I. M. A1 - Jenks, C. A1 - Schwarz, Wolfgang T1 - Psychophysiological evidence that the SNARC effect has a functional locus in a response selection stage N2 - When participants judge the parity of visually presented digits, left-hand responses are faster for numerically small numbers, whereas right-hand responses are faster for large numbers [SNARC effect; S. Dehaene, S. Bossini, P. Giraux, The mental representation of parity and number magnitude. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen., 122, (1993) 371-396]. The present study aimed to find more direct evidence for the functional locus of this effect by recording brain waves while participants performed speeded parity judgments giving manual responses. Our results show clear and robust SNARC effects in the response-locked event-related potentials (ERPs) compared to the stimulus-locked ERPs, confirming that the SNARC effect arises during response-related rather than stimulus-related processing stages. Further analyses of lateralized readiness potentials strongly suggest that the SNARC effect begins to emerge in a response-related stage prior to response preparation and execution, more specifically, in a response selection stage. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved Y1 - 2005 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ihle, Wolfgang A1 - Jahnke, Dörte T1 - The efficacy of family involvement in the treatment of anxiety disorders and depressive disorders in childhood and adolescence : Current state of evidence-based psychotherapy N2 - This paper describes the current findings concerning efficacy from randomized controlled trials of family-based interventions for children and adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders. To date, parents have only been included in controlled trials of cognitive-behavioral interventions. Efficacy trials for anxiety disorders have only been carried out in 6- to 14-year olds, but have shown that younger children (7 to 10 years old) benefited when the family was involved. By contrast, the existing efficacy trials for depressive disorders have been limited to adolescents (13 to 18 years old), and have shown that family-based interventions are not superior to pure adolescent therapy Y1 - 2005 SN - 0942-5403 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lay, Barbara A1 - Ihle, Wolfgang A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. T1 - Juvenile-episodic, continued or adult-onset delinquency? Risk conditions analysed in a cohort of children followed up to the age of 25 years Y1 - 2005 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Nuthmann, Antje A1 - Richter, Eike M. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - SWIFT : A dynamical model of saccade generation during reading N2 - Mathematical, models,have become an important tool for understanding the control of eye movements during reading. Main goals of the development of the SWIFT model (R. Engbert, A. Longtin, & R. Kliegl, 2002) were to investigate the possibility of spatially distributed processing and to implement a general mechanism for all types of eye movements observed in reading experiments. The authors present an advanced version of SWIFT that integrates properties of the oculomotor system and effects of word recognition to explain many of the experimental phenomena faced in reading research. They propose new procedures for the estimation of model parameters and for the test of the model's performance. They also present a mathematical analysis of the dynamics of the SWIFT model. Finally, within this framework, they present an analysis of the transition from parallel to serial processing Y1 - 2005 SN - 0033-295X ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Mergenthaler, Konstantin T1 - Statistics of fixational eye movements and oculomotor control Y1 - 2005 SN - 0301-0066 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laucht, Manfred A1 - Hohm, E. A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. T1 - Elevated risk of smoking in children with externalizing disorders N2 - Background: Several studies have reported higher smoking rates among adolescents with externalizing disorders (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder) as compared to healthy controls. Objective: To follow the association between childhood externalizing disorders and smoking during development, to determine the type of problems most strongly related to later tobacco use, and to control for the influence of covarying factors. Methods: Participants were from a longitudinal study of a birth cohort of 384 children born with different perinatal and psychosocial risks. Standardized assessments of behavioral disorders between 2 and 11 years and of tobacco use at age 15 were obtained. Results: 15-year-olds with externalizing disorders between 2 and 11 years reported higher tobacco use than those without a history of disorder. This association could be followed back into early childhood and held up even after controlling for covariates. Conclusions: The findings suggest that childhood externalizing disorders may represent an independent risk factor for elevated tobacco use in adolescence Y1 - 2005 SN - 1616-3443 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hornig, R. A1 - Oberauer, Klaus A1 - Weidenfeld, Andrea T1 - Two principles of premise integration in spatial reasoning N2 - We propose two principles that facilitate integration of two relational premises in spatial reasoning. Integration is easier if the anaphor in the second premise, P2, bears the role of the relatum (relatum = given). Moreover, integration is easier if, in P2, the anaphor is mentioned before the new element (given-new). In premises with canonical word order (grammatical subjects mentioned first), these principles always conflict with one another. In topicalized statements mentioning the prepositional phrase first, the two principles work in tandem. By varying word order, we tested the two principles by measuring P2 comprehension times. Comprehension times indicated that integration was easiest when P2 obeyed both principles and most difficult when both principles were violated. Canonical premises were of intermediate difficulty. This pattern emerged regardless of whether the anaphor was a definite description or a pronoun Y1 - 2005 ER -