TY - JOUR A1 - Kotha, Sreeram Reddy A1 - Weatherill, Graeme A1 - Bindi, Dino A1 - Cotton, Fabrice T1 - Near-source magnitude scaling of spectral accelerations BT - analysis and update of Kotha et al. (2020) model JF - Bulletin of earthquake engineering : official publication of the European Association for Earthquake Engineering N2 - Ground-motion models (GMMs) are often used to predict the random distribution of Spectral accelerations (SAs) at a site due to a nearby earthquake. In probabilistic seismic hazard and risk assessment, large earthquakes occurring close to a site are considered as critical scenarios. GMMs are expected to predict realistic SAs with low within-model uncertainty (sigma(mu)) for such rare scenarios. However, the datasets used to regress GMMs are usually deficient of data from critical scenarios. The (Kotha et al., A Regionally Adaptable Ground-Motion Model for Shallow Crustal Earthquakes in Europe Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 18:4091-4125, 2020) GMM developed from the Engineering strong motion (ESM) dataset was found to predict decreasing short-period SAs with increasing M-W >= M-h = 6.2, and with large sigma(mu) at near-source distances <= 30km. In this study, we updated the parametrisation of the GMM based on analyses of ESM and the Near source strong motion (NESS) datasets. With M-h = 5.7, we could rectify the M-W scaling issue, while also reducing sigma(mu). at M-W >= M-h. We then evaluated the GMM against NESS data, and found that the SAs from a few large, thrust-faulting events in California, New Zealand, Japan, and Mexico are significantly higher than GMM median predictions. However, recordings from these events were mostly made on soft-soil geology, and contain anisotropic pulse-like effects. A more thorough non-ergodic treatment of NESS was not possible because most sites sampled unique events in very diverse tectonic environments. We provide an updated set of GMM coefficients,sigma(mu), and heteroscedastic variance models; while also cautioning against its application for M-W <= 4 in low-moderate seismicity regions without evaluating the homogeneity of M-W estimates between pan-European ESM and regional datasets. KW - Ground-motion model KW - Spectral accelerations KW - Magnitude scalin KW - Near-source saturation KW - Within-model uncertainty KW - Heteroscedastic KW - variability Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01308-5 SN - 1570-761X SN - 1573-1456 VL - 20 IS - 3 SP - 1343 EP - 1370 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Dosdall, Henrik ED - Heinlein, Michael ED - Dimbath, Oliver T1 - Rationalistische Zerrbilder BT - Konsequenz- und Angemessenheitslogik in Katastrophenerinnerungen am Beispiel der NSU-Untersuchungsberichte T2 - Katastrophen zwischen sozialem Erinnern und Vergessen N2 - Eine zentrale Problematik in der Analyse von Katastrophen liegt darin, dass sich katastrophale Ereignisse nur schwer in ihrem Entstehen beobachten lassen, da sie kaum prognostizierbar sind und sich aus diesem Grund oft einer direkten Beobachtung entziehen. Dies trifft erkennbar auf technische Unfälle zu, aber natürlich auch auf katastrophale Ereignisse abseits technischer Systeme – und dies obgleich der überwiegenden Mehrheit solcher Ereignisse eine relativ lange Inkubationszeit vorausgeht (Turner 1976, 1978; Vaughan 1996). Aber auch ungeachtet dieser Problematik ließe sich zurecht fragen, wie gut sich Finanzkrisen, Flugzeugabstürze oder das Versagen polizeilicher Ermittlungen der Position einer singulären Beobachterin oder eines singulären Beobachters erschließen. Y1 - 2020 SN - 978-3-658-28932-4 SN - 978-3-658-28933-1 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-28933-1_5 SP - 111 EP - 134 PB - Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Neusser, David A1 - Sun, Bowen A1 - Tan, Wen Liang A1 - Thomsen, Lars A1 - Schultz, Thorsten A1 - Perdigon-Toro, Lorena A1 - Koch, Norbert A1 - Shoaee, Safa A1 - McNeill, Christopher R. A1 - Neher, Dieter A1 - Ludwigs, Sabine T1 - Spectroelectrochemically determined energy levels of PM6:Y6 blends and their relevance to solar cell performance JF - Journal of materials chemistry : C, Materials for optical and electronic devices N2 - Recent advances in organic solar cell performance have been mainly driven forward by combining high-performance p-type donor-acceptor copolymers (e.g.PM6) and non-fullerene small molecule acceptors (e.g.Y6) as bulk-heterojunction layers. A general observation in such devices is that the device performance, e.g., the open-circuit voltage, is strongly dependent on the processing solvent. While the morphology is a typically named key parameter, the energetics of donor-acceptor blends are equally important, but less straightforward to access in the active multicomponent layer. Here, we propose to use spectral onsets during electrochemical cycling in a systematic spectroelectrochemical study of blend films to access the redox behavior and the frontier orbital energy levels of the individual compounds. Our study reveals that the highest occupied molecular orbital offset (Delta E-HOMO) in PM6:Y6 blends is similar to 0.3 eV, which is comparable to the binding energy of Y6 excitons and therefore implies a nearly zero driving force for the dissociation of Y6 excitons. Switching the PM6 orientation in the blend films from face-on to edge-on in bulk has only a minor influence on the positions of the energy levels, but shows significant differences in the open circuit voltage of the device. We explain this phenomenon by the different interfacial molecular orientations, which are known to affect the non-radiative decay rate of the charge-transfer state. We compare our results to ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy data, which shows distinct differences in the HOMO offsets in the PM6:Y6 blend compared to neat films. This highlights the necessity to measure the energy levels of the individual compounds in device-relevant blend films. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/d2tc01918c SN - 2050-7526 SN - 2050-7534 VL - 10 IS - 32 SP - 11565 EP - 11578 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dosdall, Henrik T1 - Attraktivität und Gleichstellung in Militärorganisationen BT - zum organisierten Umgang der Bundeswehr mit dem Gleichstellungsrecht JF - Der moderne Staat N2 - Der Artikel analysiert aus organisationssoziologischer Perspektive wie die Bundeswehr Gleichstellungsrecht umsetzt. Das zentrale Argument lautet, dass die Bundeswehr das Gleichstellungsrecht managerialisiert, indem sie institutionalisierte Praktiken adaptiert, die es erlauben, das Gleichstellungsrecht für den Zweck der Personalgewinnung auszudeuten. Die Adaption dieser Praktiken wird maßgeblich dadurch begünstigt, dass sich das Gleichstellungsrecht als Lösung mit dem Problem der zukünftigen Personalgewinnung verknüpfen lässt, nachdem die Bundesregierung die Wehrpflicht aussetzte und beschloss, die Bundeswehr wieder zu vergrößern. Der beschriebene Prozess führt auch dazu, dass die Bundeswehr in der Umsetzung des Gleichstellungsrechtes zunehmend großen Unternehmen ähnlicher wird. Insgesamt leistet die vorliegende Studie einen Beitrag zur Analyse der Beziehung staatlicher Organisationen zu ihrer rechtlichen Umwelt. N2 - The article analyzes from an organization theoretical perspective how bureaucratic state organizations adapt equality law by example of the German military, the Bundeswehr. The main argument is that the Bundeswehr managerializes equality law by adapting institutionalized practices to harness equality law for the purpose of winning future employees. Two processes enable this managerialization: the end of conscription and the political decision to increase the size of the Bundeswehr. In the process of this institutional isomorphism, the Bundeswehr becomes increasingly similar to the way companies make use of equality law for their purposes. KW - Organisation KW - Managerialisierung KW - Gleichstellungsrecht KW - Bundeswehr KW - institutionelle Isomorphie KW - organization KW - managerialization KW - equality law KW - institutional isomorphism Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3224/dms.v14i2.01 SN - 1865-7192 SN - 2196-1395 VL - 14 IS - 2 SP - 455 EP - 472 PB - Barbara Budrich CY - Leverkusen-Opladen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zielhofer, Christoph A1 - Schmidt, Johannes A1 - Reiche, Niklas A1 - Tautenhahn, Marie A1 - Ballasus, Helen A1 - Burkart, Michael A1 - Linstädter, Anja A1 - Dietze, Elisabeth A1 - Kaiser, Knut A1 - Mehler, Natascha T1 - The lower Havel River Region (Brandenburg, Germany) BT - a 230-Year-Long historical map record indicates a decrease in surface water areas and groundwater levels JF - Water N2 - Instrumental data show that the groundwater and lake levels in Northeast Germany have decreased over the past decades, and this process has accelerated over the past few years. In addition to global warming, the direct influence of humans on the local water balance is suspected to be the cause. Since the instrumental data usually go back only a few decades, little is known about the multidecadal to centennial-scale trend, which also takes long-term climate variation and the long-term influence by humans on the water balance into account. This study aims to quantitatively reconstruct the surface water areas in the Lower Havel Inner Delta and of adjacent Lake Gulpe in Brandenburg. The analysis includes the calculation of surface water areas from historical and modern maps from 1797 to 2020. The major finding is that surface water areas have decreased by approximately 30% since the pre-industrial period, with the decline being continuous. Our data show that the comprehensive measures in Lower Havel hydro-engineering correspond with groundwater lowering that started before recent global warming. Further, large-scale melioration measures with increasing water demands in the upstream wetlands beginning from the 1960s to the 1980s may have amplified the decline in downstream surface water areas. KW - long-term hydrological changes KW - historical maps KW - review of written KW - sources KW - preindustrial to industrial period KW - hydro-engineering history; KW - effects of global warming KW - drying trend KW - wetlands KW - drainage works to KW - create cropland KW - Lower Havel River Region KW - Brandenburg KW - Germany Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/w14030480 SN - 2073-4441 VL - 14 IS - 3 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bersalli, Germán A1 - Tröndle, Tim A1 - Heckmann, Leon A1 - Lilliestam, Johan T1 - Economic crises as critical junctures for policy and structural changes towards decarbonization BT - the cases of Spain and Germany JF - Climate policy N2 - Crises may act as tipping points for decarbonization pathways by triggering structural economic change or offering windows of opportunity for policy change. We investigate both types of effects of the global financial and COVID-19 crises on decarbonization in Spain and Germany through a quantitative Kaya-decomposition analysis of CO2 emissions and through a qualitative review of climate and energy policy changes. We show that the global financial crisis resulted in a critical juncture for Spanish CO2 emissions due to the combined effects of the deep economic recession and crisis-induced structural change, resulting in reductions in carbon and energy intensities and shifts in the economic structure. However, the crisis also resulted in a rollback of renewable energy policy, halting progress in the transition to green electricity. The impacts were less pronounced in Germany, where pre-existing decarbonization and policy trends continued after the crisis. Recovery packages had modest effects, primarily due to their temporary nature and the limited share of climate-related spending. The direct short-term impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on CO2 emissions were more substantial in Spain than in Germany. The policy responses in both countries sought to align short-term economic recovery with the long-term climate change goals of decarbonization, but it is too soon to observe their lasting effects. Our findings show that crises can affect structural change and support decarbonization but suggest that such effects depend on pre-existing trends, the severity of the crisis and political manoeuvring during the crisis. KW - COVID-19 KW - climate policy KW - decarbonization KW - structural change KW - economic crisis KW - green recovery Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2024.2301750 SN - 1469-3062 VL - 24 IS - 3 SP - 410 EP - 427 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stelbrink, Björn A1 - von Rintelen, Thomas A1 - Richter, Kirsten A1 - Finstermeier, Knut A1 - Frahnert, Sylke A1 - Cracraft, Joel A1 - Hofreiter, Michael T1 - Insights into the geographical origin and phylogeographical patterns of Paradisaea birds-of-paradise JF - Zoological journal of the Linnean Society N2 - Birds-of-paradise represent a textbook example for geographical speciation and sexual selection. Perhaps the most iconic genus is Paradisaea, which is restricted to New Guinea and a few surrounding islands. Although several species concepts have been applied in the past to disentangle the different entities within this genus, no attempt has been made so far to uncover phylogeographical patterns based on a genetic dataset that includes multiple individuals per species. Here, we applied amplicon sequencing for the mitochondrial fragment Cytb for a total of 69 museum specimens representing all seven Paradisaea species described and inferred both phylogenetic relationships and colonization pathways across the island. Our analyses show that the most recent common ancestor of the diverging lineages within Paradisaea probably originated in the Late Miocene in the eastern part of the Central Range and suggest that tectonic processes played a key role in shaping the diversification and distribution of species. All species were recovered as monophyletic, except for those within the apoda-minor-raggiana clade, which comprises the allopatric and parapatric species P. apoda, P. minor and P. raggiana. The comparatively young divergence times, together with possible instances of mitochondrial introgression and incomplete lineage sorting, suggest recent speciation in this clade. KW - amplicon sequencing KW - Cytb KW - historical DNA KW - molecular clock KW - molecular phylogeny KW - museomics KW - New Guinea KW - Paradisaeidae Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac010 SN - 0024-4082 SN - 1096-3642 VL - 196 IS - 4 SP - 1394 EP - 1407 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yadav, Anshul A1 - Sen, Sumit A1 - Mao, Luca A1 - Schwanghart, Wolfgang T1 - Evaluation of flow resistance equations for high gradient rivers using geometric standard deviation of bed material JF - Journal of hydrology N2 - A dataset of 2184 field measurements reported in the literature was used to evaluate the predictive capability of eight conventional flow resistance equations to predict the mean flow velocity in gravel-bed rivers. The results reveal considerable disagreement with the observed flow velocities for relative submergence less than 4 and for the non-uniformity of the bed material greater than 7.5 for all the equations. However, the predictions made using the Smart and Jaggi (1983), Ferguson (2007), and Rickenmann and Recking (2011) equations were closer to the observed values. Furthermore, bedload sediment transport also reduces the predictive capability of the equations considered in this study except for the Recking et al. (2008) equation, which was developed consid- ering active bedload transport. The performance of flow resistance equations improves when corrected by considering the geometric standard deviation of the bed material. Here we present an empirical approach using the whole dataset and its subsets for accounting for the additional energy losses occurring due to the wake vortices, spill losses, and free surface instabilities occurring due to the protrusions from the bed. The results obtained using the validation dataset shows the importance and usefulness of this approach to account for the additional energy losses, especially for the Strickler (1923) and Keulegan (1938) equations. KW - Flow resistance KW - Relative submergence KW - Non-uniformity KW - Microtopography KW - Bedload sediment transport Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.127292 SN - 0022-1694 SN - 1879-2707 VL - 605 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Merz, Bruno A1 - Basso, Stefano A1 - Fischer, Svenja A1 - Lun, David A1 - Bloeschl, Guenter A1 - Merz, Ralf A1 - Guse, Bjorn A1 - Viglione, Alberto A1 - Vorogushyn, Sergiy A1 - Macdonald, Elena A1 - Wietzke, Luzie A1 - Schumann, Andreas T1 - Understanding heavy tails of flood peak distributions JF - Water resources research N2 - Statistical distributions of flood peak discharge often show heavy tail behavior, that is, extreme floods are more likely to occur than would be predicted by commonly used distributions that have exponential asymptotic behavior. This heavy tail behavior may surprise flood managers and citizens, as human intuition tends to expect light tail behavior, and the heaviness of the tails is very difficult to predict, which may lead to unnecessarily high flood damage. Despite its high importance, the literature on the heavy tail behavior of flood distributions is rather fragmented. In this review, we provide a coherent overview of the processes causing heavy flood tails and the implications for science and practice. Specifically, we propose nine hypotheses on the mechanisms causing heavy tails in flood peak distributions related to processes in the atmosphere, the catchment, and the river system. We then discuss to which extent the current knowledge supports or contradicts these hypotheses. We also discuss the statistical conditions for the emergence of heavy tail behavior based on derived distribution theory and relate them to the hypotheses and flood generation mechanisms. We review the degree to which the heaviness of the tails can be predicted from process knowledge and data. Finally, we recommend further research toward testing the hypotheses and improving the prediction of heavy tails. KW - extreme events KW - flood frequency KW - flood risk KW - upper tail Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR030506 SN - 0043-1397 SN - 1944-7973 VL - 58 IS - 6 PB - American Geophysical Union CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Andreev, Andrei A1 - Nazarova, Larisa B. A1 - Lenz, Marlene M. A1 - Böhmer, Thomas A1 - Syrykh, Ludmila A1 - Wagner, Bernd A1 - Melles, Martin A1 - Pestryakova, Luidmila A. A1 - Herzschuh, Ulrike T1 - Late Quaternary paleoenvironmental reconstructions from sediments of Lake Emanda (Verkhoyansk Mountains, East Siberia) JF - Journal of quaternary science : JQS N2 - Continuous pollen and chironomid records from Lake Emanda (65 degrees 17'N, 135 degrees 45'E) provide new insights into the Late Quaternary environmental history of the Yana Highlands (Yakutia). Larch forest with shrubs (alders, pines, birches) dominated during the deposition of the lowermost sediments suggesting its Early Weichselian [Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5] age. Pollen- and chironomid-based climate reconstructions suggest July temperatures (T-July) slightly lower than modern. Gradually increasing amounts of herb pollen and cold stenotherm chironomid head capsules reflect cooler and drier environments, probably during the termination of MIS 5. T-July dropped to 8 degrees C. Mostly treeless vegetation is reconstructed during MIS 3. Tundra and steppe communities dominated during MIS 2. Shrubs became common after similar to 14.5 ka BP but herb-dominated habitats remained until the onset of the Holocene. Larch forests with shrub alder and dwarf birch dominated after the Holocene onset, ca. 11.7 ka BP. Decreasing amounts of shrub pollen during the Lateglacial are assigned to the Older Dryas and Younger Dryas with T-July similar to 7.5 degrees C. T-July increased up to 13 degrees C. Shrub stone pine was present after similar to 7.5 ka BP. The vegetation has been similar to modern since ca. 5.8 ka BP. Chironomid diversity and concentration in the sediments increased towards the present day, indicating the development of richer hydrobiological communities in response to the Holocene thermal maximum. KW - chironomids KW - environmental reconstructions KW - Late Quaternary KW - pollen Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.3419 SN - 0267-8179 SN - 1099-1417 VL - 37 IS - 5 SP - 884 EP - 899 PB - Wiley CY - New York, NY [u.a.] ER - TY - GEN A1 - Brosius-Gersdorf, Frauke T1 - Funktionsgerechte Krankenhausfinanzierung und Krankenhausreform BT - staatliche Krankenhausfinanzierung auf dem Prüfstand des Krankenhausfinanzierungsgesetzes, des Grundgesetzes und des EU-Beihilferechts N2 - 1. Der Staat ist nach dem Krankenhausfinanzierungsgesetz und dem Grundgesetz zur funktionsgerechten Finanzierung der in den Krankenhausplan eines Landes aufgenommenen (Plan-)Krankenhäuser verpflichtet. Um die Versorgung der Bevölkerung mit Krankenhausbehandlung sicherzustellen, müssen die Länder sämtliche bei wirtschaftlicher Betriebsführung notwendigen Investitionskosten der Plankrankenhäuser decken (§ 1 Abs. 1, § 4 Nr. 1, § 9 Abs. 5 KHG, Art. 12 Abs. 1 GG). Es gilt das Kostendeckungsprinzip. Die Sozialleistungsträger müssen Krankenhäuser durch leistungsgerechte Erlöse aus den Pflegesätzen wirtschaftlich sichern (§ 1 Abs. 1, § 4 Nr. 2 KHG, Art. 12 Abs. 1 GG). 2. Die Vergütung der Krankenhäuser durch die Sozialleistungsträger ist unzureichend. Die Fallpauschalen des DRG-Systems bleiben hinter dem zur Betriebskostenfinanzierung erforderlichen Maß zurück, weil die anhaltenden Preissteigerungen in den Landesbasisfallwerten nicht ausreichend berücksichtigt sind. 3. Die Länder kommen ihrer gesetzlichen und verfassungsrechtlichen Verpflichtung zur Übernahme der notwendigen Investitionskosten der Plankrankenhäuser seit vielen Jahren ungenügend nach. 4. Vor allem Kommunen, aber auch Länder gewähren staatlichen Krankenhäusern Ausgleichsleistungen wie Jahresfehlbetragsdeckungen, Investitions- und Betriebskostenzuschüsse, Eigenkapitalerhöhungen, zinsvergünstigte Darlehen, kostenfreie Bürgschaften und Liquiditätshilfen (sog. Defizitausgleich). Eine weitere Form des selektiven Defizitausgleichs ist die Übernahme der Kosten von Entlastungstarifverträgen staatlicher Kliniken durch Länder. Freigemeinnützige und private Krankenhäuser erhalten bislang keinen solchen Defizitausgleich. 5. Der selektive Defizitausgleich eines Landes nur für staatliche Krankenhäuser verstößt gegen das gesetzliche (§ 1 Abs. 2 S. 1 und 2 KHG) und verfassungsrechtliche (Art. 12 Abs. 1 i.V.m. Art. 3 Abs. 1 GG) Gebot der Gleichbehandlung der Plankrankenhäuser (Prinzip der Trägervielfalt). Er ist des halb rechts- und verfassungswidrig. 6. Ein selektiver Defizitausgleich von Kommunen nur für eigene (kommunale) Krankenhäuser verstößt gegen das landesgesetzliche Prinzip der Trägervielfalt und das Gleichbehandlungsgebot des Art. 3 Abs. 1 GG und ist somit unzulässig. 7. Auf eigene Krankenhäuser beschränkte Ausgleichsleistungen von Kommunen oder Ländern sind eine unzulässige Beihilfe i.S.d. Art. 107 Abs. 1 AEUV und deshalb unvereinbar mit dem EU-Beihilferecht. Das gilt sowohl, wenn staatliche Krankenhäuser Ausgleichsleistungen für die Versorgung der Bevölkerung mit Krankenhausbehandlung (s. § 109 Abs. 1 S. 1 und 2, Abs. 4 S. 2 SGB V) erhalten, als auch, wenn der Ausgleich „Gegenleistung“ für eine hoheitlich auferlegte Betriebspflicht ist. Eine wirksame Durchsetzung des EU-Beihilferechts und effektiver Rechtsschutz für nicht begünstigte freigemeinnützige und private Krankenhäuser erfordern Transparenz und eine entsprechende Veröffentlichung der Betrauungsakte der Länder und Kommunen. 8. Ein Defizitausgleich für alle in den Krankenhausplan eines Landes aufgenommenen (Plan-)Krankenhäuser ist beihilferechtlich zulässig. Da sämtliche Plankrankenhäuser Dienstleistungen von allgemeinem wirtschaftlichen Interesse (DAWI) erbringen (gesetzliche Pflicht zur Versorgung der Bevölkerung mit Krankenhausbehandlung), müssen sie nach dem EU-Beihilferecht bei staatlichen Ausgleichsleistungen für die Erfüllung der Versorgungspflicht gleichbehandelt werden. Art. 107 Abs. 1 AEUV ist entsprochen, wenn entweder ein selektiver Defizitausgleich für staatliche Plankrankenhäuser unterbleibt bzw. aufgehoben und rückabgewickelt wird oder alle – staatlichen, freigemeinnützigen und privaten Plankrankenhäuser – gleichgefördert werden. 9. Diese nach dem EU-Beihilferecht bestehende Wahlmöglichkeit kann den Ländern nach nationalem Recht verschlossen sein. Ein Ausgleich der Länder für Investitionskosten ist prinzipiell erforderlich, um der gesetzlichen Verpflichtung aus § 1 Abs. 1, § 4 Nr. 1, § 9 Abs. 5 KHG nachzukommen und die notwendigen Investitionskosten der Plankrankenhäuser unter Beachtung betriebswirtschaftlicher Grundsätze zu decken. Freigemeinnützige und private Krankenhäuser haben Anspruch auf Ausgleichsleistungen zur Investitionskostendeckung bereits wegen des gesetzlichen Gebots funktionsgerechter Finanzierung (§ 8 Abs. 1 S. 1 KHG) und aus ihrem Grundrecht der Berufsfreiheit (Art. 12 Abs. 1 GG). Ihnen kann dieser Anspruch aber auch wegen des gesetzlichen und verfassungsrechtlichen Gebots der Gleichbehandlung zustehen. Gewähren die Länder staatlichen Plankrankenhäusern bei wirtschaftlicher Betriebsführung Ausgleichsleistungen, um ihrer Verpflichtung zur Übernahme notwendiger Investitionskosten nachzukommen, müssen sie freigemeinnützigen und privaten Plankrankenhäusern nach dem Gleichbehandlungsgebot einen entsprechenden Ausgleich zahlen (§ 8 Abs. 1 S. 1 i.V.m. § 1 Abs. 2 S. 1 und 2 KHG, Art. 12 Abs. 1 i.V.m. Art. 3 Abs. 1 GG). Einer nach nationalem Recht gebotenen, gleichen Förderung aller Plankrankenhäuser steht das EU-Beihilferecht nicht entgegen. 10. Die Kommunen sind dagegen nach nationalem Recht (über die Krankenhausumlage hinaus) nicht zur Krankenhausfinanzierung verpflichtet. Sie entscheiden gem. Art. 28 Abs. 2 S. 1 GG (Gemeinden) bzw. gem. Art. 28 Abs. 2 S. 2 GG i.V.m. Landeskrankenhausrecht (Gemeindeverbände) eigenverantwortlich, ob und in welchem Umfang sie Plankrankenhäuser unter Beachtung des Wirtschaftlichkeitsgebots finanziell unterstützen (Investitions- und Betriebskosten). Dementsprechend engt das nationale Recht die nach EU-Beihilferecht bestehende Wahlmöglichkeit für Kommunen nicht ein, selektive Ausgleichsleistungen für kommunale Krankenhäuser zu unterlassen bzw. aufzuheben und rückabzuwickeln oder sie so umzugestalten, dass freigemeinnützige und private Plankrankenhäuser die gleiche Förderung erhalten. Scheidet allerdings eine Rückzahlung der von Kommunen an ihre Krankenhäuser gezahlten Finanzmittel wegen tatsächlicher Unmöglichkeit aus, wird dem EU-Beihilferecht nur entsprochen, wenn die Kommunen freigemeinnützige und private Plankrankenhäuser gleichermaßen fördern. 11. Ohne eine Nachzahlung der in den letzten Jahren unterbliebenen Förderung durch die Sozialleistungsträger und die Länder ist die anstehende Krankenhausreform für die Krankenhäuser nicht zu bewältigen. Um die geplante Umstellung auf neue Versorgungslevel und Leistungsgruppen vornehmen und die hiermit verbundenen kostenintensiven Umstrukturierungsprozesse leisten zu können, muss die infolge unzureichender Krankenhausfinanzierung entstandene Unterfinanzierung der Krankenhäuser vor der Reform behoben werden. Die Forderungen nach „Vorschaltgesetzen“ sind daher berechtigt. Y1 - 2023 UR - https://die-katholischen-krankenhaeuser.de/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/2023_11_30_Rechtsgutachten-Funktionsgerechte-Krankenhausfinanzierung.pdf PB - [Verlag nicht ermittelbar] CY - [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krstulović, Marija A1 - Rosa, Angelika D. A1 - Ferreira Sanchez, Dario A1 - Libon, Lélia A1 - Albers, Christian A1 - Merkulova, Margarita A1 - Grolimund, Daniel A1 - Irifune, Tetsuo A1 - Wilke, Max T1 - Effect of temperature on the densification of silicate melts to lower earth's mantle conditions JF - Physics of the earth and planetary interiors N2 - Physical properties of silicate melts play a key role for global planetary dynamics, controlling for example volcanic eruption styles, mantle convection and elemental cycling in the deep Earth. They are significantly modified by structural changes at the atomic scale due to external parameters such as pressure and temperature or due to chemistry. Structural rearrangements such as 4- to 6-fold coordination change of Si with increasing depth may profoundly influence melt properties, but have so far mostly been studied at ambient temperature due to experimental difficulties. In order to investigate the structural properties of silicate melts and their densification mechanisms at conditions relevant to the deep Earth's interior, we studied haplo basaltic glasses and melts (albite-diopside composition) at high pressure and temperature conditions in resistively and laser-heated diamond anvil cells using X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy. Samples were doped with 10 wt% of Ge, which is accessible with this experimental technique and which commonly serves as a structural analogue for the network forming cation Si. We acquired spectra on the Ge K edge up to 48 GPa and 5000 K and derived the average Ge-O coordination number NGe-O, and bond distance RGe-O as functions of pressure. Our results demonstrate a continuous transformation from tetrahedral to octahedral coordination between ca. 5 and 30 GPa at ambient temperature. Above 1600 K the data reveal a reduction of the pressure needed to complete conversion to octahedral coordination by ca. 30 %. The results allow us to determine the influence of temperature on the Si coordination number changes in natural melts in the Earth's interior. We propose that the complete transition to octahedral coordination in basaltic melts is reached at about 40 GPa, corresponding to a depth of ca. 1200 km in the uppermost lower mantle. At the core-mantle boundary (2900 km, 130 GPa, 3000 K) the existence of non-buoyant melts has been proposed to explain observed low seismic wave velocity features. Our results highlight that the melt composition can affect the melt density at such extreme conditions and may strongly influence the structural response. KW - Silicate melts KW - Densification KW - High pressure and high temperature; KW - XANES KW - Coordination number KW - Ultra-low velocity zones Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2021.106823 SN - 0031-9201 SN - 1872-7395 VL - 323 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Verma, Meetu A1 - Matijevič, Gal A1 - Denker, Carsten A1 - Diercke, Andrea A1 - Dineva, Ekaterina Ivanova A1 - Balthasar, Horst A1 - Kamlah, Robert A1 - Kontogiannis, Ioannis A1 - Kuckein, Christoph A1 - Pal, Partha S. T1 - Classification of high-resolution Solar H alpha spectra using t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding JF - The astrophysical journal : an international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics N2 - The H alpha spectral line is a well-studied absorption line revealing properties of the highly structured and dynamic solar chromosphere. Typical features with distinct spectral signatures in H alpha include filaments and prominences, bright active-region plages, superpenumbrae around sunspots, surges, flares, Ellerman bombs, filigree, and mottles and rosettes, among others. This study is based on high-spectral resolution H alpha spectra obtained with the Echelle spectrograph of the Vacuum Tower Telescope (VTT) located at Observatorio del Teide, Tenerife, Spain. The t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) is a machine-learning algorithm, which is used for nonlinear dimensionality reduction. In this application, it projects H alpha spectra onto a two-dimensional map, where it becomes possible to classify the spectra according to results of cloud model (CM) inversions. The CM parameters optical depth, Doppler width, line-of-sight velocity, and source function describe properties of the cloud material. Initial results of t-SNE indicate its strong discriminatory power to separate quiet-Sun and plage profiles from those that are suitable for CM inversions. In addition, a detailed study of various t-SNE parameters is conducted, the impact of seeing conditions on the classification is assessed, results for various types of input data are compared, and the identified clusters are linked to chromospheric features. Although t-SNE proves to be efficient in clustering high-dimensional data, human inference is required at each step to interpret the results. This exploratory study provides a framework and ideas on how to tailor a classification scheme toward specific spectral data and science questions. KW - Solar chromosphere KW - Spectroscopy KW - Radiative transfer KW - Astronomy data KW - analysis KW - Astronomy databases KW - Astrostatistics tools Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abcd95 SN - 1538-4357 VL - 907 IS - 1 PB - Institute of Physics Publ. CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Büchner, Stefanie A1 - Dosdall, Henrik T1 - Organisation und digitale Technologien BT - Predictive Policing im organisationalen Kontext JF - Soziale Systeme N2 - Die Mehrheit aktueller Studien schätzt das Transformationspotenzial digitaler Technologien für Organisationen hoch ein. In Auseinandersetzung mit dieser Einschätzung entwickelt der Artikel eine konzeptionelle organisationssoziologische Perspektive auf das Verhältnis von Organisation und digitalen Technologien. Wir nutzen diese Perspektive, um den Fall des Predictive Policing in Deutschland zu betrachten und die Entscheidung zur Adaption der Technologie, ihre organisationale Situierung sowie die Rolle des Organisationstyps zu diskutieren. Unsere Perspektive führt zu einem zurückhaltenden Urteil über das Transformationspotenzial dieser digitalen Technologie, die wir daher als Reform unter anderen Reformen begreifen. Insgesamt argumentieren wir dafür, Digitalisierung stärker als bisher als heterogenen Prozess zu verstehen. N2 - Most current studies consider the transformation potential of digital technologies to be high. Taking issue with this evaluation, we develop a conceptual perspective rooted in the sociology of organizations on the relation between organizations and digital technologies. Subsequently, we use this perspective to analyze predictive policing in Germany. We examine the decision to adapt predictive policing, the organizational embedding of the technology and the role of police as a distinct organization. Our perspective leads us to judge the transformation potential of the particular digital technology predictive policing with some reservation. From our perspective, predictive policing represents a routine reform. Overall, we argue for an understanding of digitalization as a heterogenous process. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/sosys-2021-0008 SN - 0948-423X SN - 2366-0473 VL - 26 IS - 1-2 SP - 217 EP - 239 PB - De Gruyter Oldenbourg CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Souto-Veiga, Rodrigo A1 - Groeneveld, Juergen A1 - Enright, Neal J. A1 - Fontaine, Joseph B. A1 - Jeltsch, Florian T1 - Declining pollination success reinforces negative climate and fire change impacts in a serotinous, fire-killed plant JF - Plant ecology : an international journal N2 - Climate change projections predict that Mediterranean-type ecosystems (MTEs) are becoming hotter and drier and that fires will become more frequent and severe. While most plant species in these important biodiversity hotspots are adapted to hot, dry summers and recurrent fire, the Interval Squeeze framework suggests that reduced seed production (demographic shift), reduced seedling establishment after fire (post fire recruitment shift), and reduction in the time between successive fires (fire interval shift) will threaten fire killed species under climate change. One additional potential driver of accelerated species decline, however, has not been considered so far: the decrease in pollination success observed in many ecosystems worldwide has the potential to further reduce seed accumulation and thus population persistence also in these already threatened systems. Using the well-studied fire-killed and serotinous shrub species Banksia hookeriana as an example, we apply a new spatially implicit population simulation model to explore population dynamics under past (1988-2002) and current (2003-2017) climate conditions, deterministic and stochastic fire regimes, and alternative scenarios of pollination decline. Overall, model results suggest that while B. hookeriana populations were stable under past climate conditions, they will not continue to persist under current (and prospective future) climate. Negative effects of climatic changes and more frequent fires are reinforced by the measured decline in seed set leading to further reduction in the mean persistence time by 12-17%. These findings clearly indicate that declining pollination rates can be a critical factor that increases further the pressure on the persistence of fire-killed plants. Future research needs to investigate whether other fire-killed species are similarly threatened, and if local population extinction may be compensated by recolonization events, facilitating persistence in spatially structured meta-communities. KW - climate change KW - fire frequency KW - interval squeeze KW - pollination KW - process-based simulation model KW - mediterranean-type ecosystem Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-022-01244-7 SN - 1385-0237 SN - 1573-5052 VL - 223 IS - 7 SP - 863 EP - 881 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ristic, Goran S. A1 - Ilic, Stefan D. A1 - Andjelkovic, Marko S. A1 - Duane, Russell A1 - Palma, Alberto J. A1 - Lalena, Antonio M. A1 - Krstic, Milos D. A1 - Jaksic, Aleksandar B. T1 - Sensitivity and fading of irradiated RADFETs with different gate voltages JF - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A N2 - The radiation-sensitive field-effect transistors (RADFETs) with an oxide thickness of 400 nm are irradiated with gate voltages of 2, 4 and 6 V, and without gate voltage. A detailed analysis of the mechanisms responsible for the creation of traps during irradiation is performed. The creation of the traps in the oxide, near and at the silicon/silicon-dioxide (Si/SiO2) interface during irradiation is modelled very well. This modelling can also be used for other MOS transistors containing SiO2. The behaviour of radiation traps during postirradiation annealing is analysed, and the corresponding functions for their modelling are obtained. The switching traps (STs) do not have significant influence on threshold voltage shift, and two radiation-induced trap types fit the fixed traps (FTs) very well. The fading does not depend on the positive gate voltage applied during irradiation, but it is twice lower in case there is no gate voltage. A new dosimetric parameter, called the Golden Ratio (GR), is proposed, which represents the ratio between the threshold voltage shift after irradiation and fading after spontaneous annealing. This parameter can be useful for comparing MOS dosimeters. KW - pMOS radiation dosimeter KW - RADFETs KW - irradiation KW - sensitivity KW - annealing KW - fading Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2022.166473 SN - 0168-9002 SN - 1872-9576 VL - 1029 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sajedi, Maryam A1 - Krivenkov, Maxim A1 - Marchenko, Dmitry A1 - Sanchez-Barriga, Jaime A1 - Chandran, Anoop K. A1 - Varykhalov, Andrei A1 - Rienks, Emile D. L. A1 - Aguilera, Irene A1 - Blügel, Stefan A1 - Rader, Oliver T1 - Is there a polaron signature in Angle-Resolved Photoemission of CsPbBr3? JF - Physical review letters N2 - The formation of large polarons has been proposed as reason for the high defect tolerance, low mobility, low charge carrier trapping, and low nonradiative recombination rates of lead halide perovskites. Recently, direct evidence for large-polaron formation has been reported from a 50% effective mass enhancement in angle-resolved photoemission of CsPbBr3 over theory for the orthorhombic structure. We present in-depth band dispersion measurements of CsPbBr3 and GW calculations, which lead to similar effective masses at the valence band maximum of 0.203 1 0.016 m0 in experiment and 0.226 m0 in orthorhombic theory. We argue that the effective mass can be explained solely on the basis of electron-electron correlation and largepolaron formation cannot be concluded from photoemission data. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.176405 SN - 0031-9007 SN - 1079-7114 VL - 128 IS - 17 PB - American Physical Society CY - College Park ER - TY - GEN A1 - Fritsch, Nina-Sophie A1 - Berger, Christian A1 - Mader, Katharina T1 - Care work 4.0 BT - die Transformation von bezahlter Sorgearbeit in Zeiten von Digitalisierung und Corona N2 - Care-Berufe verändern sich durch demographische, technologische und wirtschaftliche Entwicklungen. Zuletzt erhöhen auch gesundheitspolitische Herausforderungen und die COVID-19 Maßnahmenpolitik den Druck auf das Sozial- und Gesundheitssystem. Dadurch befindet sich die bezahlte Care-Arbeit im berufsstrukturellen Wandel, d. h. es entstehen neue Bedingungen für und Anforderungen an diese Tätigkeiten, die in Österreich mehrheitlich von Frauen ausgeübt werden. KW - care work KW - digitalization KW - gender KW - social inequality Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/jzxt4 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Kammer für Arbeiter und Angestellte für Wien CY - Wien ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Dosdall, Henrik T1 - Die NSU-Ermittlungen 1998-2011 BT - eine organisationssoziologische Perspektive N2 - Das Buch analysiert die sicherheitsbehördlichen Ermittlungen zu der rechten Terrorgruppe „Nationalsozialistischer Untergrund“ aus einer Routine- und Lernperspektive. Im Fokus stehen die Ermittlungen der thüringischen Sicherheitsbehörden ab 1998 sowie die bundesweiten polizeilichen Ermittlungen ab 2000. Die Analyse zeigt, dass es jeweils organisationale Faktoren waren, die den Misserfolg der Ermittlungen begünstigten: die sicherheitsbehördlichen Ermittlungsroutinen wurden durch Aufmerksamkeitsverschiebungen unsystematisch, durch mikropolitische Konflikte beeinträchtigt und durch vergangene Erfahrungen limitiert, die zu enge Prämissen für gegenwärtige Ermittlungen setzten. Insgesamt verdeutlicht die Studie, dass eine organisationssoziologische Perspektive auf die Ermittlungen einen entscheidenden Beitrag zum Verständnis des NSU-Komplexes bietet. - der Ermittlungsfall NSU erstmal organisationssoziologisch analysisiert - Untersuchung von Führungsfragen und Polizeikultur - theoretischer innovativer Ansatz in der Polizeiforschung KW - Ermittlungen KW - Polizei KW - Suchheuristiken KW - NSU-Komplex KW - Routinen KW - policing Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-3-658-31526-9 SN - 978-3-658-31527-6 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-31527-6 PB - Springer VS CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Blickensdörfer, Lukas A1 - Schwieder, Marcel A1 - Pflugmacher, Dirk A1 - Nendel, Claas A1 - Erasmi, Stefan A1 - Hostert, Patrick T1 - Mapping of crop types and crop sequences with combined time series of Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 data for Germany JF - Remote sensing of environment : an interdisciplinary journal N2 - Monitoring agricultural systems becomes increasingly important in the context of global challenges like climate change, biodiversity loss, population growth, and the rising demand for agricultural products. High-resolution, national-scale maps of agricultural land are needed to develop strategies for future sustainable agriculture. However, the characterization of agricultural land cover over large areas and for multiple years remains challenging due to the locally diverse and temporally variable characteristics of cultivated land. We here propose a workflow for generating national agricultural land cover maps on a yearly basis that accounts for varying environmental conditions. We tested the approach by mapping 24 agricultural land cover classes in Germany for the three years 2017, 2018, and 2019, in which the meteorological conditions strongly differed. We used a random forest classifier and dense time series data from Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 in combination with monthly Sentinel-1 composites and environmental data and evaluated the relative importance of optical, radar, and environmental data. Our results show high overall accuracy and plausible class accuracies for the most dominant crop types across different years despite the strong inter-annual meteorological variability and the presence of drought and nondrought years. The maps show high spatial consistency and good delineation of field parcels. Combining optical, SAR, and environmental data increased overall accuracies by 6% to 10% compared to single sensor approaches, in which optical data outperformed SAR. Overall accuracy ranged between 78% and 80%, and the mapped areas aligned well with agricultural statistics at the regional and national level. Based on the multi-year dataset we mapped major crop sequences of cereals and leaf crops. Most crop sequences were dominated by winter cereals followed by summer cereals. Monocultures of summer cereals were mainly revealed in the Northwest of Germany. We showcased that high spatial and thematic detail in combination with annual mapping will stimulate research on crop cycles and studies to assess the impact of environmental policies on management decisions. Our results demonstrate the capabilities of integrated optical time series and SAR data in combination with variables describing local and seasonal environmental conditions for annual large-area crop type mapping. KW - agricultural land cover KW - analysis-ready data KW - time series KW - large-area mapping KW - optical remote sensing KW - SAR KW - big data KW - multi-sensor Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2021.112831 SN - 0034-4257 SN - 1879-0704 VL - 269 PB - Elsevier CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stauffer, Maxime A1 - Mengesha, Isaak A1 - Seifert, Konrad A1 - Krawczuk, Igor A1 - Fischer, Jens A1 - Serugendo, Giovanna Di Marzo T1 - A computational turn in policy process studies BT - coevolving network dynamics of policy change JF - Complexity N2 - The past three decades of policy process studies have seen the emergence of a clear intellectual lineage with regard to complexity. Implicitly or explicitly, scholars have employed complexity theory to examine the intricate dynamics of collective action in political contexts. However, the methodological counterparts to complexity theory, such as computational methods, are rarely used and, even if they are, they are often detached from established policy process theory. Building on a critical review of the application of complexity theory to policy process studies, we present and implement a baseline model of policy processes using the logic of coevolving networks. Our model suggests that an actor's influence depends on their environment and on exogenous events facilitating dialogue and consensus-building. Our results validate previous opinion dynamics models and generate novel patterns. Our discussion provides ground for further research and outlines the path for the field to achieve a computational turn. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8210732 SN - 1076-2787 SN - 1099-0526 VL - 2022 PB - Wiley-Hindawi CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Präg, Patrick A1 - Fritsch, Nina-Sophie A1 - Richards, Lindsay T1 - Intragenerational social mobility and well-being in Great Britain BT - a biomarker approach JF - Social forces N2 - Social theory has long predicted that social mobility, in particular downward social mobility, is detrimental to the well-being of individuals. Dissociative and “falling from grace” theories suggest that mobility is stressful due to the weakening of social ties, feelings of alienation, and loss of status. In light of these theories, it is a puzzle that the majority of quantitative studies in this area have shown null results. Our approach to resolve the puzzle is two-fold. First, we argue for a broader conception of the mobility process than is often used and thus focus on intragenerational occupational class mobility rather than restricting ourselves to the more commonly studied intergenerational mobility. Second, we argue that self-reported measures may be biased by habituation (or “entrenched deprivation”). Using nurse-collected health and biomarker data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study (2010–2012, N = 4,123), we derive a measure of allostatic load as an objective gauge of physiological “wear and tear” and compare patterns of mobility effects with self-reports of health using diagonal reference models. Our findings indicate a strong class gradient in both allostatic load and self-rated health, and that both first and current job matter for current well-being outcomes. However, in terms of the effects of mobility itself, we find that intragenerational social mobility is consequential for allostatic load, but not for self-rated health. Downward mobility is detrimental and upward mobility beneficial for well-being as assessed by allostatic load. Thus, these findings do not support the idea of generalized stress from dissociation, but they do support the “falling from grace” hypothesis of negative downward mobility effects. Our findings have a further implication, namely that the differences in mobility effects between the objective and subjective outcome infer the presence of entrenched deprivation. Null results in studies of self-rated outcomes may therefore be a methodological artifact, rather than an outright rejection of decades-old social theory. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soab153 SN - 0037-7732 SN - 1534-7605 VL - 101 IS - 2 SP - 665 EP - 693 PB - Oxford University Press CY - Ox ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nooshiri, Nima A1 - Bean, Christopher J. A1 - Dahm, Torsten A1 - Grigoli, Francesco A1 - Kristjansdottir, Sigriour A1 - Obermann, Anne A1 - Wiemer, Stefan T1 - A multibranch, multitarget neural network for rapid point-source inversion in a microseismic environment BT - examples from the Hengill Geothermal Field, Iceland JF - Geophysical journal international N2 - Despite advanced seismological techniques, automatic source characterization for microseismic earthquakes remains difficult and challenging since current inversion and modelling of high-frequency signals are complex and time consuming. For real-time applications such as induced seismicity monitoring, the application of standard methods is often not fast enough for true complete real-time information on seismic sources. In this paper, we present an alternative approach based on recent advances in deep learning for rapid source-parameter estimation of microseismic earthquakes. The seismic inversion is represented in compact form by two convolutional neural networks, with individual feature extraction, and a fully connected neural network, for feature aggregation, to simultaneously obtain full moment tensor and spatial location of microseismic sources. Specifically, a multibranch neural network algorithm is trained to encapsulate the information about the relationship between seismic waveforms and underlying point-source mechanisms and locations. The learning-based model allows rapid inversion (within a fraction of second) once input data are available. A key advantage of the algorithm is that it can be trained using synthetic seismic data only, so it is directly applicable to scenarios where there are insufficient real data for training. Moreover, we find that the method is robust with respect to perturbations such as observational noise and data incompleteness (missing stations). We apply the new approach on synthesized and example recorded small magnitude (M <= 1.6) earthquakes at the Hellisheioi geothermal field in the Hengill area, Iceland. For the examined events, the model achieves excellent performance and shows very good agreement with the inverted solutions determined through standard methodology. In this study, we seek to demonstrate that this approach is viable for microseismicity real-time estimation of source parameters and can be integrated into advanced decision-support tools for controlling induced seismicity. KW - Neural networks KW - fuzzy logic KW - Computational seismology KW - Induced seismicity KW - Earthquake source observations Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab511 SN - 0956-540X SN - 1365-246X VL - 229 IS - 2 SP - 999 EP - 1016 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ezpeleta, Miguel A1 - Parra, Mauricio A1 - Collo, Gilda A1 - Wunderlin, Cecilia A1 - Borrego, Angeles G. A1 - Sobel, Edward R. A1 - Glodny, Johannes T1 - Thermochronometry unveils ancient thermal regimes in the NW Pampean Ranges, Argentina BT - from Mesozoic rifting to Miocene flat-slab subduction JF - Basin research N2 - Reconstructing thermal histories in thrust belts is commonly used to infer the age and rates of thrusting and hence the driving mechanisms of orogenesis. In areas where ancient basins have been incorporated into the orogenic wedge, a quantitative reconstruction of the thermal history helps distinguish among potential mechanisms responsible for heating events. We present such a reconstruction for the Ischigualasto-Villa Union basin in the western Pampean Ranges of Argentina, where Triassic rifting and late Cretaceous-Cenozoic retroarc foreland basin development has been widely documented, including Miocene flat-slab subduction. We report results of organic and inorganic thermal indicators acquired along three stratigraphic sections, including vitrinite reflectance and X-ray diffractometry in claystones and new thermochronological [(apatite fission-track and apatite and zircon [U-Th]/He)] analyses. Despite up to 5 km-thick Cenozoic overburden and unlike previously thought, the thermal peak in the basin is not due to Cenozoic burial but occurred in the Triassic, associated with a high heat flow of up to 90 mWm(-2) and <2 km of burial, which heated the base of the Triassic strata to similar to 160 degrees C. Following exhumation, attested by the development of an unconformity between the Triassic and Late-Cretaceous-Cenozoic sequences, Cenozoic re-burial increased the temperature to similar to 110 degrees C at the base of the Triassic section and only similar to 50 degrees C 7 km upsection, suggesting a dramatic decrease in the thermal gradient. The onset of Cenozoic cooling occurred at similar to 10(-8) Ma, concomitant with sediment accumulation and thus preceding the latest Miocene onset of thrusting that has been independently documented by stratigraphic-cross-cutting relationships. We argue that the onset of cooling is associated with lithospheric refrigeration following establishment of flat-slab subduction, leading to the eastward displacement of the asthenospheric wedge beneath the South American plate. Our study places time and temperature constraints on flat-slab cooling that calls for a careful interpretation of exhumation signals in thrustbelts inferred from thermochronology only. KW - %Ro KW - Cenozoic flat-slab KW - Ischigualasto-Villa Union Basin KW - thermochronological modelling (AFT, AHe and ZHe) KW - Triassic rifting KW - XRD in the clay fraction KW - heat flow KW - burial Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.12693 SN - 0950-091X SN - 1365-2117 VL - 34 IS - 6 SP - 1983 EP - 2012 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fritsch, Nina-Sophie A1 - Riederer, Bernhard A1 - Seewann, Lena T1 - Living alone in the city BT - differentials in subjective well-being among single households 1995–2018 JF - Applied research in quality of life N2 - Over the past decades, the number of single households is constantly rising in metropolitan regions. In addition, they became increasingly heterogeneous. In the media, individuals who live alone are sometimes still presented as deficient. Recent research, however, indicates a way more complex picture. Using the example of Vienna, this paper investigates the quality of life of different groups of single households in the city. Based on five waves of the Viennese Quality of Life Survey covering almost a quarter of a century (1995–2018), we analyse six domains of subjective well-being (satisfaction with the financial situation, the housing situation, the main activity, the family life, social contacts, and leisure time activities). Our analyses reveal that, in most domains, average satisfaction of single households has hardly changed over time. However, among those living alone satisfaction of senior people (60+) increased while satisfaction of younger people (below age 30) decreased. Increasing differences in satisfaction with main activity, housing, or financial situation reflect general societal developments on the Viennese labour and housing markets. The old clichéd images of the “young, reckless, happy single” and the “lonely, poor, dissatisfied senior single” reverse reality. KW - subjective well-being KW - living alone KW - singles KW - gender KW - age KW - Vienna Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-023-10177-w SN - 1871-2584 SN - 1871-2576 VL - 18 IS - 4 SP - 2065 EP - 2087 PB - Springer Netherlands CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kitzmann, Niklas H. A1 - Romanczuk, Pawel A1 - Wunderling, Nico A1 - Donges, Jonathan T1 - Detecting contagious spreading of urban innovations on the global city network JF - European physical journal special topics N2 - Only a fast and global transformation towards decarbonization and sustainability can keep the Earth in a civilization-friendly state. As hotspots for (green) innovation and experimentation, cities could play an important role in this transition. They are also known to profit from each other's ideas, with policy and technology innovations spreading to other cities. In this way, cities can be conceptualized as nodes in a globe-spanning learning network. The dynamics of this process are important for society's response to climate change and other challenges, but remain poorly understood on a macroscopic level. In this contribution, we develop an approach to identify whether network-based complex contagion effects are a feature of sustainability policy adoption by cities, based on dose-response contagion and surrogate data models. We apply this methodology to an exemplary data set, comprising empirical data on the spreading of a public transport innovation (Bus Rapid Transit Systems) and a global inter-city connection network based on scheduled flight routes. Although our approach is not able to identify detailed mechanisms, our results point towards a contagious spreading process, and cannot be explained by either the network structure or the increase in global adoption rate alone. Further research on the role of a city's abstract "global neighborhood" regarding its policy and innovation decisions is thus both needed and promising, and may connect with research on social tipping processes. The methodology is generic, and can be used to compare the predictive power for innovation spreading of different kinds of inter-city network connections, e.g. via transport links, trade, or co-membership in political networks. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00470-4 SN - 1951-6355 SN - 1951-6401 VL - 231 IS - 9 SP - 1609 EP - 1624 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fritsch, Nina-Sophie A1 - Liedl, Bernd T1 - Who belongs to the middle income class in Europe? BT - the role of gender-specific occupational characteristics in multi-level analyses for 17 European countries JF - International journal of sociology N2 - For many years scholars and politicians discuss the economic importance of the middle income class. Our article contributes to broaden the present state of research by not only examining the structure of the middle class whilst focusing on individual attributes, but by especially taking the role of gender-specific occupational characteristics and country-specific conditions into account. Based on the EU-SILC data 2020 for 17 countries, we analyze which factors affect the structure of the middle income class on the individual, on the occupational and country level. Our findings show that occupational attributes (e.g. part-time rate) prove to be highly relevant in this realm. Moreover, significant gender differences can be observed: women who work in an occupation which is mainly performed by women bear a higher risk of belonging to the lower income class as compared to men. KW - multi-level analysis;structure of the middle income class KW - gender-specific occupational KW - characteristics KW - social stratification KW - European comparison Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/00207659.2022.2151765 SN - 0020-7659 SN - 1557-9336 VL - 53 IS - 1 SP - 59 EP - 82 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hu, Ting-Li A1 - Cheng, Feng A1 - Xu, Zhen A1 - Chen, Zhong-Zheng A1 - Yu, Lei A1 - Ban, Qian A1 - Li, Chun-Lin A1 - Pan, Tao A1 - Zhang, Bao-Wei T1 - Molecular and morphological evidence for a new species of the genus Typhlomys (Rodentia: Platacanthomyidae) JF - Zoological research : ZR = Dongwuxue-yanjiu : jikan / published by Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguo Kexueyuan Kunming Dongwu Yanjiusuo zhuban, Dongwuxue-yanjiu Bianji Weiyuanhui bianji N2 - In this study, we reassessed the taxonomic position of Typhlomys (Rodentia: Platacanthomyidae) from Huangshan, Anhui, China, based on morphological and molecular evidence. Results suggested that Typhlomys is comprised of up to six species, including four currently recognized species ( Typhlomys cinereus, T. chapensis, T. daloushanensis, and T. nanus), one unconfirmed candidate species, and one new species ( Typhlomys huangshanensis sp. nov.). Morphological analyses further supported the designation of the Huangshan specimens found at mid-elevations in the southern Huangshan Mountains (600 m to 1 200 m a.s.l.) as a new species. KW - Morphology KW - Phylogenetics KW - Species delimitation KW - Taxonomy Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.132 SN - 2095-8137 VL - 42 IS - 1 SP - 100 EP - 107 PB - Yunnan Renmin Chubanshe CY - Kunming ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fritsch, Tobias A1 - Sprengel, Maximilian A1 - Evans, Alexander A1 - Farahbod-Sternahl, Lena A1 - Saliwan-Neumann, Romeo A1 - Hofmann, Michael A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - On the determination of residual stresses in additively manufactured lattice structures JF - Journal of applied crystallography / International Union of Crystallography N2 - The determination of residual stresses becomes more complicated with increasing complexity of the structures investigated. Additive manufacturing techniques generally allow the production of 'lattice structures' without any additional manufacturing step. These lattice structures consist of thin struts and are thus susceptible to internal stress-induced distortion and even cracks. In most cases, internal stresses remain locked in the structures as residual stress. The determination of the residual stress in lattice structures through nondestructive neutron diffraction is described in this work. It is shown how two difficulties can be overcome: (a) the correct alignment of the lattice structures within the neutron beam and (b) the correct determination of the residual stress field in a representative part of the structure. The magnitude and the direction of residual stress are discussed. The residual stress in the strut was found to be uniaxial and to follow the orientation of the strut, while the residual stress in the knots was more hydrostatic. Additionally, it is shown that strain measurements in at least seven independent directions are necessary for the estimation of the principal stress directions. The measurement directions should be chosen according to the sample geometry and an informed choice on the possible strain field. If the most prominent direction is not measured, the error in the calculated stress magnitude increases considerably. KW - additive manufacturing KW - laser powder bed fusion KW - residual stress KW - principal stress components KW - neutron diffraction KW - cellular structures KW - lattice structures Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576720015344 SN - 0021-8898 SN - 1600-5767 VL - 54 SP - 228 EP - 236 PB - Munksgaard CY - Copenhagen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mendez, Vicenc A1 - Maso-Puigdellosas, Axel A1 - Sandev, Trifce A1 - Campos, Daniel T1 - Continuous time random walks under Markovian resetting JF - Physical review : E, Statistical, nonlinear and soft matter physics N2 - We investigate the effects of Markovian resetting events on continuous time random walks where the waiting times and the jump lengths are random variables distributed according to power-law probability density functions. We prove the existence of a nonequilibrium stationary state and finite mean first arrival time. However, the existence of an optimum reset rate is conditioned to a specific relationship between the exponents of both power-law tails. We also investigate the search efficiency by finding the optimal random walk which minimizes the mean first arrival time in terms of the reset rate, the distance of the initial position to the target, and the characteristic transport exponents. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.103.022103 SN - 2470-0045 SN - 2470-0053 VL - 103 IS - 2 PB - American Physical Society CY - College Park ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brahms, Clemens Markus A1 - Hortobágyi, Tibor A1 - Kressig, Reto W. A1 - Granacher, Urs T1 - The Interaction between mobility status and exercise specificity in older adults JF - Exercise and sport sciences reviews N2 - Many adults older than 60 yr experience mobility limitations. Although physical exercise improves older adults' mobility, differences in baseline mobility produce large variations in individual responses to interventions, and these responses could further vary by the type and dose of exercise. Here, we propose an exercise prescription model for older adults based on their current mobility status. KW - exercise prescription KW - training intervention KW - walking speed KW - activities KW - of daily living KW - elderly Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1249/JES.0000000000000237 SN - 0091-6331 SN - 1538-3008 VL - 49 IS - 1 SP - 15 EP - 22 PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins CY - Hagerstown, Md. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tung, Wing Tai A1 - Sun, Xianlei A1 - Wang, Weiwei A1 - Xu, Xun A1 - Ma, Nan A1 - Lendlein, Andreas T1 - Structure, mechanical properties and degradation behavior of electrospun PEEU fiber meshes and films JF - MRS advances : a journal of the Materials Research Society (MRS) N2 - The capability of a degradable implant to provide mechanical support depends on its degradation behavior. Hydrolytic degradation was studied for a polyesteretherurethane (PEEU70), which consists of poly(p-dioxanone) (PPDO) and poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) segments with a weight ratio of 70:30 linked by diurethane junction units. PEEU70 samples prepared in the form of meshes with average fiber diameters of 1.5 mu m (mesh1.5) and 1.2 mu m (mesh1.2), and films were sterilized and incubated in PBS at 37 degrees C with 5 vol% CO2 supply for 1 to 6 weeks. Degradation features, such as cracks or wrinkles, became apparent from week 4 for all samples. Mass loss was found to be 11 wt%, 6 wt%, and 4 wt% for mesh1.2, mesh1.5, and films at week 6. The elongation at break decreased to under 20% in two weeks for mesh1.2. In case of the other two samples, this level of degradation was achieved after 4 weeks. The weight average molecular weight of both PEEU70 mesh and film samples decreased to below 30 kg/mol when elongation at break dropped below 20%. The time period of sustained mechanical stability of PEEU70-based meshes depends on the fiber diameter and molecular weight. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1557/s43580-020-00001-0 SN - 2059-8521 VL - 6 IS - 10 SP - 276 EP - 282 PB - Springer Nature Switzerland AG CY - Cham ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sushch, Iurii A1 - Brose, Robert A1 - Pohl, Martin A1 - Plotko, Pavlo A1 - Das, Samata T1 - Leptonic nonthermal emission from supernova remnants evolving in the circumstellar magnetic field JF - The astrophysical journal : an international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics N2 - The very-high-energy (VHE; E > 100 GeV) gamma-ray emission observed from a number of supernova remnants (SNRs) indicates particle acceleration to high energies at the shock of the remnants and a potentially significant contribution to Galactic cosmic rays. It is extremely difficult to determine whether protons (through hadronic interactions and subsequent pion decay) or electrons (through inverse Compton scattering on ambient photon fields) are responsible for this emission. For a successful diagnostic, a good understanding of the spatial and energy distribution of the underlying particle population is crucial. Most SNRs are created in core-collapse explosions and expand into the wind bubble of their progenitor stars. This circumstellar medium features a complex spatial distribution of gas and magnetic field which naturally strongly affects the resulting particle population. In this work, we conduct a detailed study of the spectro-spatial evolution of the electrons accelerated at the forward shock of core-collapse SNRs and their nonthermal radiation, using the RATPaC code that is designed for the time- and spatially dependent treatment of particle acceleration at SNR shocks. We focus on the impact of the spatially inhomogeneous magnetic field through the efficiency of diffusion and synchrotron cooling. It is demonstrated that the structure of the circumstellar magnetic field can leave strong signatures in the spectrum and morphology of the resulting nonthermal emission. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac3cb8 SN - 0004-637X SN - 1538-4357 VL - 926 IS - 2 PB - IOP Publ. Ltd. CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lehn-Stefan, Angela A1 - Peter, Andreas A1 - Machann, Jürgen A1 - Schick, Fritz A1 - Randrianarisoa, Elko A1 - Heni, Martin A1 - Wagner, Robert A1 - Birkenfeld, Andreas L. A1 - Fritsche, Andreas A1 - Schulze, Matthias Bernd A1 - Stefan, Norbert A1 - Kantartzis, Konstantinos T1 - Impaired metabolic health and low cardiorespiratory fitness independently associate with subclinical atherosclerosis in obesity JF - The journal of clinical endocrinology & metabolism N2 - Context For a given body mass index (BMI), both impaired metabolic health (MH) and reduced cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) associate with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Objective It remains unknown whether both risk phenotypes relate to CVD independently of each other, and whether these relationships differ in normal weight, overweight, and obese subjects. Methods Data from 421 participants from the Tubingen Diabetes Family Study, who had measurements of anthropometrics, metabolic parameters, CRF (maximal aerobic capacity [VO2max]) and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), an early marker of atherosclerosis, were analyzed. Subjects were divided by BMI and MH status into 6 phenotypes. Results In univariate analyses, older age, increased BMI, and a metabolic risk profile correlated positively, while insulin sensitivity and VO2max negatively with cIMT. In multivariable analyses in obese subjects, older age, male sex, lower VO2max (std. ss -0.21, P = 0.002) and impaired MH (std. ss 0.13, P = 0.02) were independent determinants of increased cIMT. After adjustment for age and sex, subjects with metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) had higher cIMT than subjects with metabolically healthy normal weight (MHNW; 0.59 +/- 0.009 vs 0.52 +/- 0.01 mm; P < 0.05). When VO2max was additionally included in this model, the difference in cIMT between MHO and MHNW groups became statistically nonsignificant (0.58 +/- 0.009 vs 0.56 +/- 0.02 mm; P > 0.05). Conclusion These data suggest that impaired MH and low CRF independently determine increased cIMT in obese subjects and that low CRF may explain part of the increased CVD risk observed in MHO compared with MHNW. KW - Metabolically healthy obesity KW - cardiorespiratory fitness KW - subclinical KW - atherosclerosis KW - obesity KW - carotid intima-media thickness KW - cardiovascular KW - disease Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgac091 SN - 0021-972X SN - 1945-7197 VL - 107 IS - 6 SP - E2417 EP - E2424 PB - Endocrine Society CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Herzog, Marc A1 - von Reppert, Alexander A1 - Pudell, Jan-Etienne A1 - Henkel, Carsten A1 - Kronseder, Matthias A1 - Back, Christian H. A1 - Maznev, Alexei A. A1 - Bargheer, Matias T1 - Phonon-dominated energy transport in purely metallic heterostructures JF - Advanced functional materials N2 - Ultrafast X-ray diffraction is used to quantify the transport of energy in laser-excited nanoscale gold-nickel (Au-Ni) bilayers. Electron transport and efficient electron-phonon coupling in Ni convert the laser-deposited energy in the conduction electrons within a few picoseconds into a strong non-equilibrium between hot Ni and cold Au phonons at the bilayer interface. Modeling of the subsequent equilibration dynamics within various two-temperature models confirms that for ultrathin Au films, the thermal transport is dominated by phonons instead of conduction electrons because of the weak electron-phonon coupling in Au. KW - heterostructures KW - nanoscale energy transports KW - non-equilibrium KW - thermal KW - transports KW - ultrafast phenomena Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202206179 SN - 1616-301X SN - 1616-3028 VL - 32 IS - 41 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fernandez-Palomino, Carlos Antonio A1 - Hattermann, Fred A1 - Krysanova, Valentina A1 - Lobanova, Anastasia A1 - Vega-Jacome, Fiorella A1 - Lavado, Waldo A1 - Santini, William A1 - Aybar, Cesar A1 - Bronstert, Axel T1 - A novel high-resolution gridded precipitation dataset for peruvian and ecuadorian watersheds BT - development and hydrological evaluation JF - Journal of hydrometeorology N2 - A novel approach for estimating precipitation patterns is developed here and applied to generate a new hydrologically corrected daily precipitation dataset, called RAIN4PE (Rain for Peru and Ecuador), at 0.1 degrees spatial resolution for the period 1981-2015 covering Peru and Ecuador. It is based on the application of 1) the random forest method to merge multisource precipitation estimates (gauge, satellite, and reanalysis) with terrain elevation, and 2) observed and modeled streamflow data to first detect biases and second further adjust gridded precipitation by inversely applying the simulated results of the ecohydrological model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool). Hydrological results using RAIN4PE as input for the Peruvian and Ecuadorian catchments were compared against the ones when feeding other uncorrected (CHIRP and ERA5) and gauge-corrected (CHIRPS, MSWEP, and PISCO) precipitation datasets into the model. For that, SWAT was calibrated and validated at 72 river sections for each dataset using a range of performance metrics, including hydrograph goodness of fit and flow duration curve signatures. Results showed that gauge-corrected precipitation datasets outperformed uncorrected ones for streamflow simulation. However, CHIRPS, MSWEP, and PISCO showed limitations for streamflow simulation in several catchments draining into the Pacific Ocean and the Amazon River. RAIN4PE provided the best overall performance for streamflow simulation, including flow variability (low, high, and peak flows) and water budget closure. The overall good performance of RAIN4PE as input for hydrological modeling provides a valuable criterion of its applicability for robust countrywide hydrometeorological applications, including hydroclimatic extremes such as droughts and floods. Significance StatementWe developed a novel precipitation dataset RAIN4PE for Peru and Ecuador by merging multisource precipitation data (satellite, reanalysis, and ground-based precipitation) with terrain elevation using the random forest method. Furthermore, RAIN4PE was hydrologically corrected using streamflow data in watersheds with precipitation underestimation through reverse hydrology. The results of a comprehensive hydrological evaluation showed that RAIN4PE outperformed state-of-the-art precipitation datasets such as CHIRP, ERA5, CHIRPS, MSWEP, and PISCO in terms of daily and monthly streamflow simulations, including extremely low and high flows in almost all Peruvian and Ecuadorian catchments. This underlines the suitability of RAIN4PE for hydrometeorological applications in this region. Furthermore, our approach for the generation of RAIN4PE can be used in other data-scarce regions. KW - Amazon region KW - Complex terrain KW - South America KW - Streamflow KW - Precipitation KW - Hydrology KW - Water budget / balance KW - Inverse methods KW - Mountain meteorology KW - Machine learning Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-20-0285.1 SN - 1525-755X SN - 1525-7541 VL - 23 IS - 3 SP - 309 EP - 336 PB - American Meteorological Soc. CY - Boston ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schüler, Lennart A1 - Calabrese, Justin M. A1 - Attinger, Sabine T1 - Data driven high resolution modeling and spatial analyses of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany JF - PLoS one N2 - The SARS-CoV-2 virus has spread around the world with over 100 million infections to date, and currently many countries are fighting the second wave of infections. With neither sufficient vaccination capacity nor effective medication, non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) remain the measure of choice. However, NPIs place a great burden on society, the mental health of individuals, and economics. Therefore the cost/benefit ratio must be carefully balanced and a target-oriented small-scale implementation of these NPIs could help achieve this balance. To this end, we introduce a modified SEIRD-class compartment model and parametrize it locally for all 412 districts of Germany. The NPIs are modeled at district level by time varying contact rates. This high spatial resolution makes it possible to apply geostatistical methods to analyse the spatial patterns of the pandemic in Germany and to compare the results of different spatial resolutions. We find that the modified SEIRD model can successfully be fitted to the COVID-19 cases in German districts, states, and also nationwide. We propose the correlation length as a further measure, besides the weekly incidence rates, to describe the current situation of the epidemic. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254660 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 16 IS - 8 PB - PLoS CY - San Fransisco ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Xiaoli A1 - Xue, Zhike A1 - Jiang, Chaowei A1 - Priest, E. R. A1 - Kliem, Bernhard A1 - Yang, Liheng A1 - Wang, Jincheng A1 - Kong, Defang A1 - Song, Yongliang A1 - Feng, Xueshang A1 - Liu, Zhong T1 - Fast plasmoid-mediated reconnection in a solar flare JF - Nature Communications N2 - Magnetic reconnection is a multi-faceted process of energy conversion in astrophysical, space and laboratory plasmas that operates at microscopic scales but has macroscopic drivers and consequences. Solar flares present a key laboratory for its study, leaving imprints of the microscopic physics in radiation spectra and allowing the macroscopic evolution to be imaged, yet a full observational characterization remains elusive. Here we combine high resolution imaging and spectral observations of a confined solar flare at multiple wavelengths with data-constrained magnetohydrodynamic modeling to study the dynamics of the flare plasma from the current sheet to the plasmoid scale. The analysis suggests that the flare resulted from the interaction of a twisted magnetic flux rope surrounding a filament with nearby magnetic loops whose feet are anchored in chromospheric fibrils. Bright cusp-shaped structures represent the region around a reconnecting separator or quasi-separator (hyperbolic flux tube). The fast reconnection, which is relevant for other astrophysical environments, revealed plasmoids in the current sheet and separatrices and associated unresolved turbulent motions. Solar flares provide wide range of observational details about fundamental processes involved. Here, the authors show evidence for magnetic reconnection in a strong confined solar flare displaying all four reconnection flows with plasmoids in the current sheet and the separatrices. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28269-w SN - 2041-1723 VL - 13 IS - 1 PB - Nature Publishing Group UK CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maharjan, Romi Singh A1 - Singh, Ajay Vikram A1 - Hanif, Javaria A1 - Rosenkranz, Daniel A1 - Haidar, Rashad A1 - Shelar, Amruta A1 - Singh, Shubham Pratap A1 - Dey, Aditya A1 - Patil, Rajendra A1 - Zamboni, Paolo A1 - Laux, Peter A1 - Luch, Andreas T1 - Investigation of the associations between a nanomaterial's microrheology and toxicology JF - ACS omega / American Chemical Society N2 - With the advent of Nanotechnology, the use of nanomaterials in consumer products is increasing on a daily basis, due to which a deep understanding and proper investigation regarding their safety and risk assessment should be a major priority. To date, there is no investigation regarding the microrheological properties of nanomaterials (NMs) in biological media. In our study, we utilized in silico models to select the suitable NMs based on their physicochemical properties such as solubility and lipophilicity. Then, we established a new method based on dynamic light scattering (DLS) microrheology to get the mean square displacement (MSD) and viscoelastic property of two model NMs that are dendrimers and cerium dioxide nanoparticles in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) complete media at three different concentrations for both NMs. Subsequently, we established the cytotoxicological profiling using water-soluble tetrazolium salt-1 (WST-1) and a reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay. To take one step forward, we further looked into the tight junction properties of the cells using immunostaining with Zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1) antibodies and found that the tight junction function or transepithelial resistance (TEER) was affected in response to the microrheology and cytotoxicity. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) results in the gene expression of ZO-1 after the 24 h treatment with NPs further validates the findings of immunostaining results. This new method that we established will be a reference point for other NM studies which are used in our day-to-day consumer products. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c00472 SN - 2470-1343 VL - 7 IS - 16 SP - 13985 EP - 13997 PB - ACS Publications CY - Washington, DC ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Henning, Thorsten A1 - Kochlik, Bastian Max A1 - Kusch, Paula A1 - Strauss, Matthias A1 - Juric, Viktorija A1 - Pignitter, Marc A1 - Marusch, Frank A1 - Grune, Tilman A1 - Weber, Daniela T1 - Pre-Operative assessment of micronutrients, amino acids, phospholipids and oxidative stress in bariatric surgery candidates JF - Antioxidants : open access journal N2 - Obesity has been linked to lower concentrations of fat-soluble micronutrients and higher concentrations of oxidative stress markers as well as an altered metabolism of branched chain amino acids and phospholipids. In the context of morbid obesity, the aim of this study was to investigate whether and to which extent plasma status of micronutrients, amino acids, phospholipids and oxidative stress differs between morbidly obese (n = 23) and non-obese patients (n = 13). In addition to plasma, malondialdehyde, retinol, cholesterol and triglycerides were assessed in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue in both groups. Plasma gamma-tocopherol was significantly lower (p < 0.011) in the obese group while other fat-soluble micronutrients showed no statistically significant differences between both groups. Branched-chain amino acids (all p < 0.008) and lysine (p < 0.006) were significantly higher in morbidly obese patients compared to the control group. Malondialdehyde concentrations in both visceral (p < 0.016) and subcutaneous (p < 0.002) adipose tissue were significantly higher in the morbidly obese group while plasma markers of oxidative stress showed no significant differences between both groups. Significantly lower plasma concentrations of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine (all p < 0.05) and their corresponding ether-linked analogs were observed, which were all reduced in obese participants compared to the control group. Pre-operative assessment of micronutrients in patients undergoing bariatric surgery is recommended for early identification of patients who might be at higher risk to develop a severe micronutrient deficiency post-surgery. Assessment of plasma BCAAs and phospholipids in obese patients might help to differentiate between metabolic healthy patients and those with metabolic disorders. KW - obesity KW - micronutrients KW - oxidative stress KW - amino acids KW - phospholipids KW - vitamins KW - plasma Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040774 SN - 2076-3921 VL - 11 IS - 4 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Harth, Jonathan A1 - Feißt, Martin ED - Schnell, Martin ED - Nehlsen, Lukas T1 - Neue soziale Kontingenzmaschinen BT - Überlegungen zu künstlicher sozialer Intelligenz am Beispiel der Interaktion mit GPT-3 T2 - Begegnungen mit künstlicher Intelligenz Y1 - 2022 SN - 978-3-95832-288-2 SN - 978-3-7489-3449-3 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5771/9783748934493-70 SP - 70 EP - 103 PB - Velbrück Wissenschaft CY - Weilerswist ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kalleitner, Fabian A1 - Bobzien, Licia T1 - Taxed fairly? BT - how differences in perception shape attitudes towards progressive taxation JF - European sociological review N2 - Empirically, the poor are more likely to support increases in the level of tax progressivity than the rich. Such income-stratified tax preferences can result from differences in preferences of what should be taxed as argued by previous literature. However, it may also result from income-stratified perceptions of what is taxed. This paper argues that the rich perceive higher levels of tax progressivity than the poor and that tax perceptions affect individuals’ support for progressive taxation. Using data from an Austrian survey experiment, we test this argument in three steps: First, in line with past research, we show that individuals’ income positions are connected to individuals’ tax preferences as a self-interest rationale would predict. However, second, we show that this variation is mainly driven by income-stratified tax perceptions. Third, randomly informing a subset of the sample about actual tax rates, we find that changing tax perceptions causally affects support for redistributive taxation among those who initially overestimated the level of tax progressivity. Our results indicate that tax perceptions are relevant for forming tax preferences and suggest that individuals are more polarized in their perceptions of who pays how much taxes than in their support for who should pay how much tax. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcad060 SN - 0266-7215 SN - 1468-2672 VL - 40 IS - 3 SP - 535 EP - 548 PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Huang, Sichao A1 - Stoof-Leichsenring, Kathleen R. A1 - Liu, Sisi A1 - Courtin, Jeremy A1 - Andreev, Andrej A. A1 - Pestryakova, Luidmila. A. A1 - Herzschuh, Ulrike T1 - Plant sedimentary ancient DNA from Far East Russia covering the last 28,000 years reveals different assembly rules in cold and warm climates JF - Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution N2 - Woody plants are expanding into the Arctic in response to the warming climate. The impact on arctic plant communities is not well understood due to the limited knowledge about plant assembly rules. Records of past plant diversity over long time series are rare. Here, we applied sedimentary ancient DNA metabarcoding targeting the P6 loop of the chloroplast trnL gene to a sediment record from Lake Ilirney (central Chukotka, Far Eastern Russia) covering the last 28 thousand years. Our results show that forb-rich steppe-tundra and dwarf-shrub tundra dominated during the cold climate before 14 ka, while deciduous erect-shrub tundra was abundant during the warm period since 14 ka. Larix invasion during the late Holocene substantially lagged behind the likely warmest period between 10 and 6 ka, where the vegetation biomass could be highest. We reveal highest richness during 28-23 ka and a second richness peak during 13-9 ka, with both periods being accompanied by low relative abundance of shrubs. During the cold period before 14 ka, rich plant assemblages were phylogenetically clustered, suggesting low genetic divergence in the assemblages despite the great number of species. This probably originates from environmental filtering along with niche differentiation due to limited resources under harsh environmental conditions. In contrast, during the warmer period after 14 ka, rich plant assemblages were phylogenetically overdispersed. This results from a high number of species which were found to harbor high genetic divergence, likely originating from an erratic recruitment process in the course of warming. Some of our evidence may be of relevance for inferring future arctic plant assembly rules and diversity changes. By analogy to the past, we expect a lagged response of tree invasion. Plant richness might overshoot in the short term; in the long-term, however, the ongoing expansion of deciduous shrubs will eventually result in a phylogenetically more diverse community. KW - sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) KW - metabarcoding KW - phylogenetic and taxonomic plant diversity KW - Arctic Russia KW - Siberia KW - holocene KW - glacial KW - treeline Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.763747 SN - 2296-701X VL - 9 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bulla, Mattia A1 - Coughlin, Michael W. A1 - Dhawan, Suhail A1 - Dietrich, Tim T1 - Multi-messenger constraints on the Hubble constant through combination of gravitational waves, gamma-ray bursts and kilonovae from neutron star mergers JF - Universe : open access journal N2 - The simultaneous detection of gravitational waves and light from the binary neutron star merger GW170817 led to independent measurements of distance and redshift, providing a direct estimate of the Hubble constant H-0 that does not rely on a cosmic distance ladder, nor assumes a specific cosmological model. By using gravitational waves as "standard sirens", this approach holds promise to arbitrate the existing tension between the H-0 value inferred from the cosmic microwave background and those obtained from local measurements. However, the known degeneracy in the gravitational-wave analysis between distance and inclination of the source led to a H-0 value from GW170817 that was not precise enough to resolve the existing tension. In this review, we summarize recent works exploiting the viewing-angle dependence of the electromagnetic signal, namely the associated short gamma-ray burst and kilonova, to constrain the system inclination and improve on H-0. We outline the key ingredients of the different methods, summarize the results obtained in the aftermath of GW170817 and discuss the possible systematics introduced by each of these methods. KW - gravitational waves KW - stars: neutron KW - stars: binaries KW - cosmology: cosmological parameters KW - cosmology: distance scale KW - cosmology: cosmic background radiation Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/universe8050289 SN - 2218-1997 VL - 8 IS - 5 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Andjelkovic, Marko A1 - Simevski, Aleksandar A1 - Chen, Junchao A1 - Schrape, Oliver A1 - Stamenkovic, Zoran A1 - Krstic, Miloš A1 - Ilic, Stefan A1 - Ristic, Goran A1 - Jaksic, Aleksandar A1 - Vasovic, Nikola A1 - Duane, Russell A1 - Palma, Alberto J. A1 - Lallena, Antonio M. A1 - Carvajal, Miguel A. T1 - A design concept for radiation hardened RADFET readout system for space applications JF - Microprocessors and microsystems N2 - Instruments for measuring the absorbed dose and dose rate under radiation exposure, known as radiation dosimeters, are indispensable in space missions. They are composed of radiation sensors that generate current or voltage response when exposed to ionizing radiation, and processing electronics for computing the absorbed dose and dose rate. Among a wide range of existing radiation sensors, the Radiation Sensitive Field Effect Transistors (RADFETs) have unique advantages for absorbed dose measurement, and a proven record of successful exploitation in space missions. It has been shown that the RADFETs may be also used for the dose rate monitoring. In that regard, we propose a unique design concept that supports the simultaneous operation of a single RADFET as absorbed dose and dose rate monitor. This enables to reduce the cost of implementation, since the need for other types of radiation sensors can be minimized or eliminated. For processing the RADFET's response we propose a readout system composed of analog signal conditioner (ASC) and a self-adaptive multiprocessing system-on-chip (MPSoC). The soft error rate of MPSoC is monitored in real time with embedded sensors, allowing the autonomous switching between three operating modes (high-performance, de-stress and fault-tolerant), according to the application requirements and radiation conditions. KW - RADFET KW - Radiation hardness KW - Absorbed dose KW - Dose rate KW - Self-adaptive MPSoC Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpro.2022.104486 SN - 0141-9331 SN - 1872-9436 VL - 90 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Neunteufel, Patrick A1 - Kruckow, Matthias A1 - Geier, Stephan A1 - Hamers, Adrian S. T1 - Predicted spatial and velocity distributions of ejected companion stars of helium accretion-induced thermonuclear supernovae JF - Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal N2 - Context Thermonuclear supernovae (SNe), a subset of which are the highly important SNe Type Ia, remain one of the more poorly understood phenomena known to modern astrophysics. In recent years, the single degenerate helium (He) donor channel, where a white dwarf star accretes He-rich matter from a hydrogen-depleted companion, has emerged as a promising candidate progenitor scenario for these events. An unresolved question in this scenario is the fate of the companion star, which would be evident as a runaway hot subdwarf O/B stars (He sdO/B) in the aftermath of the SN event. Aims Previous studies have shown that the kinematic properties of an ejected companion provide an opportunity to closer examine the properties of an SN progenitor system. However, with the number of observed objects not matching predictions by theory, the viability of this mechanism is called into question. In this study, we first synthesize a population of companion stars ejected by the aforementioned mechanism, taking into account predicted ejection velocities, the inferred population density in the Galactic mass distribution, and subsequent kinematics in the Galactic potential. We then discuss the astrometric properties of this population. Methods We present 10(6) individual ejection trajectories, which were numerically computed with a newly developed, lightweight simulation framework. Initial conditions were randomly generated, but weighted according to the Galactic mass density and ejection velocity data. We then discuss the bulk properties (Galactic distribution and observational parameters) of our sample. Results Our synthetic population reflects the Galactic mass distribution. A peak in the density distribution for close objects is expected in the direction of the Galactic centre. Higher mass runaways should outnumber lower mass ones. If the entire considered mass range is realised, the radial velocity distribution should show a peak at 500 km s(-1). If only close US 708 analogues are considered, there should be a peak at (similar to 750-850) km s(-1). In either case, US 708 should be a member of the high-velocity tail of the distribution. Conclusions We show that the puzzling lack of confirmed surviving companion stars of thermonuclear SNe, though possibly an observation-related selection effect, may indicate a selection against high mass donors in the SD He donor channel. KW - stars: kinematics and dynamics KW - binaries: close KW - supernovae: general KW - subdwarfs Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202040022 SN - 0004-6361 SN - 1432-0746 VL - 646 PB - EDP Sciences CY - Les Ulis ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Prol, Fabricio S. A1 - Smirnov, Artem G. A1 - Hoque, M. Mainul A1 - Shprits, Yuri Y. T1 - Combined model of topside ionosphere and plasmasphere derived from radio-occultation and Van Allen Probes data JF - Scientific reports N2 - In the last years, electron density profile functions characterized by a linear dependence on the scale height showed good results when approximating the topside ionosphere. The performance above 800 km, however, is not yet well investigated. This study investigates the capability of the semi-Epstein functions to represent electron density profiles from the peak height up to 20,000 km. Electron density observations recorded by the Van Allen Probes were used to resolve the scale height dependence in the plasmasphere. It was found that the linear dependence of the scale height in the topside ionosphere cannot be directly used to extrapolate profiles above 800 km. We find that the dependence of scale heights on altitude is quadratic in the plasmasphere. A statistical model of the scale heights is therefore proposed. After combining the topside ionosphere and plasmasphere by a unified model, we have obtained good estimations not only in the profile shapes, but also in the Total Electron Content magnitude and distributions when compared to actual measurements from 2013, 2014, 2016 and 2017. Our investigation shows that Van Allen Probes can be merged to radio-occultation data to properly represent the upper ionosphere and plasmasphere by means of a semi-Epstein function. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-13302-1 SN - 2045-2322 VL - 12 IS - 1 PB - Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - West, Charles A1 - Rosolem, Rafael A1 - MacDonald, Alan M. A1 - Cuthbert, Mark O. A1 - Wagener, Thorsten T1 - Understanding process controls on groundwater recharge variability across Africa through recharge landscapes JF - Journal of hydrology N2 - Groundwater is critical in supporting current and future reliable water supply throughout Africa. Although continental maps of groundwater storage and recharge have been developed, we currently lack a clear understanding on how the controls on groundwater recharge vary across the entire continent. Reviewing the existing literature, we synthesize information on reported groundwater recharge controls in Africa. We find that 15 out of 22 of these controls can be characterised using global datasets. We develop 11 descriptors of climatic, topographic, vegetation, soil and geologic properties using global datasets, to characterise groundwater recharge controls in Africa. These descriptors cluster Africa into 15 Recharge Landscape Units for which we expect recharge controls to be similar. Over 80% of the continents land area is organized by just nine of these units. We also find that aggregating the Units by similarity into four broader Recharge Landscapes (Desert, Dryland, Wet tropical and Wet tropical forest) provides a suitable level of landscape organisation to explain differences in ground-based long-term mean annual recharge and recharge ratio (annual recharge / annual precipitation) estimates. Furthermore, wetter Recharge Landscapes are more efficient in converting rainfall to recharge than drier Recharge Landscapes as well as having higher annual recharge rates. In Dryland Recharge Landscapes, we found that annual recharge rates largely varied according to mean annual precipitation, whereas recharge ratio estimates increase with increasing monthly variability in P-PET. However, we were unable to explain why ground based estimates of recharge signatures vary across other Recharge Landscapes, in which there are fewer ground based recharge estimates, using global datasets alone. Even in dryland regions, there is still considerable unexplained variability in the estimates of annual recharge and recharge ratio, stressing the limitations of global datasets for investigating ground-based information. KW - Groundwater recharge KW - Africa KW - Recharge controls KW - Ground-based estimates KW - Landscapes KW - Comparative hydrology Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.127967 SN - 0022-1694 SN - 1879-2707 VL - 612 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Xu, Xun A1 - Nie, Yan A1 - Wang, Weiwei A1 - Ullah, Imran A1 - Tung, Wing Tai A1 - Ma, Nan A1 - Lendlein, Andreas T1 - Generation of 2.5D lung bud organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells JF - Clinical hemorheology and microcirculation : blood flow and vessels N2 - Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are a promising cell source to generate the patient-specific lung organoid given their superior differentiation potential. However, the current 3D cell culture approach is tedious and time-consuming with a low success rate and high batch-to-batch variability. Here, we explored the establishment of lung bud organoids by systematically adjusting the initial confluence levels and homogeneity of cell distribution. The efficiency of single cell seeding and clump seeding was compared. Instead of the traditional 3D culture, we established a 2.5D organoid culture to enable the direct monitoring of the internal structure via microscopy. It was found that the cell confluence and distribution prior to induction were two key parameters, which strongly affected hiPSC differentiation trajectories. Lung bud organoids with positive expression of NKX 2.1, in a single-cell seeding group with homogeneously distributed hiPSCs at 70% confluence (SC 70% hom) or a clump seeding group with heterogeneously distributed cells at 90% confluence (CL 90% het), can be observed as early as 9 days post induction. These results suggest that a successful lung bud organoid formation with single-cell seeding of hiPSCs requires a moderate confluence and homogeneous distribution of cells, while high confluence would be a prominent factor to promote the lung organoid formation when seeding hiPSCs as clumps. 2.5D organoids generated with defined culture conditions could become a simple, efficient, and valuable tool facilitating drug screening, disease modeling and personalized medicine. KW - lung organoid KW - human induced pluripotent stem cell KW - cell culture Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3233/CH-219111 SN - 1386-0291 SN - 1875-8622 VL - 79 IS - 1 SP - 217 EP - 230 PB - IOS Press CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Malacrinò, Antonino A1 - Abdelfattah, Ahmed A1 - Berg, Gabriele A1 - Benitez, Maria-Soledad A1 - Bennett, Alison E. A1 - Böttner, Laura A1 - Xu, Shuqing A1 - Schena, Leonardo T1 - Exploring microbiomes for plant disease management JF - Biological control : theory and application in pest management N2 - Microbiome science is revolutionizing many concepts of plant biology, ecology, and evolution. Understanding plant microbiomes is key to developing solutions that protect crop health without impacting the environment. In this perspective article, we highlight the importance of both the structure and functions of plant-associated microbial communities in protecting their host from pathogens. These new findings have a high potential to aid biocontrol programs and to replace traditional chemical products, guiding the transition towards a sustainable production. KW - microbiota KW - metagenomics KW - plant pathogen KW - plant protection Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2022.104890 SN - 1049-9644 SN - 1090-2112 VL - 169 PB - Academic Press CY - San Diego, Calif. ER -