TY - JOUR A1 - Miller, Jeff A1 - Schwarz, Wolfgang T1 - Delta plots for conflict tasks BT - an activation-suppression race model JF - Psychonomic bulletin & review : a journal of the Psychonomic Society N2 - We describe a mathematically simple yet precise model of activation suppression that can explain the negative-going delta plots often observed in standard Simon tasks. The model postulates a race between the identification of the relevant stimulus attribute and the suppression of irrelevant location-based activation, with the irrelevant activation only having an effect if the irrelevant activation is still present at the moment when central processing of the relevant attribute starts. The model can be fitted by maximum likelihood to observed distributions of RTs in congruent and incongruent trials, and it provides good fits to two previously-reported data sets with plausible parameter values. R and MATLAB software for use with the model is provided. KW - Delta plots KW - RT models KW - Simon effect KW - Activation suppression model Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-021-01900-5 SN - 1069-9384 SN - 1531-5320 VL - 28 IS - 6 SP - 1776 EP - 1795 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hoferichter, Frances A1 - Kulakow, Stefan A1 - Hufenbach, Miriam Catrin T1 - Support from parents, peers, and teachers is differently associated with middle school students’ well-being JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Parents, peers, and teachers provide a powerful context for school students' well-being. However, a detailed and systematic analysis of how parental, peer, and teacher support relate to students' well-being, measured by the dimensions self-worth, psychological and physical well-being, is still missing. To address this research gap, the following study investigates 733 adolescent German students from grades 7 and 8 (M-age = 13.97, SD = 0.41, 52% girls) with respect to their perceived supportive relationships at home and within the school context. The study considers gender, socioeconomic status, and school form as potential confounders. The results of the structural equation model, analyzed with the statistical software R, indicate that perceived teacher support was positively related to students' self-worth and physical well-being, while peer support was related to psychological well-being. Students who perceived their parents as supportive reported higher well-being with respect to all three dimensions investigated. KW - social support KW - teachers KW - peers KW - parents KW - middle school students KW - well-being Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.758226 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 12 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wendt, Julia A1 - Hufenbach, Miriam Catrin T1 - Trait anxiety and conditioned responding: role of the US work-up procedure? T2 - Psychophysiology : journal of the Society for Psychophysiological Research KW - Trait Anxiety KW - US Work-up KW - US Intensity Y1 - 2021 SN - 1469-8986 SN - 0048-5772 VL - 58 SP - S61 EP - S61 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hahn, Daniela A1 - Weck, Florian A1 - Witthöft, Michael A1 - Kühne, Franziska T1 - Assessment of counseling self-efficacy BT - validation of the German Counselor Activity self-efficacy scales-revised JF - Frontiers in psychology / Frontiers Research Foundation N2 - Background: Many authors regard counseling self-efficacy (CSE) as important in therapist development and training. The purpose of this study was to examine the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the German version of the Counselor Activity Self-Efficacy Scales-Revised (CASES-R). Method: The sample consisted of 670 German psychotherapy trainees, who completed an online survey. We examined the factor structure by applying exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis to the instrument as a whole. Results: A bifactor-exploratory structural equation modeling model with one general and five specific factors provided the best fit to the data. Omega hierarchical coefficients indicated optimal reliability for the general factor, acceptable reliability for the Action Skills-Revised (AS-R) factor, and insufficient estimates for the remaining factors. The CASES-R scales yielded significant correlations with related measures, but also with therapeutic orientations. Conclusion: We found support for the reliability and validity of the German CASES-R. However, the subdomains (except AS-R) should be interpreted with caution, and we do not recommend the CASES-R for comparisons between psychotherapeutic orientations. KW - counselor activity self-efficacy scales KW - counseling self-efficacy KW - psychotherapy training KW - assessment KW - factor structure KW - validation Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.780088 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 12 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - THES A1 - Schlegelmilch, Karola T1 - Grass or gravel? Influences on the visual categorization of naturalistic structures in infancy and early childhood T1 - Gras oder Geröll? Einflüsse auf die visuelle Kategorisierung von naturalistischen Strukturen im Säuglings- und Kleinkindalter N2 - Detecting and categorizing particular entities in the environment are important visual tasks that humans have had to solve at various points in our evolutionary time. The question arises whether characteristics of entities that were of ecological significance for humans play a particular role during the development of visual categorization. The current project addressed this question by investigating the effects of developing visual abilities, visual properties and ecological significance on categorization early in life. Our stimuli were monochromatic photographs of structure-like assemblies and surfaces taken from three categories: vegetation, non-living natural elements, and artifacts. A set of computational and rated visual properties were assessed for these stimuli. Three empirical studies applied coherent research concepts and methods in young children and adults, comprising (a) two card-sorting tasks with preschool children (age: 4.1-6.1 years) and adults (age: 18-50 years) which assessed classification and similarity judgments, (b) a gaze contingent eye-tracking search task which investigated the impact of visual properties and category membership on 8-month-olds' ability to segregate visual structure. Because eye-tracking with infants still provides challenges, a methodological study (c) assessed the effect of infant eye-tracking procedures on data quality with 8- to 12-month-old infants and adults. In the categorization tasks we found that category membership and visual properties impacted the performance of all participant groups. Sensitivity to the respective categories varied between tasks and over the age groups. For example, artifact images hindered infants' visual search but were classified best by adults, whereas sensitivity to vegetation was highest during similarity judgments. Overall, preschool children relied less on visual properties than adults, but some properties (e.g., rated depth, shading) were drawn upon similarly strong. In children and infants, depth predicted task performance stronger than shape-related properties. Moreover, children and infants were sensitive to variations in the complexity of low-level visual statistics. These results suggest that classification of visual structures, and attention to particular visual properties is affected by the functional or ecological significance these categories and properties may have for each of the respective age groups. Based on this, the project highlights the importance of further developmental research on visual categorization with naturalistic, structure-like stimuli. As intended with the current work, this would allow important links between developmental and adult research. N2 - Spezifische Objekte der Umwelt zu entdecken und zu erkennen, sind wichtige visuelle Aufgaben, die Menschen im Laufe der Evolution zu lösen hatten. Es stellt sich die Frage, ob Charakteristika von ökologisch wertvollen Entitäten in der Entwicklung der visuellen Kategorisierungsfähigkeit bei kleinen Kindern eine besondere Rolle spielen. Die vorliegende Dissertation untersucht, wie sich visuelle Fähigkeiten, visuelle Eigenschaften der Entitäten und Wertigkeit dieser Entitäten auf die frühe Kategorisierungs-fähigkeit auswirken. Als Stimuli dienten monochromatische Fotografien, die strukturähnliche Ausschnitte der drei Kategorien Vegetation, natürliche Elemente und Artefakte zeigen. Ein Set visueller Eigenschaften wurden für diese Stimuli computational und durch menschliche Einschätzung erstellt. In drei empirischen Studien wurden übergreifende Forschungskonzepte und -methoden bei Babys, Kindern und Erwachsenen angewandt: Diese beinhalteten (a) zwei Kartensortieraufgaben mit 4-6-jährigen Vorschulkindern und Erwachsenen, worin Klassifizie-rung und Ähnlichkeitsbeurteilungen erhoben wurden, (b) eine Eyetracking-Suchaufgabe, die den Einfluss visueller Eigenschaften und Kategoriezugehörigkeit auf die visuelle Segmentie-rung natürlicher Strukturen bei 8-Monate-alten Babys untersuchte. Da Eyetracking mit Babys methodisch anspruchsvoll ist, wurde (c) in einer Studie mit 8-12-Monate-alten Babys und mit Erwachsenen der Einfluss verschiedener Vorgehensweisen auf die Datenqualität untersucht. Die Kategorisierungsaufgaben zeigten, dass die Performanz aller Altersgruppen von Kategorie¬zugehörigkeit und visuellen Eigenschaften beeinflusst wurden. Sensitivität für die jeweiligen Kategorien variierte zwischen den Aufgaben und über die Altersgruppen hinweg. So erschwerten Bilder von Artefakten die visuelle Suche bei Babys, wurden aber von Erwachsenen am besten klassifiziert, während Vegetation Ähnlichkeitsurteile am stärksten beeinflusste. Insgesamt bezogen sich Vorschulkinder weniger als Erwachsene auf visuelle Eigen¬schaften, wobei aber einige davon (z. B. Tiefenwirkung, Schattierung) auch ähnlich stark beachtet wurden. Bei Kindern und Babys beeinflusste Tiefenwirkung die Performanz stärker als formbezogene Eigenschaften, zudem waren sie sensibel für Komplexitätsunterschiede bei statistischen Eigenschaften. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Klassifizierung visueller Strukturen und die Aufmerksamkeit auf visuelle Eigenschaften von deren Wertigkeit für die jeweilige Altersgruppe beeinflusst sind. Damit unterstreicht das Projekt den Bedarf, visuelle Kategorisierung naturalistischer, strukturähnlicher Stimuli in weiteren entwicklungsbezogenen Studien vertiefend zu erforschen. Das würde wichtige Verbindungen zwischen Entwicklungs- und Erwachsenenforschung ermöglichen, wie es auch von der vorliegenden Arbeit angestrebt war. KW - Visual perception KW - Developmental psychology KW - Scene perception KW - Infancy KW - Early childhood KW - Visuelle Wahrnehmung KW - Entwicklungspsychologie KW - Wahrnehmung von Szenen KW - Baby- und Kleinkind Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-526370 ER - TY - THES A1 - Seelig, Stefan T1 - Parafoveal processing of lexical information during reading T1 - Parafoveale Verarbeitung lexikalischer Informationen beim Lesen BT - from experiments to computational modeling BT - von Experimenten zu computationaler Modellierung N2 - During sentence reading the eyes quickly jump from word to word to sample visual information with the high acuity of the fovea. Lexical properties of the currently fixated word are known to affect the duration of the fixation, reflecting an interaction of word processing with oculomotor planning. While low level properties of words in the parafovea can likewise affect the current fixation duration, results concerning the influence of lexical properties have been ambiguous (Drieghe, Rayner, & Pollatsek, 2008; Kliegl, Nuthmann, & Engbert, 2006). Experimental investigations of such lexical parafoveal-on-foveal effects using the boundary paradigm have instead shown, that lexical properties of parafoveal previews affect fixation durations on the upcoming target words (Risse & Kliegl, 2014). However, the results were potentially confounded with effects of preview validity. The notion of parafoveal processing of lexical information challenges extant models of eye movements during reading. Models containing serial word processing assumptions have trouble explaining such effects, as they usually couple successful word processing to saccade planning, resulting in skipping of the parafoveal word. Although models with parallel word processing are less restricted, in the SWIFT model (Engbert, Longtin, & Kliegl, 2002) only processing of the foveal word can directly influence the saccade latency. Here we combine the results of a boundary experiment (Chapter 2) with a predictive modeling approach using the SWIFT model, where we explore mechanisms of parafoveal inhibition in a simulation study (Chapter 4). We construct a likelihood function for the SWIFT model (Chapter 3) and utilize the experimental data in a Bayesian approach to parameter estimation (Chapter 3 & 4). The experimental results show a substantial effect of parafoveal preview frequency on fixation durations on the target word, which can be clearly distinguished from the effect of preview validity. Using the eye movement data from the participants, we demonstrate the feasibility of the Bayesian approach even for a small set of estimated parameters, by comparing summary statistics of experimental and simulated data. Finally, we can show that the SWIFT model can account for the lexical preview effects, when a mechanism for parafoveal inhibition is added. The effects of preview validity were modeled best, when processing dependent saccade cancellation was added for invalid trials. In the simulation study only the control condition of the experiment was used for parameter estimation, allowing for cross validation. Simultaneously the number of free parameters was increased. High correlations of summary statistics demonstrate the capabilities of the parameter estimation approach. Taken together, the results advocate for a better integration of experimental data into computational modeling via parameter estimation. N2 - Während des Lesens springt der Blick von Wort zu Wort, um visuelle Informationen mithilfe der hohen Auflösung der Fovea aufzunehmen. Lexikalische Eigenschaften eines zurzeit fixierten Wortes wirken sich dabei auf die Fixationsdauer aus, was eine Interaktion von Wortverarbeitung mit okulomotorischer Bewegungsplanung impliziert. Während Low-Level-Eigenschaften eines parafovealen Wortes ebenfalls die Fixationsdauer beeinflussen können, sind Ergebnisse zu Einflüssen lexikalischer Eigenschaften parafoveler Worte uneindeutig (Drieghe et al., 2008; Kliegl et al., 2006). Experimentelle Untersuchungen solcher parafoveal-on-foveal-Effekte mittels des Boundary-Paradigmas zeigten stattdessen, dass sich lexikalische Eigenschaften parafovealer Worte auf Fixationsdauern auf den Target-Wörtern auswirken (Risse & Kliegl, 2014). Diese Ergebnisse waren jedoch möglicherweise mit den Effekten der Preview-Validität konfundiert. Die Möglichkeit parafovealer Verarbeitung lexikalischer Informationen stellt bestehende Modelle für Blickbewegungen beim Lesen vor Probleme. Modelle, die auf seriellen Wortverarbeitungsannahmen fußen, können derlei Effekte nicht schlüssig erklären, da in ihnen erfolgreiche Wortverarbeitung oft starr an Bewegungsplanung gekoppelt ist, was ein Überspringen des parafovealen Wortes zur Folge hätte. Obwohl Modelle mit paralleler Wortverarbeitung weniger eingeschränkt sind, kann im SWIFT-Modell (Engbert et al., 2002) nur die Verarbeitung fovealer Worte die Sakkadenplanung direkt hemmen. Wir verbinden in dieser Arbeit die Ergebnisse eines Boundary-Experiments (Kapitel 2) mit einem prädiktiven Modellierungsansatz mit dem SWIFT-Modell, in dem wir Mechanismen parafovealer Hemmung in einer Simulationsstudie erkunden (Kapitel 4). Wir konstruieren eine Likelihood-Funktion für das SWIFT-Modell und nutzen die Experimentaldaten in einem Bayesianischen Ansatz zur Parameterschätzung (Kapitel 3 & 4). In den Ergebnissen des Experiments zeigt sich ein substanzieller Frequenzeffekt des Previews auf die Fixationsdauer auf dem Target-Wort, der klar vom Effekt der Preview-Validität unterschieden werden kann. Mittels der Blickbewegungsdaten der Probanden demonstrieren wir die Praktikabilität des gewählten Ansatzes selbst mit nur wenigen freien Parametern, indem wir Statistiken der Probanden mit jenen aus Simulationen auf der Basis geschätzter Parameter vergleichen. Schließlich können wir zeigen, dass SWIFT die lexikalischen Preview-Effekte erzeugen kann, wenn das Modell zusätzlich mit einem Mechanismus parafovealer Inhibition ausgestattet wird. Die Effekte der Preview-Validität wurden hingegen am besten modelliert, wenn eine Möglichkeit zum Abbruch der Sakkadenplanung in Abhängigkeit von der Wortverarbeitung hinzugefügt wurde. In dieser Simulationsstudie wurden lediglich Daten der Kontrollbedingung des Experiments zur Parameterschätzung genutzt, wodurch eine Kreuzvalidierung der Güte der Simulationsdaten ermöglicht wurde. Gleichzeitig wurde die Zahl der freien Parameter erhöht. Hohe Korrelationen der Statistiken verdeutlichen das Potential des Parameterschätzungsansatzes. Zusammengenommen sprechen die Ergebnisse dafür, dass Experimentaldaten mehr zur computationalen Modellierung herangezogen werden sollten, indem Möglichkeiten der Parameterschätzung ausgenutzt werden. KW - reading KW - parafoveal processing KW - predictive modeling KW - boundary paradigm KW - eye tracking KW - MCMC KW - parameter estimation KW - computational modeling KW - interindividual differences KW - lexical processing KW - MCMC KW - computationale Modellierung KW - Eye-Tracking KW - Interindividuelle Unterschiede KW - Lexikalische Verarbeitung KW - Parafoveale Verarbeitung KW - Parameterschätzung KW - Lesen KW - Boundary-Paradigma Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-508743 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lindborg, Alma A1 - Andersen, Tobias S. T1 - Bayesian binding and fusion models explain illusion and enhancement effects in audiovisual speech perception JF - PLoS one N2 - Speech is perceived with both the ears and the eyes. Adding congruent visual speech improves the perception of a faint auditory speech stimulus, whereas adding incongruent visual speech can alter the perception of the utterance. The latter phenomenon is the case of the McGurk illusion, where an auditory stimulus such as e.g. "ba" dubbed onto a visual stimulus such as "ga" produces the illusion of hearing "da". Bayesian models of multisensory perception suggest that both the enhancement and the illusion case can be described as a two-step process of binding (informed by prior knowledge) and fusion (informed by the information reliability of each sensory cue). However, there is to date no study which has accounted for how they each contribute to audiovisual speech perception. In this study, we expose subjects to both congruent and incongruent audiovisual speech, manipulating the binding and the fusion stages simultaneously. This is done by varying both temporal offset (binding) and auditory and visual signal-to-noise ratio (fusion). We fit two Bayesian models to the behavioural data and show that they can both account for the enhancement effect in congruent audiovisual speech, as well as the McGurk illusion. This modelling approach allows us to disentangle the effects of binding and fusion on behavioural responses. Moreover, we find that these models have greater predictive power than a forced fusion model. This study provides a systematic and quantitative approach to measuring audiovisual integration in the perception of the McGurk illusion as well as congruent audiovisual speech, which we hope will inform future work on audiovisual speech perception. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246986 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 16 IS - 2 PB - PLoS CY - San Fransisco ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wood, Danielle A1 - Shaki, Samuel A1 - Fischer, Martin H. T1 - Turn the beat around: Commentary on "Slow and fast beat sequences are represented differently through space" (De Tommaso & Prpic, 2020, in Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics) JF - Attention, perception, & psychophysics : AP&P ; a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc. N2 - There has been increasing interest in the spatial mapping of various perceptual and cognitive magnitudes, such as expanding the spatial-numerical association of response codes (SNARC) effect into domains outside of numerical cognition. Recently, De Tommaso and Prpic (Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 82, 2765-2773, 2020) reported in this journal that only fast tempos over 104 beats per minute have spatial associations, with more right-sided associations and faster responses for faster tempos. After discussing the role of perceived loudness and possible response strategies, we propose and recommend methodological improvements for further research. KW - Distance effect KW - Music cognition KW - Pitch KW - magnitude association KW - Semantic KW - congruity effect KW - SMARC KW - Sound recognition KW - Spatial cognition Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-021-02247-8 SN - 1943-3921 SN - 1943-393X VL - 83 IS - 4 SP - 1518 EP - 1521 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hodapp, Alice A1 - Grimm, Sabine T1 - Neural signatures of temporal regularity and recurring patterns in random tonal sound sequences JF - European journal of neuroscience : EJN / European Neuroscience Association N2 - The auditory system is highly sensitive to recurring patterns in the acoustic input - even in otherwise unstructured material, such as white noise or random tonal sequences. Electroencephalography (EEG) research revealed a characteristic negative potential to periodically recurring auditory patterns - a response, which has been interpreted as memory trace-related and specific, rather than as a sign of periodicity-driven entrainment. Here, we aim to disentangle these two possible contributions by investigating the influence of a periodic sound sequence's inherent temporal regularity on event-related potentials. Participants were presented continuous sequences of short tones of random pitch, with some sequences containing a recurring pattern, and asked to indicate whether they heard a repetition. Patterns were either spaced equally across the random sequence (isochronous condition) or with a temporal jitter (jittered condition), which enabled us to differentiate between event-related potentials (and thus processing operations associated with a memory trace for a repeated pattern) and the periodic nature of the repetitions. A negative recurrence-related component could be observed independently of temporal regularity, was pattern-specific, and modulated by across trial repetition of the pattern. Critically, isochronous pattern repetition induced an additional early periodicity-related positive component, which started to build up already before the pattern onset and which was elicited undampedly even when the repeated pattern was occasionally not presented. This positive component likely reflects a sensory driven entrainment process that could be the foundation of a behavioural benefit in detecting temporally regular repetitions. KW - auditory sensory memory KW - entrainment KW - ERP KW - pattern detection KW - repetition Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.15123 SN - 0953-816X SN - 1460-9568 VL - 53 IS - 8 SP - 2740 EP - 2754 PB - Wiley CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tseng, Chiao-I A1 - Laubrock, Jochen A1 - Bateman, John A. T1 - The impact of multimodal cohesion on attention and interpretation in film JF - Discourse, context & media N2 - This article presents results of an exploratory investigation combining multimodal cohesion analysis and eye-tracking studies. Multimodal cohesion, as a tool of multimodal discourse analysis, goes beyond lin-guistic cohesive mechanisms to enable the construction of cross-modal discourse structures that system-atically relate technical details of audio, visual and verbal modalities. Patterns of multimodal cohesion from these discourse structures were used to design eye-tracking experiments and questionnaires in order to empirically investigate how auditory and visual cohesive cues affect attention and comprehen-sion. We argue that the cross-modal structures of cohesion revealed by our method offer a strong methodology for addressing empirical questions concerning viewers' comprehension of narrative settings and the comparative salience of visual, verbal and audio cues. Analyses are presented of the beginning of Hitchcock's The Birds (1963) and a sketch from Monty Python filmed in 1971. Our approach balances the narrative-based issue of how narrative elements in film guide meaning interpretation and the recipient -based question of where a film viewer's attention is directed during viewing and how this affects comprehension. KW - Film KW - Cohesion KW - Discourse semantics KW - Multimodality KW - Eye-tracking KW - Attention Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2021.100544 SN - 2211-6958 VL - 44 PB - Amsterdam [u.a.] CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weymar, Mathias A1 - Zähle, Tino T1 - Editorial: New frontiers in noninvasive brain stimulation BT - cognitive, affective and neurobiological effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation JF - Frontiers in psychology / Frontiers Research Foundation KW - vagus nerve stimulation KW - tVNS KW - neuromodulation KW - cognition KW - affective KW - neurobiological Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.694723 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 12 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - GEN A1 - Seelig, Stefan A1 - Risse, Sarah A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Predictive modeling of parafoveal information processing during reading T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Skilled reading requires information processing of the fixated and the not-yet-fixated words to generate precise control of gaze. Over the last 30 years, experimental research provided evidence that word processing is distributed across the perceptual span, which permits recognition of the fixated (foveal) word as well as preview of parafoveal words to the right of fixation. However, theoretical models have been unable to differentiate the specific influences of foveal and parafoveal information on saccade control. Here we show how parafoveal word difficulty modulates spatial and temporal control of gaze in a computational model to reproduce experimental results. In a fully Bayesian framework, we estimated model parameters for different models of parafoveal processing and carried out large-scale predictive simulations and model comparisons for a gaze-contingent reading experiment. We conclude that mathematical modeling of data from gaze-contingent experiments permits the precise identification of pathways from parafoveal information processing to gaze control, uncovering potential mechanisms underlying the parafoveal contribution to eye-movement control. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 728 Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-526665 SN - 1866-8364 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ewert, Christina A1 - Vater, Annika A1 - Schröder-Abé, Michela T1 - Self-compassion and coping BT - a meta-analysis JF - Mindfulness N2 - Objectives: Self-compassion, a positive and caring attitude toward oneself, has been identified as an important correlate of coping in stressful situations. High self-compassion is related to higher use of adaptive and less maladaptive coping in demanding or painful situations. However, estimates of these relations in terms of specific adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies have remained inconclusive. Therefore, the present meta-analysis investigates the relation between self-compassion and different forms of adaptive and maladaptive coping. It also takes into account potential moderators such as age, gender, and regional background. Methods: A systematic literature search resulted in k = 136 samples with an overall sample size of N = 38,913. Random-effects models were used to integrate the z-transformed Pearson correlation coefficients. Results: Analyses yielded a positive correlation between self-compassion and adaptive coping (r = .306) and a negative correlation between self-compassion and maladaptive coping (r = - .500). The association of self-compassion with emotional approach coping was positive (r = .340), as was the association with problem-focused coping (r = .205). Participants' age appeared to be a significant moderator of the relation between self-compassion and coping. Conclusions: Self-compassion is important for understanding the mechanisms involved in coping with stress and demanding life events. The size and direction of correlations depend on the coping strategies considered, with protective effects of self-compassion with respect to maladaptive coping being the most pronounced. Further research should examine the relation between self-compassion and coping in more detail and focus on additional moderators. KW - Meta-analysis KW - Self-compassion KW - Coping KW - Stress regulation Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01563-8 SN - 1868-8527 SN - 1868-8535 VL - 12 IS - 5 SP - 1063 EP - 1077 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Seelig, Stefan A1 - Risse, Sarah A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Predictive modeling of parafoveal information processing during reading JF - Scientific reports N2 - Skilled reading requires information processing of the fixated and the not-yet-fixated words to generate precise control of gaze. Over the last 30 years, experimental research provided evidence that word processing is distributed across the perceptual span, which permits recognition of the fixated (foveal) word as well as preview of parafoveal words to the right of fixation. However, theoretical models have been unable to differentiate the specific influences of foveal and parafoveal information on saccade control. Here we show how parafoveal word difficulty modulates spatial and temporal control of gaze in a computational model to reproduce experimental results. In a fully Bayesian framework, we estimated model parameters for different models of parafoveal processing and carried out large-scale predictive simulations and model comparisons for a gaze-contingent reading experiment. We conclude that mathematical modeling of data from gaze-contingent experiments permits the precise identification of pathways from parafoveal information processing to gaze control, uncovering potential mechanisms underlying the parafoveal contribution to eye-movement control. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92140-z SN - 2045-2322 VL - 11 IS - 1 PB - Nature Portfolio CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schulz, Anika D. A1 - Schöllgen, Ina A1 - Wendsche, Johannes A1 - Fay, Doris A1 - Wegge, Jürgen T1 - The dynamics of social stressors and detachment BT - long term mechanisms impacting well-being JF - International journal of stress management N2 - This study examines the long-term dynamics of social stressors at work, psychological detachment, and their impact on employee well-being. Previous research has shown that social stressors are detrimental for employee well-being and the ability to mentally detach from work. However, longitudinal studies in this field are scarce, and typically, they only explore whether the level of stressors, or of detachment, at a given point in time has an effect on outcomes. That stressors and detachment may change over time, and that this change may have an independent effect in the process, has rarely been taken into consideration. Thus, it is unclear to what extent long-term dynamic effects also play a role in these relations. To address this question, we investigated whether change in detachment explains the long-term indirect relationship of change in perceived social stressors with change in emotional exhaustion and mental well-being. Data were taken from a longitudinal study of N = 246 registered nurses with up to 3 measurements over 1 year. Analyses were conducted with latent difference scores using a proportional change model. Results revealed that a decline in psychological detachment mediated the long-term effects of increases in social stressors at the workplace on subsequent change in emotional exhaustion and mental well-being. Thus, our study provides initial evidence for the underlying long-term dynamic nature of relationships among social stressors, detachment, and employee well-being, highlighting the incremental explanatory power of change in social stressors and in detachment, above and beyond their respective levels, in predicting change in well-being. KW - psychological detachment KW - job stress KW - emotional exhaustion KW - well-being KW - longitudinal study Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000216 SN - 1072-5245 SN - 1573-3424 VL - 28 IS - 3 SP - 207 EP - 219 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Spinath, Birgit A1 - Elsner, Birgit T1 - How-to für M.Sc. Psychologie-Studiengänge BT - Empfehlungen und Ressourcen BT - Recommendations and resources JF - Psychologische Rundschau : offizielles Organ der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie N2 - Aufgrund der Neuregelung der Psychotherapieausbildung dürften derzeit an fast allen Psychologie-Ausbildungsstandorten die Beratungen über zukünftige Masterstudiengänge in vollem Gang sein. Da die Ausgestaltung der Studiengänge für unser Fach von großer Bedeutung ist, haben DGPs und Fakultätentag zahlreiche Empfehlungen gegeben, die dazu beitragen sollen, dass sich das Psychologie-Studium auch zukünftig an geteilten Standards orientiert. Basierend auf Beratungen in der DGPs-Kommission „Studium und Lehre“ stellt der vorliegende Beitrag die zentralen Empfehlungen und Ressourcen in übersichtlicher Form zusammen und liefert so ein How-to für die Konzeption psychologischer Masterstudiengänge. Gleichzeitig werden die wichtigsten Argumente für die Empfehlungen dargelegt. T2 - How-to for M.Sc. Psychology Courses Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1026/0033-3042/a000538 SN - 0033-3042 SN - 2190-6238 VL - 72 IS - 2 SP - 150 EP - 153 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kawasaki, Yui A1 - Akamatsu, Rie A1 - Fujiwara, Yoko A1 - Omori, Mika A1 - Sugawara, Masumi A1 - Yamazaki, Yoko A1 - Matsumoto, Satoko A1 - Iwakabe, Shigeru A1 - Kobayashi, Tetsuyuki T1 - Is mindful eating sustainable and healthy? BT - a focus on nutritional intake, food consumption, and plant-based dietary patterns among lean and normal-weight female university students in Japan JF - Eating and weight disorders : studies on anorexia, bulimia and obesity N2 - Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the correlation between mindful eating and nutritional intake, food consumption, and healthful and unhealthful plant-based dietary patterns in young Japanese women. Methods: The sample comprised 215 female undergraduates who responded to a two-questionnaire anonymous survey conducted in Tokyo, Japan in 2018 and 2019 from November to December. We measured mindful eating status using the Expanded Mindful Eating Scale (EMES) and used Japanese plant-based dietary indices to determine plant-based dietary patterns. Partial correlation analyses were conducted to determine the correlation of mindful eating with energy and nutrient intake, food consumption, and plant-based dietary patterns, after adjusting for demographics and body mass index. Results: Participants with higher sub-scores in "health of the planet" and "awareness and appreciation for food" ate higher quantities of several micronutrients and plant-based foods and were more likely to have a healthful plant-based dietary pattern. They were also less likely to have an unhealthful plant-based dietary pattern. In contrast, participants with higher scores in "non-judgmental awareness" ate less protein, whole grains, and vegetables, and were likely to have an unhealthful plant-based dietary pattern. Conclusion: This study is the first to show that young Japanese women with normal or lean body weight were more likely to consume healthful plant-based foods when they ate mindfully. Level V: Opinions of respected authorities, based on descriptive studies, narrative reviews, clinical experience, or reports of expert committees. KW - Mindful eating KW - Dietary intake KW - Sustainability KW - Plant-based diet KW - Undergraduate students Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-020-01093-1 SN - 1590-1262 VL - 26 IS - 7 SP - 2183 EP - 2199 PB - Springer International Publ. CY - Cham ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kawasaki, Yui A1 - Akamatsu, Rie A1 - Fujiwara, Yoko A1 - Omori, Mika A1 - Sugawara, Masumi A1 - Yamazaki, Yoko A1 - Matsumoto, Satoko A1 - Iwakabe, Shigeru A1 - Kobayashi, Tetsuyuki T1 - Later chronotype is associated with unhealthful plant-based diet quality in young Japanese women JF - Appetite : multidisciplinary research on eating and drinking N2 - Background: Having a late chronotype, that is, the tendency to go to sleep and wake up at later hours, influences an individual's physical and mental health. Despite a few studies noting the association of chronotype with healthy dietary patterns, this relationship remains unclear. Purpose: This study aimed to describe the association of chronotype with healthful and unhealthful plant-based diet quality in female Japanese undergraduate students. Design: Cross-sectional. Participants and setting: A total of 218 female university students in Tokyo, Japan. Main outcome measures: Healthful and unhealthful plant-based dietary index-Japanese version (hPDI-J and uPDIJ), calculated using the validated brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire. Statistical analyses performed: A five-model stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was conducted. Independent variables were hPDI-J and uPDI-J scores, and dependent variables were various lifestyle habits related to the circadian rhythm and demographic characteristics. Results: Mean (standard deviation) sleep duration, midpoint of sleep, sleep latency time, and social jetlag were 411 (60) min, 03:56 (00:57), 21 (27) min, and 50 (39) min, respectively. Chronotype and several variables, such as residential status, energy and alcohol intake, and nutritional knowledge, were associated with healthful and unhealthful plant-based diet quality. Individuals who had higher hPDI-J scores were more likely to have an earlier chronotype (13 = -0.168, P = 0.019) and better nutritional knowledge (13 = 0.164, P = 0.022) than those with lower hPDI-J scores. Individuals were more likely to have higher uPDI-J scores if they were living alone (13 = -0.301, P < 0.001), had a later chronotype (13 = 0.181, P = 0.001), higher frequency of snacking (13 = 0.164, P = 0.019), lower total energy (13 = -0.445, P < 0.001), and worse nutritional knowledge (13 = -0.172, P = 0.001). Conclusion: This study provided new evidence as to the relationship between sleep and dietary habits, the interaction of which may affect women's health. KW - Chronotype KW - Plant-based diet KW - Sustainability KW - University students KW - Female Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2021.105468 SN - 0195-6663 SN - 1095-8304 VL - 166 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kwarikunda, Diana A1 - Schiefele, Ulrich A1 - Ssenyonga, Joseph A1 - Muwonge, Charles Magoba T1 - Secondary school students’ motivation profiles for physics learning BT - Relations with cognitive learning strategies, gender, attitudes and individual interest JF - African journal of research in mathematics, science and technology education : official journal of the Southern African Association for Research in Mathematics, Science and Technology Education N2 - For efficient and effective pedagogical interventions to address Uganda's alarmingly poor performance in Physics, it is vital to understand students' motivation patterns for Physics learning. Latent profile analysis (LPA)-a person-centred approach-can be used to investigate these motivation patterns. Using a three-step approach to LPA, we sought to answer the following research questions: RQ1, which profiles of secondary school students exist with regards to their motivation for Physics learning; RQ2, are there differences in students' cognitive learning strategies in the identified profiles; and RQ3, does students' gender, attitudes, and individual interest predict membership in these profiles? The sample comprised 934 Grade 9 students from eight secondary schools in Uganda. Data were collected using standardised questionnaires. Six motivational profiles were identified: (i) low-quantity motivation profile (101 students; 10.8%); (ii) moderate-quantity motivation profile (246 students; 26.3%); (iii) high-quantity motivation profile (365 students; 39.1%); (iv) primarily intrinsically motivated profile (60 students, 6.4%); (v) mostly extrinsically motivated profile (88 students, 9.4%); and (vi) grade-introjected profile (74 students, 7.9%). Low-quantity and grade-introjected motivated students mostly used surface learning strategies whilst the high-quantity and primarily intrinsically motivated students used deep learning strategies. Lastly, unlike gender, individual interest and students' attitudes towards Physics learning predicted profile membership. Teachers should provide an interesting autonomous Physics classroom climate and give students clear instructions in self-reliant behaviours that promote intrinsic motivation. KW - Motivation profiles KW - physics learning KW - latent profile analysis Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/18117295.2021.1956720 SN - 1028-8457 VL - 25 IS - 2 SP - 197 EP - 210 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - D'Agostini, Martina A1 - Burger, Andreas M. A1 - Franssen, Mathijs A1 - Claes, Nathalie A1 - Weymar, Mathias A1 - Leupoldt, Andreas von A1 - Van Diest, Ilse T1 - Effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on reversal learning, tonic pupil size, salivary alpha-amylase, and cortisol JF - Psychophysiology : journal of the Society for Psychophysiological Research N2 - This study investigated whether transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) enhances reversal learning and augments noradrenergic biomarkers (i.e., pupil size, cortisol, and salivary alpha-amylase [sAA]). We also explored the effect of taVNS on respiratory rate and cardiac vagal activity (CVA). Seventy-one participants received stimulation of either the cymba concha (taVNS) or the earlobe (sham) of the left ear. After learning a series of cue-outcome associations, the stimulation was applied before and throughout a reversal phase in which cue-outcome associations were changed for some (reversal), but not for other (distractor) cues. Tonic pupil size, salivary cortisol, sAA, respiratory rate, and CVA were assessed at different time points. Contrary to our hypothesis, taVNS was not associated with an overall improvement in performance on the reversal task. Compared to sham, the taVNS group performed worse for distractor than reversal cues. taVNS did not increase tonic pupil size and sAA. Only post hoc analyses indicated that the cortisol decline was steeper in the sham compared to the taVNS group. Exploratory analyses showed that taVNS decreased respiratory rate but did not affect CVA. The weak and unexpected effects found in this study might relate to the lack of parameters optimization for taVNS and invite to further investigate the effect of taVNS on cortisol and respiratory rate. KW - cortisol KW - noradrenaline KW - pupillometry KW - reversal learning KW - salivary KW - alpha-amylase KW - transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.13885 SN - 1469-8986 SN - 1540-5958 VL - 58 IS - 10 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Malden, Mass. [u.a.] ER -