TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kühne, Katharina
A1  - Jeglinski-Mende, Melinda A.
T1  - Refraining from interaction can decrease fear of physical closeness during COVID-19
JF  - Scientific reports
N2  - Perception of peripersonal space (PPS) and interpersonal distance (IPD) has been shown to be modified by external factors such as perceived danger, the use of tools, and social factors. Especially in times of social distancing in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is vital to study factors that modify PPS and IPD. The present work addresses the question of whether wearing a face mask as a protection tool and social interaction impact the perception of IPD. We tested estimated IPD in pictures at three distances: 50 cm, 90 cm, and 150 cm in both social interaction (shaking hands) and without interaction and when the two people in the pictures wore a face mask or not. Data from 60 subjects were analyzed in a linear mixed model (on both difference in distance estimation to the depicted distance and in absolute distance estimation) and in a 3 (distance: 50, 90, 150) x 2 (interaction: no interaction, shake hands), x 2 face mask (no mask, mask) rmANOVA on distance estimation difference. All analyses showed that at a distance of 50 and 90 cm, participants generally underestimated the IPD while at an IPD of 150 cm, participants overestimated the distance. This could be grounded in perceived danger and avoidance behavior at closer distances, while the wider distance between persons was not perceived as dangerous. Our findings at an IPD of 90 cm show that social interaction has the largest effect at the border of our PPS, while the face mask did not affect social interaction at either distance. In addition, the ANOVA results indicate that when no social interaction was displayed, participants felt less unsafe when depicted persons wore a face mask at distances of 90 and 150 cm. This shows that participants are on the one hand aware of the given safety measures and internalized them; on the other hand, that refraining from physical social interaction helps to get close to other persons.
KW  - health policy
KW  - human behaviour
Y1  - 2023
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-34667-x
SN  - 2045-2322
VL  - 13
IS  - 1
PB  - Nature portfolio
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Hafner, Verena
A1  - Hommel, Bernhard
A1  - Kayhan, Ezgi
A1  - Lee, Dongheui
A1  - Paulus, Markus
A1  - Verschoor, Stephan
T1  - Editorial: The mechanisms underlying the human minimal self
JF  - Frontiers in psychology
KW  - agents
KW  - self
KW  - minimal self
KW  - robotics
KW  - humanoids
KW  - cognition
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.961480
SN  - 1664-1078
VL  - 13
PB  - Frontiers Media
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Chen, Hao
A1  - Belanger, Matthew J.
A1  - Garbusow, Maria
A1  - Kuitunen-Paul, Soeren
A1  - Huys, Quentin J. M.
A1  - Heinz, Andreas
A1  - Rapp, Michael A.
A1  - Smolka, Michael N.
T1  - Susceptibility to interference between Pavlovian and instrumental control predisposes risky alcohol use developmental trajectory from ages 18 to 24
JF  - Addiction biology
N2  - Pavlovian cues can influence ongoing instrumental behaviour via Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) processes. While appetitive Pavlovian cues tend to promote instrumental approach, they are detrimental when avoidance behaviour is required, and vice versa for aversive cues. We recently reported that susceptibility to interference between Pavlovian and instrumental control assessed via a PIT task was associated with risky alcohol use at age 18. We now investigated whether such susceptibility also predicts drinking trajectories until age 24, based on AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test) consumption and binge drinking (gramme alcohol/drinking occasion) scores. The interference PIT effect, assessed at ages 18 and 21 during fMRI, was characterized by increased error rates (ER) and enhanced neural responses in the ventral striatum (VS), the lateral and dorsomedial prefrontal cortices (dmPFC) during conflict, that is, when an instrumental approach was required in the presence of an aversive Pavlovian cue or vice versa. We found that a stronger VS response during conflict at age 18 was associated with a higher starting point of both drinking trajectories but predicted a decrease in binge drinking. At age 21, high ER and enhanced neural responses in the dmPFC were associated with increasing AUDIT-C scores over the next 3 years until age 24. Overall, susceptibility to interference between Pavlovian and instrumental control might be viewed as a predisposing mechanism towards hazardous alcohol use during young adulthood, and the identified high-risk group may profit from targeted interventions.
KW  - interference control
KW  - Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer
KW  - risky drinking
Y1  - 2023
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.13263
SN  - 1355-6215
SN  - 1369-1600
VL  - 28
IS  - 2
PB  - Wiley
CY  - Hoboken
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Geirhos, Agnes
A1  - Domhardt, Matthias
A1  - Lunkenheimer, Frederike
A1  - Temming, Svenja
A1  - Holl, Reinhard W.
A1  - Minden, Kirsten
A1  - Warschburger, Petra
A1  - Meissner, Thomas
A1  - Mueller-Stierlin, Annabel S.
A1  - Baumeister, Harald
T1  - Feasibility and potential efficacy of a guided internet- and mobile-based CBT for adolescents and young adults with chronic medical conditions and comorbid depression or anxiety symptoms (youthCOACH(CD)): a randomized controlled pilot trial
JF  - BMC pediatrics
N2  - Background: Adolescents and young adults (AYA) with a chronic medical condition show an increased risk for developing mental comorbidities compared to their healthy peers. Internet- and mobile-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) might be a low-threshold treatment to support affected AYA. In this randomized controlled pilot trial, the feasibility and potential efficacy of youthCOACH(CD), an iCBT targeting symptoms of anxiety and depression in AYA with chronic medical conditions, was evaluated. Methods: A total of 30 AYA (M-age 16.13; SD= 2.34; 73% female), aged 12-21 years either suffering from cystic fibrosis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis or type 1 diabetes, were randomly assigned to either a guided version of the iCBT youthCOACH(CD) (IC, n=15) or to a waitlist control group (CG, n=15), receiving an unguided version of the iCBT six months post-randomization. Participants of the IG and the CG were assessed before (t0), twelve weeks after (t1) and six months after (t2) randomization. Primary outcome was the feasibility of the iCBT. Different parameters of feasibility e.g. acceptance, client satisfaction or potential side effects were evaluated. First indications of the possible efficacy with regard to the primary efficacy outcome, the Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale, and further outcome variables were evaluated using linear regression models, adjusting for baseline values. Results: Regarding feasibility, intervention completion was 60%; intervention satisfaction (M = 25.42, SD = 5.85) and perceived therapeutic alliance (M = 2.83, SD = 1.25) were moderate and comparable to other iCBTs. No patterns emerged regarding subjective and objective negative side effects due to participation in youthCOACH(CD). Estimates of potential efficacy showed between group differences, with a potential medium-term benefit of youthCOACH(CD) (beta = -0.55, 95%Cl: -1.17; 0.07), but probably not short-term (beta = 0.20, 95%Cl: -0.47; 0.88). Conclusions: Our results point to the feasibility of youthCOACH(CD) and the implementation of a future definitive randomized controlled trial addressing its effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. Due to the small sample size, conclusions are premature, however, further strategies to foster treatment adherence should be considered.
KW  - Chronic medical condition
KW  - Depression
KW  - Anxiety
KW  - Internet- and mobile
KW  - based intervention
KW  - Cognitive behavioral therapy
KW  - Randomized controlled
KW  - pilot trial
KW  - Type 1 diabetes
KW  - Cystic fibrosis
KW  - Juvenile idiopathic
KW  - arthritis
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-022-03134-3
SN  - 1471-2431
VL  - 22
IS  - 1
PB  - Springer Nature
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wachs, Sebastian
A1  - Bilz, Ludwig
A1  - Wettstein, Alexander
A1  - Wright, Michelle F.
A1  - Kansok-Dusche, Julia
A1  - Krause, Norman
A1  - Ballaschk, Cindy
T1  - Associations between witnessing and perpetrating online hate speech among adolescents
BT  - testing moderation effects of moral disengagement and empathy
JF  - Psychology of violence
N2  - Objective: 
The open expression of hatred, hostility, and violence against minorities has become a common online phenomenon. Adolescents are at particular risk of being involved in different hate speech roles (e.g., witness, perpetrator). 
However, the correlates of their involvement as perpetrators and the mechanisms that might explain their involvement in hate speech across different roles have not yet been thoroughly investigated. 
To this end, this study investigates moral disengagement and empathy as correlates of online hate speech perpetration and the moderation effects of empathy and moral disengagement in the relationship between witnessing and perpetrating online hate speech. 

Method: 
The sample consists of 3,560 7th to 9th graders from 40 schools in Germany and Switzerland. Self-report questionnaires were utilized to assess online hate speech involvement, moral disengagement, and empathy. 

Results: 
Multilevel regression analyses revealed that moral disengagement and witnessing online hate speech were positively associated with online hate speech perpetration, while empathy was negatively associated with it. 
The findings also showed that the positive relationship between witnessing and perpetrating online hate speech was stronger at higher levels of moral disengagement and weaker when moral disengagement was low. 
The association between witnessing and perpetrating online hate speech was weaker when adolescents had higher rather than lower levels of empathy. 

Conclusions: 
The findings underscore the need for prevention efforts to accelerate moral engagement and empathy as critical future directions in hate speech prevention. This study also contributes to our understanding of underlying mechanisms that explain adolescents' involvement across different roles in hate speech.
KW  - hate speech
KW  - cyberhate
KW  - empathy
KW  - moral disengagement
KW  - adolescents
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000422
SN  - 2152-0828
SN  - 2152-081X
VL  - 12
IS  - 6
SP  - 371
EP  - 381
PB  - American Psychological Association
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wachs, Sebastian
A1  - Bilz, Ludwig
A1  - Wettstein, Alexander
A1  - Wright, Michelle F.
A1  - Krause, Norman
A1  - Ballaschk, Cindy
A1  - Kansok-Dusche, Julia
T1  - The online hate speech cycle of violence
BT  - moderating effects of moral disengagement and empathy in the victim-to-perpetrator relationship
JF  - Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking
N2  - Adolescents around the globe are increasingly exposed to online hate speech (OHS). And yet little is known about the varying roles of involvement and the determinants of adolescents' hate speech perpetration. 
Building on previous research, this study aims to test the cycle of violence hypothesis for OHS and to analyze whether moral disengagement (MD) and empathy moderate the victim-to-perpetrator relationship.
 
The sample consists of 3,560 seventh to ninth graders (52.1 percent girls), recruited from 40 schools across Germany and Switzerland. Self-report questionnaires were administered to assess OHS involvement, MD, and empathy. 
Multilevel analyses revealed that victims of OHS were more likely to report OHS perpetration. 
In addition, victims of OHS were more likely to report OHS perpetration when they reported higher levels of MD than those with lower levels of MD. 

Finally, victims of OHS were less likely to report OHS perpetration when they reported higher levels of empathy than those with lower levels of empathy. 
The findings extend the cycle of violence hypothesis to OHS and highlight the need to address MD and empathy in hate speech prevention. Implications for future research will be discussed.
KW  - hate speech
KW  - cyberhate
KW  - online discrimination
KW  - empathy
KW  - moral
KW  - disengagement
KW  - adolescents
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2021.0159
SN  - 2152-2715
SN  - 2152-2723
VL  - 25
IS  - 4
SP  - 223
EP  - 229
PB  - Liebert
CY  - New Rochelle
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Klein, Andreas
A1  - Roediger, Lukas
A1  - Bendau, Antonia
A1  - Viohl, Leonard
A1  - Ernst, Felicitas
A1  - Helbig, Jonas
A1  - Kühne, Franziska
A1  - Petzold, Moritz Bruno
A1  - Betzler, Felix
T1  - Problem drinking among university students in Berlin
JF  - Journal of American College Health
N2  - Objective
Problem-drinking among university students is common and poses serious health-related risks. Therefore, identifying and addressing associated factors is important.

Participants and methods
A large cross-sectional online-survey with 12,914 university students from Berlin was conducted from November 2016 to August 2017. Relative-risk- and correlation-analysis was used to identify factors associated with problem-drinking and regular heavy-drinking. Independent t-tests compared impulsivity and personality traits, chi-square-tests compared drinking motives between risk- and non-risk-drinkers. 

Results
Male gender, tobacco-smoking, illegal substance use, impulsivity and various sociodemographic and psychosocial variables were significantly related to problem/heavy-drinking. Extraversion was a risk, conscientiousness and agreeableness were protective factors. Drinking-motives did not differ significantly between risk- and non-risk-drinkers. Generally, the main drinking-motives were to feel elated, relax and social purposes.

Conclusion
The identified markers and related problem behaviors may serve as a tool to enhance the identification of student subgroups at risk for problem/heavy-drinking, and hence improve targeted health-intervention-programs.
KW  - Alcohol
KW  - addiction
KW  - mental health
KW  - substance use
KW  - youth
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2022.2080503
SN  - 0744-8481
SN  - 1940-3208
PB  - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
CY  - Abingdon
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wright, Michelle F.
A1  - Wachs, Sebastian
A1  - Gamez-Guadix, Manuel
T1  - The Role of Perceived Gay-Straight Alliance Social Support in the Longitudinal Association Between Homophobic Cyberbullying and LGBTQIA Adolescents' Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms
JF  - Journal of youth and adolescence : a multidisciplinary research publication
N2  - There has been little research attention given to how Gay-Straight Alliances might mitigate mental health consequences associated with experiencing homophobic cyberbullying. To address this gap in knowledge, the purpose of this one-year longitudinal study was to investigate the moderating effect of perceived social support from Gay-Straight Alliances in the relationships among homophobic cyberbullying victimization and bystanding and depressive and anxiety symptoms among 466 LGBTQIA adolescents (M-age = 15.76; 52% female). The findings revealed that perceived social support was related negatively to homophobic cyberbullying involvement and depressive and anxiety symptoms. Homophobic cyberbullying involvement was related positively to depressive and anxiety symptoms. High perceived social support buffered against the depressive and anxiety symptoms resulting from homophobic victimization and bystanding among LGBTQIA adolescents but low levels and average levels did not moderate these associations. These findings highlight the importance of expanding Gay-Straight Alliances in schools.
KW  - Homophobic
KW  - Cyberbullying
KW  - LGBT
KW  - Depression
KW  - Anxiety
KW  - Gay-Straight Alliance
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-022-01585-6
SN  - 0047-2891
SN  - 1573-6601
VL  - 51
IS  - 7
SP  - 1388
EP  - 1396
PB  - Springer
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Johanssen, Helen
A1  - Schoofs, Nikola
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
A1  - Bermpohl, Felix
A1  - Ülsmann, Dominik
A1  - Schulte-Herbrüggen, Olaf
A1  - Priebe, Kathlen
T1  - Negative posttraumatic cognitions color the pathway from event centrality to posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms
JF  - Cognitive therapy and research
N2  - Background
The centrality of an event indicates the extent to which it becomes a core part of identity and life story. Event centrality (EC) has been shown to have a strong relationship with PTSD symptoms, which seems to be indirectly influenced by negative posttraumatic cognitions (PTC). However, research on this potential mediation and its causal links particularly with clinical samples is limited and essential to derive treatment implications. 

Methods
Pre- and posttreatment data of 103 day-unit patients with PTSD was examined using mediation analyses and structural equation modeling.

Results
Negative PTC mediated the relationship between EC and PTSD symptoms, partially pre- and completely posttreatment. Within extended longitudinal analyses causal directions of the mediation pathways were not adequately interpretable due to unexpected suppression effects. 

Conclusions
The results suggest that EC may only have an indirect effect on PTSD symptoms through negative PTC. Thus, decreasing negative PTC which are connected to centralized events might be a key element for PTSD treatment. Thereby, transforming the cognitions' valence to more positive and constructive forms could be crucial rather than mere decentralization. Although suppression effects limited causal inferences, they do not contradict the mediation and further indicate potential interactional terms and a transformation of EC.
KW  - Event centrality
KW  - PTSD
KW  - Posttraumatic cognitions
KW  - Valence
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-021-10266-w
SN  - 0147-5916
SN  - 1573-2819
VL  - 46
IS  - 2
SP  - 333
EP  - 342
PB  - Springer Science + Business Media B.V.
CY  - Dordrecht
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Borghi, Anna M.
A1  - Shaki, Samuel
A1  - Fischer, Martin H.
T1  - Abstract concepts: external influences, internal constraints, and methodological issues
JF  - Psychological research : an international journal of perception, attention, memory, and action
N2  - There is a longstanding and widely held misconception about the relative remoteness of abstract concepts from concrete experiences. This review examines the current evidence for external influences and internal constraints on the processing, representation, and use of abstract concepts, like truth, friendship, and number. We highlight the theoretical benefit of distinguishing between grounded and embodied cognition and then ask which roles do perception, action, language, and social interaction play in acquiring, representing and using abstract concepts. By reviewing several studies, we show that they are, against the accepted definition, not detached from perception and action. Focussing on magnitude-related concepts, we also discuss evidence for cultural influences on abstract knowledge and explore how internal processes such as inner speech, metacognition, and inner bodily signals (interoception) influence the acquisition and retrieval of abstract knowledge. Finally, we discuss some methodological developments. Specifically, we focus on the importance of studies that investigate the time course of conceptual processing and we argue that, because of the paramount role of sociality for abstract concepts, new methods are necessary to study concepts in interactive situations. We conclude that bodily, linguistic, and social constraints provide important theoretical limitations for our theories of conceptual knowledge.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-022-01698-4
SN  - 0340-0727
SN  - 1430-2772
VL  - 86
SP  - 2370
EP  - 2388
PB  - Springer
CY  - Heidelberg
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Dworkin, Emily R.
A1  - Krahé, Barbara
A1  - Zinzow, Heidi
T1  - The global prevalence of sexual assault
BT  - a systematic review of international research since 2010
JF  - Psychology of violence
N2  - Objective:
We present a review of peer-reviewed English-language studies conducted outside the United States and Canada on the prevalence of sexual assault victimization in adolescence and adulthood published since 2010. 

Method:
A systematic literature search yielded 32 articles reporting on 45 studies from 29 countries. Studies that only provided prevalence estimates for sexual assault in intimate relationships or did not present separate rates for men and women were excluded. All studies were coded by two coders, and a risk of bias score was calculated for each study. Both past-year and prevalence rates covering longer periods were extracted. 

Results:
The largest number of studies came from Europe (n = 21), followed by Africa (n = 11), Asia, and Latin America (n = 6 each). One study came from the Middle East and no studies were found from Oceania. Across the 22 studies that reported past-year prevalence rates, figures ranged from 0% to 59.2% for women, 0.3% to 55.5% for men, and 1.5% to 18.2% for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) samples. The average risk of bias score was 5.7 out of 10. Studies varied widely in methodology. 

Conclusion:
Despite regional variation, most studies indicate that sexual assault is widespread. More sustained, systematic, and coordinated research efforts are needed to gauge the scale of sexual assault in different parts of the world and to develop prevention measures.
KW  - sexual assault
KW  - rape
KW  - international
KW  - review
KW  - sexual minority
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000374
SN  - 2152-0828
SN  - 2152-081X
VL  - 11
IS  - 5
SP  - 497
EP  - 508
PB  - American Psychological Association
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Borghi, Anna M.
A1  - Shaki, Samuel
A1  - Fischer, Martin H.
T1  - Concrete constraints on abstract concepts-editorial
T2  - Psychological research : an international journal of perception, attention, memory, and action
N2  - This special issue, "Concrete constraints of abstract concepts", addresses the role of concrete determinants, both external and internal to the human body, in acquisition, processing and use of abstract concepts while at the same time presenting to the readers an overview of methods used to assess their representation.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-022-01685-9
SN  - 0340-0727
SN  - 1430-2772
VL  - 86
SP  - 2366
EP  - 2369
PB  - Springer
CY  - Heidelberg
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Pollatos, Olga
A1  - Mönkemöller, Karla
A1  - Groppe, Karoline
A1  - Elsner, Birgit
T1  - Interoceptive accuracy is associated with benefits in decision making in children
JF  - Frontiers in psychology
N2  - Introduction: 
Decision making results not only from logical analyses, but seems to be further guided by the ability to perceive somatic information (interoceptive accuracy). Relations between interoceptive accuracy and decision making have been exclusively studied in adults and with regard to complex, uncertain situations (as measured by the Iowa Gambling Task, IGT). 

Methods:
In the present study, 1454 children (6-11 years) were examined at two time points (approximately 1 year apart) using an IGT as well as a delay-of-gratification task for sweets-items and toy-items. Interoceptive accuracy was measured using a child-adapted version of the Heartbeat Perception Task. 

Results:
The present results revealed that children with higher, as compared to lower, interoceptive accuracy showed more advantageous choices in the IGT and delayed more sweets-items, but not toy-items, in a delay-of-gratification task at time point 2 but not at time point 1. However, no longitudinal relation between interoceptive accuracy and decision making 1 year later could be shown. 

Discussion:
Results indicate that interoceptive accuracy relates to decision-making abilities in situations of varying complexity already in middle childhood, and that this link might consolidate across the examined 1-year period. Furthermore, the association of interoceptive accuracy and the delay of sweets-items might have implications for the regulation of body weight at a later age.
KW  - cardiac perception
KW  - interoception
KW  - emotion
KW  - decision making
KW  - Iowa gambling task
KW  - somatic-marker hypothesis
KW  - childhood development
Y1  - 2023
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1070037
SN  - 1664-1078
VL  - 13
PB  - Frontiers Research Foundation
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Xie, Chao
A1  - Jia, Tianye
A1  - Rolls, Edmund T.
A1  - Robbins, Trevor W.
A1  - Sahakian, Barbara J.
A1  - Zhang, Jie
A1  - Liu, Zhaowen
A1  - Cheng, Wei
A1  - Luo, Qiang
A1  - Zac Lo, Chun-Yi
A1  - Schumann, Gunter
A1  - Feng, Jianfeng
A1  - Wang, He
A1  - Banaschewski, Tobias
A1  - Barker, Gareth J.
A1  - Bokde, Arun L.W.
A1  - Büchel, Christian
A1  - Quinlan, Erin Burke
A1  - Desrivières, Sylvane
A1  - Flor, Herta
A1  - Grigis, Antoine
A1  - Garavan, Hugh
A1  - Gowland, Penny
A1  - Heinz, Andreas
A1  - Hohmann, Sarah
A1  - Ittermann, Bernd
A1  - Martinot, Jean-Luc
A1  - Paillère Martinot, Marie-Laure
A1  - Nees, Frauke
A1  - Papadopoulos Orfanos, Dimitri
A1  - Paus, Tomáš
A1  - Poustka, Luise
A1  - Fröhner, Juliane H.
A1  - Smolka, Michael N.
A1  - Walter, Henrik
A1  - Whelan, Robert
T1  - Reward versus nonreward sensitivity of the medial versus lateral orbitofrontal cortex relates to the severity of depressive symptoms
JF  - Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging
N2  - BACKGROUND: The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is implicated in depression. The hypothesis investigated was whether the OFC sensitivity to reward and nonreward is related to the severity of depressive symptoms.

METHODS: Activations in the monetary incentive delay task were measured in the IMAGEN cohort at ages 14 years (n = 1877) and 19 years (n = 1140) with a longitudinal design. Clinically relevant subgroups were compared at ages 19 (high-severity group: n = 116; low-severity group: n = 206) and 14.

RESULTS: The medial OFC exhibited graded activation increases to reward, and the lateral OFC had graded activation increases to nonreward. In this general population, the medial and lateral OFC activations were associated with concurrent depressive symptoms at both ages 14 and 19 years. In a stratified high-severity depressive symptom group versus control group comparison, the lateral OFC showed greater sensitivity for the magnitudes of activations related to nonreward in the high-severity group at age 19 (p = .027), and the medial OFC showed decreased sensitivity to the reward magnitudes in the high-severity group at both ages 14 (p = .002) and 19 (p = .002). In a longitudinal design, there was greater sensitivity to nonreward of the lateral OFC at age 14 for those who exhibited high depressive symptom severity later at age 19 (p = .003).

CONCLUSIONS: Activations in the lateral OFC relate to sensitivity to not winning, were associated with high depressive symptom scores, and at age 14 predicted the depressive symptoms at ages 16 and 19. Activations in the medial OFC were related to sensitivity to winning, and reduced reward sensitivity was associated with concurrent high depressive symptom scores.
KW  - adolescents
KW  - depression
KW  - monetary incentive delay task
KW  - nonreward sensitivity
KW  - orbitofrontal cortex
KW  - reward anticipation
KW  - reward sensitivity
KW  - ventral striatum
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.08.017
SN  - 0006-3223
SN  - 1873-2402
VL  - 6
IS  - 3
SP  - 259
EP  - 269
PB  - Elsevier Science
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Gleich, Tobias
A1  - Spitta, Gianna
A1  - Butler, Oisin
A1  - Zacharias, Kristin
A1  - Aydin, Semiha
A1  - Sebold, Miriam Hannah
A1  - Garbusow, Maria
A1  - Rapp, Michael A.
A1  - Schubert, Florian
A1  - Buchert, Ralph
A1  - Heinz, Andreas
A1  - Gallinat, Jürgen
T1  - Dopamine D2/3 receptor availability in alcohol use disorder and individuals at high risk
BT  - towards a dimensional approach
JF  - Addiction Biology
N2  - Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is the most common substance use disorder worldwide. Although dopamine-related findings were often observed in AUD, associated neurobiological mechanisms are still poorly understood. Therefore, in the present study, we investigate D2/3 receptor availability in healthy participants, participants at high risk (HR) to develop addiction (not diagnosed with AUD), and AUD patients in a detoxified stage, applying F-18-fallypride positron emission tomography (F-18-PET). Specifically, D2/3 receptor availability was investigated in (1) 19 low-risk (LR) controls, (2) 19 HR participants, and (3) 20 AUD patients after alcohol detoxification. Quality and severity of addiction were assessed with clinical questionnaires and (neuro)psychological tests. PET data were corrected for age of participants and smoking status. In the dorsal striatum, we observed significant reductions of D2/3 receptor availability in AUD patients compared with LR participants. Further, receptor availability in HR participants was observed to be intermediate between LR and AUD groups (linearly decreasing). Still, in direct comparison, no group difference was observed between LR and HR groups or between HR and AUD groups. Further, the score of the Alcohol Dependence Scale (ADS) was inversely correlated with D2/3 receptor availability in the combined sample. Thus, in line with a dimensional approach, striatal D2/3 receptor availability showed a linear decrease from LR participants to HR participants to AUD patients, which was paralleled by clinical measures. Our study shows that a core neurobiological feature in AUD seems to be detectable in an early, subclinical state, allowing more individualized alcohol prevention programs in the future.
KW  - alcohol
KW  - D2/3 receptors
KW  - dependence
KW  - dopamine
KW  - high risk
KW  - PET
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.12915
SN  - 1369-1600
VL  - 26
IS  - 2
SP  - 1
EP  - 10
PB  - Wiley-Blackwell
CY  - Hoboken
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Dolcos, Florin
A1  - Katsumi, Yuta
A1  - Moore, Matthew
A1  - Berggren, Nick
A1  - de Gelder, Beatrice
A1  - Derakshan, Nazanin
A1  - Hamm, Alfons O.
A1  - Koster, Ernst H. W.
A1  - Ladouceur, Cecile D.
A1  - Okon-Singer, Hadas
A1  - Ventura-Bort, Carlos
A1  - Weymar, Mathias
T1  - Neural correlates of emotion-attention interactions
BT  - From perception, learning, and memory to social cognition, individual differences, and training interventions
JF  - Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
N2  - Due to their ability to capture attention, emotional stimuli tend to benefit from enhanced perceptual processing, which can be helpful when such stimuli are task-relevant but hindering when they are task-irrelevant. Altered emotion-attention interactions have been associated with symptoms of affective disturbances, and emerging research focuses on improving emotion-attention interactions to prevent or treat affective disorders. In line with the Human Affectome Project's emphasis on linguistic components, we also analyzed the language used to describe attention-related aspects of emotion, and highlighted terms related to domains such as conscious awareness, motivational effects of attention, social attention, and emotion regulation. These terms were discussed within a broader review of available evidence regarding the neural correlates of (1) Emotion-Attention Interactions in Perception, (2) Emotion-Attention Interactions in Learning and Memory, (3) Individual Differences in Emotion-Attention Interactions, and (4) Training and Interventions to Optimize Emotion-Attention Interactions. This comprehensive approach enabled an integrative overview of the current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of emotion-attention interactions at multiple levels of analysis, and identification of emerging directions for future investigations.
KW  - emotion
KW  - attention
KW  - perception
KW  - learning and memory
KW  - individual differences
KW  - training interventions
KW  - psychophysiology
KW  - neuroimaging
KW  - affective neuroscience
KW  - health and well-being
KW  - linguistics
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.017
SN  - 0149-7634
SN  - 1873-7528
VL  - 108
SP  - 559
EP  - 601
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Köster, Moritz
A1  - Kayhan, Ezgi
A1  - Langeloh, Miriam
A1  - Hoehl, Stefanie
T1  - Making sense of the world
BT  - Infant learning from a predictive processing perspective
JF  - Perspectives on Psychological Science
N2  - For human infants, the first years after birth are a period of intense exploration-getting to understand their own competencies in interaction with a complex physical and social environment. In contemporary neuroscience, the predictive-processing framework has been proposed as a general working principle of the human brain, the optimization of predictions about the consequences of one's own actions, and sensory inputs from the environment. However, the predictive-processing framework has rarely been applied to infancy research. We argue that a predictive-processing framework may provide a unifying perspective on several phenomena of infant development and learning that may seem unrelated at first sight. These phenomena include statistical learning principles, infants' motor and proprioceptive learning, and infants' basic understanding of their physical and social environment. We discuss how a predictive-processing perspective can advance the understanding of infants' early learning processes in theory, research, and application.
KW  - cognition
KW  - infant development
KW  - neuroscience
KW  - perception
KW  - social cognition
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619895071
SN  - 1745-6916
SN  - 1745-6924
VL  - 15
IS  - 3
SP  - 562
EP  - 571
PB  - Sage
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Gumbsch, Christian
A1  - Adam, Maurits
A1  - Elsner, Birgit
A1  - Butz, Martin V.
T1  - Emergent goal-anticipatory gaze in infants via event-predictive learning and inference
JF  - Cognitive science
N2  - From about 7 months of age onward, infants start to reliably fixate the goal of an observed action, such as a grasp, before the action is complete. The available research has identified a variety of factors that influence such goal-anticipatory gaze shifts, including the experience with the shown action events and familiarity with the observed agents. However, the underlying cognitive processes are still heavily debated. We propose that our minds (i) tend to structure sensorimotor dynamics into probabilistic, generative event-predictive, and event boundary predictive models, and, meanwhile, (ii) choose actions with the objective to minimize predicted uncertainty. We implement this proposition by means of event-predictive learning and active inference. The implemented learning mechanism induces an inductive, event-predictive bias, thus developing schematic encodings of experienced events and event boundaries. The implemented active inference principle chooses actions by aiming at minimizing expected future uncertainty. We train our system on multiple object-manipulation events. As a result, the generation of goal-anticipatory gaze shifts emerges while learning about object manipulations: the model starts fixating the inferred goal already at the start of an observed event after having sampled some experience with possible events and when a familiar agent (i.e., a hand) is involved. Meanwhile, the model keeps reactively tracking an unfamiliar agent (i.e., a mechanical claw) that is performing the same movement. We qualitatively compare these modeling results to behavioral data of infants and conclude that event-predictive learning combined with active inference may be critical for eliciting goal-anticipatory gaze behavior in infants.
KW  - Infancy
KW  - Goal-anticipatory gaze
KW  - Computational model
KW  - Event cognition
KW  - Active inference
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13016
SN  - 1551-6709
VL  - 45
IS  - 8
PB  - Wiley-Blackwell
CY  - Malden, Mass.
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Arkes, Hal R.
A1  - Aberegg, Scott K.
A1  - Arpin, Kevin A.
T1  - Analysis of physicians' probability estimates of a medical outcome based on a sequence of events
JF  - JAMA network open / American Medical Association
N2  - IMPORTANCE
The probability of a conjunction of 2 independent events is the product of the probabilities of the 2 components and therefore cannot exceed the probability of either component; violation of this basic law is called the conjunction fallacy. A common medical decision-making scenario involves estimating the probability of a final outcome resulting from a sequence of independent events; however, little is known about physicians' ability to accurately estimate the overall probability of success in these situations.

OBJECTIVE
To ascertain whether physicians are able to correctly estimate the overall probability of a medical outcome resulting from 2 independent events. 

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
This survey study consisted of 3 separate substudies, in which 215 physicians were asked via internet-based survey to estimate the probability of success of each of 2 components of a diagnostic or prognostic sequence as well as the overall probability of success of the 2-step sequence. Substudy 1 was performed from April 2 to 4, 2021, substudy 2 from November 2 toll, 2021, and substudy 3 from May 13 to 19, 2021. All physicians were board certified or board eligible in the primary specialty germane to the substudy (ie, obstetrics and gynecology for substudies land 3 and pulmonology for substudy 2), were recruited from a commercial survey service, and volunteered to participate in the study. 

EXPOSURES
Case scenarios presented in an online survey.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Respondents were asked to provide their demographic information in addition to 3 probability estimates. The first substudy included a scenario describing a brow presentation discovered during labor; the 2 conjuncts were the probabilities that the brow presentation would resolve and that the delivery would be vaginal. The second substudy involved a diagnostic evaluation of an incidentally discovered pulmonary nodule; the 2 conjuncts were the probabilities that the patient had a malignant condition and that a technically successful transthoracic needle biopsy would reveal a malignant condition. The third substudy included a modification of the first substudy in an attempt to debias the conjunction fallacy prevalent in the first substudy. Respondents' own probability estimates of the individual events were used to calculate the mathematically correct conjunctive probability.

RESULTS
Among 215 respondents, the mean (SD) age was 54.0 (9.5) years; 142 respondents (66.0%) were male. Data on race and ethnicity were not collected. A total of 168 physicians (78.1%) estimated the probability of the 2-step sequence to be greater than the probability of at least 1 of the 2 component events. Compared with the product of their 2 estimated components, respondents overestimated the combined probability by 12.8% (95% CI, 9.6%-16.1%; P < .001) in substudy 1, 19.8% (95% Cl, 16.6%-23.0%; P < .001) in substudy 2, and 18.0% (95% CI, 13.4%-22.5%; P < .001) in substudy 3, results that were mathematically incoherent (ie, formally illogical and mathematically incorrect). 

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
 In this survey study of 215 physicians, respondents consistently overestimated the combined probability of 2 events compared with the probability calculated from their own estimates of the individual events. This biased estimation, consistent with the conjunction fallacy, may have substantial implications for diagnostic and prognostic decision-making.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.18804
SN  - 2574-3805
VL  - 5
IS  - 6
PB  - American Veterinary Medical Association
CY  - Chicago
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kattner, Florian
A1  - Bryce, Donna
T1  - Attentional control and metacognitive monitoring of the effects of different types of task-Irrelevant sound on serial recall
JF  - Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance
N2  - The presence of task-irrelevant sound disrupts short-term memory for serial information. Recent studies found that enhanced perceptual task-encoding load (static visual noise added to target items) reduces the disruptive effect of an auditory deviant but does not affect the task-specific interference by changing-state sound, indicating that the deviation effect may be more susceptible to attentional control. This study aimed to further specify the role of attentional control in shielding against different types of auditory distraction, examining speech and nonspeech distractors presented in laboratory and Web based experiments. To further elucidate the role of controlled processes, we tested whether the detrimental effects of distractor sounds-and their modulation by attentional control-reach participants' awareness. We found that changing-state sound and auditory deviants in steady-state sound equally affected both objective recall performance and metacognitive confidence judgments but did not affect the accuracy of confidence judgments. Most importantly, across four experiments, an increase of task load (visual degradation of the to-be-remembered items) did not reduce either type of auditory distraction. A close replication of the original modulation of the deviation effect by perceptual task load (in an online environment) even revealed a stronger deviation effect at high task load, suggesting that the manipulation may have influenced cognitive load and the ability to control distractor interference in memory. In line with a unitary account of auditory distraction, the results suggest that although both types of distraction reach metacognitive awareness, they may be equally unrelated to perceptual load and the availability of attentional resources. <br /> Public Significance Statement Our ability to hold information in short-term memory suffers in the presence of background sound, but it is unclear to what extent auditory distraction depends on attentional control and metacognitive monitoring. This study reassessed a finding, whereby the diversion of attention by deviant sounds is reduced when the focal task becomes more difficult to process (via perceptual degradation). A series of experiments showed that both the effect of auditory deviants and the interference by changing-state sound is largely resistant to a manipulation of task load, indicating that distraction is not susceptible to attentional control. Nevertheless, participants appeared to be well aware of the detrimental sound effects on performance, as reflected in metacognitive confidence judgments. The findings have important implications for theoretical accounts of auditory distraction, indicating that disruption is attributable to automatic attentional capture, which cannot be controlled despite us being aware of it.
KW  - auditory distraction
KW  - attentional control
KW  - deviation effect
KW  - changing-state-effect
KW  - metacognitive monitoring
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1037/xhp0000982
SN  - 0096-1523
SN  - 1939-1277
VL  - 48
IS  - 2
SP  - 139
EP  - 158
PB  - American Psychological Association
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Mioni, Giovanna
A1  - Fischer, Martin H.
A1  - Shaki, Samuel
T1  - Heuristics and biases in the mental manipulation of magnitudes
BT  - Evidence from length and time production
JF  - Quarterly journal of experimental psychology / published in association with Experimental Psychology Society
N2  - There is a debate about whether and why we overestimate addition and underestimate subtraction results (Operational Momentum or OM effect). Spatial-attentional accounts of OM compete with a model which postulates that OM reflects a weighted combination of multiple arithmetic heuristics and biases (AHAB). This study addressed this debate with the theoretically diagnostic distinction between zero problems (e.g., 3 + 0, 3 - 0) and non-zero problems (e.g., 2 + 1, 4 - 1) because AHAB, in contrast to all other accounts, uniquely predicts reverse OM for the latter problem type. In two tests (line-length production and time production), participants indeed produced shorter lines and under-estimated time intervals in non-zero additions compared with subtractions. This predicted interaction between operation and problem type extends OM to non-spatial magnitudes and highlights the strength of AHAB regarding different problem types and modalities during the mental manipulation of magnitudes. They also suggest that OM reflects methodological details, whereas reverse OM is the more representative behavioural signature of mental arithmetic.
KW  - Heuristics and biases
KW  - mental arithmetic
KW  - operational momentum
KW  - SNARC
KW  - effect
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1177/1747021820967663
SN  - 1747-0218
SN  - 1747-0226
VL  - 74
IS  - 3
SP  - 536
EP  - 547
PB  - SAGE Publishing
CY  - Thousand Oaks, CA
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Boyadzhieva, Asena
A1  - Kayhan, Ezgi
T1  - Keeping the breath in mind
BT  - respiration, neural oscillations, and the free energy principle
JF  - Frontiers in neuroscience / Frontiers Research Foundation
N2  - Scientific interest in the brain and body interactions has been surging in recent years. One fundamental yet underexplored aspect of brain and body interactions is the link between the respiratory and the nervous systems. In this article, we give an overview of the emerging literature on how respiration modulates neural, cognitive and emotional processes. Moreover, we present a perspective linking respiration to the free-energy principle. We frame volitional modulation of the breath as an active inference mechanism in which sensory evidence is recontextualized to alter interoceptive models. We further propose that respiration-entrained gamma oscillations may reflect the propagation of prediction errors from the sensory level up to cortical regions in order to alter higher level predictions. Accordingly, controlled breathing emerges as an easily accessible tool for emotional, cognitive, and physiological regulation.
KW  - interoception
KW  - respiration-entrained neural oscillations
KW  - controlled
KW  - breathing
KW  - free-energy principle
KW  - self-regulation
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.647579
SN  - 1662-453X
VL  - 15
PB  - Frontiers Research Foundation
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Miklashevsky, Alex
A1  - Kulkova, Elena
A1  - Michirev, Alexej
A1  - Jeglinski-Mende, Melinda A.
A1  - Bertonatti, Matias
T1  - Book review to: Raab, Markus: Judgment, decision-making, and embodied choices. - 
London ; San Diego ; Cambridge, MA ; Oxford: Academic Press, 2020. - xv, 155 pages. - ISBN: 978-0-12-823523-2
JF  - Frontiers in psychology
KW  - embodied cognition
KW  - decision making
KW  - embodied choice
KW  - book review
KW  - mind-body
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.665728
SN  - 1664-1078
VL  - 12
PB  - Frontiers Research Foundation
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Krahé, Barbara
T1  - Teen dating violence
BT  - from analyzing the problem to finding solutions
T2  - New directions for child and adolescent development
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20441
SN  - 1534-8687
SN  - 1520-3247
VL  - 178
IS  - Special Issue: Prevalence and predictors of teen dating violence: a European perspective
SP  - 169
EP  - 175
PB  - Wiley
CY  - Hoboken, New Jersey
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stone, Kate
A1  - Lago, Sol
A1  - Schad, Daniel
T1  - Divergence point analyses of visual world data
BT  - applications to bilingual research
JF  - Bilingualism : language and cognition
N2  - Much work has shown that differences in the timecourse of language processing are central to comparing native (L1) and non-native (L2) speakers. However, estimating the onset of experimental effects in timecourse data presents several statistical problems including multiple comparisons and autocorrelation. We compare several approaches to tackling these problems and illustrate them using an L1-L2 visual world eye-tracking dataset. We then present a bootstrapping procedure that allows not only estimation of an effect onset, but also of a temporal confidence interval around this divergence point. We describe how divergence points can be used to demonstrate timecourse differences between speaker groups or between experimental manipulations, two important issues in evaluating L2 processing accounts. We discuss possible extensions of the bootstrapping procedure, including determining divergence points for individual speakers and correlating them with individual factors like L2 exposure and proficiency. Data and an analysis tutorial are available at https://osf.io/exbmk/.
KW  - divergence point analyses
KW  - non-parametric approaches
KW  - bootstrapping
KW  - visual world eye-tracking
KW  - bilingualism
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728920000607
SN  - 1366-7289
SN  - 1469-1841
VL  - 24
IS  - 5
SP  - 833
EP  - 841
PB  - Cambridge Univ. Press
CY  - Cambridge
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Eiserbeck, Anna
A1  - Enge, Alexander
A1  - Rabovsky, Milena
A1  - Abdel Rahman, Rasha
T1  - Electrophysiological chronometry of graded consciousness during the attentional blink
JF  - Cerebral cortex
N2  - One of the ongoing debates about visual consciousness is whether it can be considered as an all-or-none or a graded phenomenon. While there is increasing evidence for the existence of graded states of conscious awareness based on paradigms such as visual masking, only little and mixed evidence is available for the attentional blink paradigm, specifically in regard to electrophysiological measures. Thereby, the all-or-none pattern reported in some attentional blink studies might have originated from specifics of the experimental design, suggesting the need to examine the generalizability of results. In the present event-related potential (ERP) study (N = 32), visual awareness of T2 face targets was assessed via subjective visibility ratings on a perceptual awareness scale in combination with ERPs time-locked to T2 onset (components P1, N1, N2, and P3). Furthermore, a classification task preceding visibility ratings allowed to track task performance. The behavioral results indicate a graded rather than an all-or-none pattern of visual awareness. Corresponding graded differences in the N1, N2, and P3 components were observed for the comparison of visibility levels. These findings suggest that conscious perception during the attentional blink can occur in a graded fashion.
KW  - attentional blink
KW  - consciousness
KW  - event-related potentials
KW  - neural
KW  - correlates of consciousness
KW  - perceptual awareness scale
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhab289
SN  - 1047-3211
SN  - 1460-2199
VL  - 32
IS  - 6
SP  - 1244
EP  - 1259
PB  - Oxford University Press
CY  - New York, NY
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - D'Ascenzo, Stefania
A1  - Fischer, Martin H.
A1  - Shaki, Samuel
A1  - Lugli, Luisa
T1  - Number to me, space to you
BT  - joint representation of spatial-numerical associations
JF  - Psychonomic bulletin & review : a journal of the Psychonomic Society
N2  - Recent work has shown that number concepts activate both spatial and magnitude representations. According to the social co-representation literature which has shown that participants typically represent task components assigned to others together with their own, we asked whether explicit magnitude meaning and explicit spatial coding must be present in a single mind, or can be distributed across two minds, to generate a spatial-numerical congruency effect. In a shared go/no-go task that eliminated peripheral spatial codes, we assigned explicit magnitude processing to participants and spatial processing to either human or non-human co-agents. The spatial-numerical congruency effect emerged only with human co-agents. We demonstrate an inter-personal level of conceptual congruency between space and number that arises from a shared conceptual representation not contaminated by peripheral spatial codes. Theoretical implications of this finding for numerical cognition are discussed.
KW  - Social co-representation
KW  - Conceptual congruency effect
KW  - Numerical
KW  - cognition
KW  - SNARC effect
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-021-02013-9
SN  - 1069-9384
SN  - 1531-5320
VL  - 29
IS  - 2
SP  - 485
EP  - 491
PB  - Springer
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Adam, Maurits
A1  - Gumbsch, Christian
A1  - Butz, Martin V.
A1  - Elsner, Birgit
T1  - The impact of action effects on infants’ predictive gaze shifts for a non-human grasping action at 7, 11, and 18 months
JF  - Frontiers in psychology
N2  - During the observation of goal-directed actions, infants usually predict the goal at an earlier age when the agent is familiar (e.g., human hand) compared to unfamiliar (e.g., mechanical claw). These findings implicate a crucial role of the developing agentive self for infants' processing of others' action goals. Recent theoretical accounts suggest that predictive gaze behavior relies on an interplay between infants' agentive experience (top-down processes) and perceptual information about the agent and the action-event (bottom-up information; e.g., agency cues). The present study examined 7-, 11-, and 18-month-old infants' predictive gaze behavior for a grasping action performed by an unfamiliar tool, depending on infants' age-related action knowledge about tool-use and the display of the agency cue of producing a salient action effect. The results are in line with the notion of a systematic interplay between experience-based top-down processes and cue-based bottom-up information: Regardless of the salient action effect, predictive gaze shifts did not occur in the 7-month-olds (least experienced age group), but did occur in the 18-month-olds (most experienced age group). In the 11-month-olds, however, predictive gaze shifts occurred only when a salient action effect was presented. This sheds new light on how the developing agentive self, in interplay with available agency cues, supports infants' action-goal prediction also for observed tool-use actions.
KW  - infancy
KW  - predictive gaze behavior
KW  - eye tracking
KW  - tool-use actions
KW  - agency cues
KW  - developing agentive self
KW  - non-human grasping
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.695550
SN  - 1664-1078
VL  - 12
PB  - Frontiers Research Foundation
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - De Schrijver, Lotte
A1  - Fomenko, Elizaveta
A1  - Krahe, Barbara
A1  - Roelens, Kristien
A1  - Vander Beken, Tom
A1  - Keygnaert, Ines
T1  - Minority Identity, Othering-Based Stress, and Sexual Violence
JF  - International journal of environmental research and public health : IJERPH
N2  - Background: Some (minority) groups (MGs) are more vulnerable to sexual violence (SV) exposure than others. Othering-based stress (OBS) may mediate the relationship between minority identification and SV. This study aims to assess the prevalence of SV in different MGs to explore the relationship between minority identification and SV, to investigate whether belonging to multiple MGs moderates this relationship, and to explore OBS SV moderation for different MGs. Method: Through an online survey administered to a nationally representative sample in Belgium, data was collected from 4632 persons, of whom 21.01% self-identified as belonging to a MG (SI-Minority). SV prevalence was measured using behaviorally specific questions based on the WHO definition of SV. SI-Minority participants received an additional scale on OBS. Results: SI-Minority participants reported more SV victimization compared to the non-minorities. However, this increased risk was not moderated by minority identification but linked to the socio-demographic SV risk markers common to minority individuals. Multiple-minority participants were found more at risk of SV compared to single-minority respondents. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, pan-/omnisexual, asexual, and other non-heterosexual (LGB+) participants were found more at risk than heterosexual participants. OBS was found to be significantly correlated to SV in sexual and gender minorities and in cultural minorities. Conclusions: This study contributes to our understanding of the relationship between minority identification, OBS, and SV. Studying both specific and common SV vulnerabilities and outcomes within specific societal subgroups and the general population may inform policy makers when allocating resources to those interventions with the largest societal impact.
KW  - sexual orientation
KW  - poverty
KW  - minority health
KW  - sexual and gender-based
KW  - violence
KW  - rape
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074221
SN  - 1661-7827
SN  - 1660-4601
VL  - 19
IS  - 7
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Butkovic, Ana
A1  - Galesic, Mirta
T1  - Relationship between COVID-19 threat beliefs and individual differences in demographics, personality, and related beliefs
JF  - Frontiers in psychology
N2  - Individual differences in demographics, personality, and other related beliefs are associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) threat beliefs. However, the relative contributions of these different types of individual differences to COVID-19 threat beliefs are not known. In this study, a total of 1,700 participants in Croatia (68% female; age 18-86 years) completed a survey that included questions about COVID-19 risks, questions about related beliefs including vaccination beliefs, trust in the health system, trust in scientists, and trust in the political system, the HEXACO 60 personality inventory, as well as demographic questions about gender, age, chronic diseases, and region. We used hierarchical regression analyses to examine the proportion of variance explained by demographics, personality, and other related beliefs. All three types of individual differences explained a part of the variance of COVID-19 threat beliefs, with related beliefs explaining the largest part. Personality facets explained a slightly larger amount of variance than personality factors. These results have implications for communication about COVID-19.
KW  - COVID-19 threat beliefs
KW  - individual differences
KW  - personality
KW  - trust;
KW  - vaccination
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.831199
SN  - 1664-1078
VL  - 13
PB  - Frontiers Media
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kansok-Dusche, Julia
A1  - Ballaschk, Cindy
A1  - Krause, Norman
A1  - Zeissig, Anke
A1  - Seemann-Herz, Lisanne
A1  - Wachs, Sebastian
A1  - Bilz, Ludwig
T1  - A systematic review on hate speech among children and adolescents
BT  - definitions, prevalence, and overlap with related phenomena
JF  - Trauma, violence & abuse : a review journal
N2  - Little is known about the current state of research on the involvement of young people in hate speech. Thus, this systematic review presents findings on a) the prevalence of hate speech among children and adolescents and on hate speech definitions that guide prevalence assessments for this population; and b) the theoretical and empirical overlap of hate speech with related concepts. This review was guided by the Cochrane approach. To be included, publications were required to deal with real-life experiences of hate speech, to provide empirical data on prevalence for samples aged 5 to 21 years and they had to be published in academic formats. Included publications were full-text coded using two raters (kappa = .80) and their quality was assessed. The string-guided electronic search (ERIC, SocInfo, Psycinfo, Psyndex) yielded 1,850 publications. Eighteen publications based on 10 studies met the inclusion criteria and their findings were systematized. Twelve publications were of medium quality due to minor deficiencies in their theoretical or methodological foundations. All studies used samples of adolescents and none of younger children. Nine out of 10 studies applied quantitative methodologies. Eighteen publications based on 10 studies were included. Results showed that frequencies for hate speech exposure were higher than those related to victimization and perpetration. Definitions of hate speech and assessment instruments were heterogeneous. Empirical evidence for an often theorized overlap between hate speech and bullying was found. The paper concludes by presenting a definition of hate speech, including implications for practice, policy, and research.
KW  - hate speech
KW  - bullying
KW  - adolescents
KW  - children
KW  - youth
KW  - systematic review
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380221108070
SN  - 1524-8380
SN  - 1552-8324
VL  - 24
IS  - 4
SP  - 2598
EP  - 2615
PB  - Sage Publ.
CY  - Thousand Oaks
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Clahsen, Harald
A1  - Hansen, Detlef
T1  - Profiling linguistic disability in German-speaking children
JF  - Assessing Grammar : the Languages of LARSP
Y1  - 2012
SN  - 978-1-8476-9639-7
U6  - https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847696397-007
SP  - 77
EP  - 91
PB  - Multilingual Matters
CY  - Bristol
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Asselmann, Eva
A1  - Holst, Elke
A1  - Specht, Jule
T1  - Longitudinal bidirectional associations between personality and becoming a leader
JF  - Journal of personality
N2  - Objective
Leaders differ in their personalities from non-leaders. However, when do these differences emerge? Are leaders "born to be leaders" or does their personality change in preparation for a leadership role and due to increasing leadership experience? 

Method
Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study, we examined personality differences between leaders (N = 2683 leaders, women: n = 967; 36.04%) and non-leaders (N = 33,663) as well as personality changes before and after becoming a leader.

Results
Already in the years before starting a leadership position, leaders-to-be were more extraverted, open, emotionally stable, conscientious, and willing to take risks, felt to have greater control, and trusted others more than non-leaders. Moreover, personality changed in emergent leaders: While approaching a leadership position, leaders-to-be (especially men) became gradually more extraverted, open, and willing to take risks and felt to have more control over their life. After becoming a leader, they became less extraverted, less willing to take risks, and less conscientious but gained self-esteem. 

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that people are not simply "born to be leaders" but that their personalities change considerably in preparation for a leadership role and due to leadership experience. Some changes are transient, but others last for a long time.
KW  - Big Five
KW  - development
KW  - leadership
KW  - manager
KW  - occupational success
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12719
SN  - 0022-3506
SN  - 1467-6494
VL  - 91
IS  - 2
SP  - 285
EP  - 298
PB  - Wiley-Blackwell
CY  - Boston, Mass. [u.a.]
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schulze, Susanne
A1  - Merz, Sibille
A1  - Thier, Anne
A1  - Tallarek, Marie
A1  - König, Franziska
A1  - Uhlenbrock, Greta
A1  - Nübling, Matthias
A1  - Lincke, Hans-Joachim
A1  - Rapp, Michael A.
A1  - Spallek, Jacob
A1  - Holmberg, Christine
T1  - Psychosocial burden in nurses working in nursing homes during the Covid-19 pandemic
BT  - a cross-sectional study with quantitative and qualitative data
JF  - BMC health services research
N2  - Background The Covid-19 pandemic led to increased work-related strain and psychosocial burden in nurses worldwide, resulting in high prevalences of mental health problems. Nurses in long-term care facilities seem to be especially affected by the pandemic. Nevertheless, there are few findings indicating possible positive changes for health care workers. Therefore, we investigated which psychosocial burdens and potential positive aspects nurses working in long-term care facilities experience during the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods We conducted a mixed-methods study among nurses and nursing assistants working in nursing homes in Germany. The survey contained the third German version of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ III). Using Welch's t-tests, we compared the COPSOQ results of our sample against a pre-pandemic reference group of geriatric nurses from Germany. Additionally, we conducted semi-structured interviews with geriatric nurses with a special focus on psychosocial stress, to reach a deeper understanding of their experiences on work-related changes and burdens during the pandemic. Data were analysed using thematic coding (Braun and Clarke). Results Our survey sample (n = 177) differed significantly from the pre-pandemic reference group in 14 out of 31 COPSOQ scales. Almost all of these differences indicated negative changes. Our sample scored significantly worse regarding the scales 'quantitative demands', 'hiding emotions', 'work-privacy conflicts', 'role conflicts', 'quality of leadership', 'support at work', 'recognition', 'physical demands', 'intention to leave profession', 'burnout', 'presenteeism' and 'inability to relax'. The interviews (n = 15) revealed six main themes related to nurses' psychosocial stress: 'overall working conditions', 'concern for residents', 'management of relatives', 'inability to provide terminal care', 'tensions between being infected and infecting others' and 'technicisation of care'. 'Enhanced community cohesion' (interviews), 'meaning of work' and 'quantity of social relations' (COPSOQ III) were identified as positive effects of the pandemic. Conclusions Results clearly illustrate an aggravation of geriatric nurses' situation and psychosocial burden and only few positive changes due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Pre-existing hardships seem to have further deteriorated and new stressors added to nurses' strain. The perceived erosion of care, due to an overemphasis of the technical in relation to the social and emotional dimensions of care, seems to be especially burdensome to geriatric nurses.
KW  - COPSOQ
KW  - Nurses
KW  - Nursing home
KW  - Psychosocial burden
KW  - Mixed-methods study
KW  - Covid-19
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-08333-3
SN  - 1472-6963
VL  - 22
IS  - 1
PB  - BMC
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ekatushabe, Margaret
A1  - Kwarikunda, Diana
A1  - Muwonge, Charles Magoba
A1  - Ssenyonga, Joseph
A1  - Schiefele, Ulrich
T1  - Relations between perceived teacher’s autonomy support, cognitive appraisals and boredom in physics learning among lower secondary school students
JF  - International journal of STEM education
N2  - Background Boredom during learning activities has the potential of impeding attention, motivation, learning and eventually achievement. Yet, research focusing on its possible antecedents seems to have received less attention especially within the physics domain. Based on assumptions of the Control Value Theory of Achievement Emotions (CVTAE), this study aimed at examining gender differences and structural relationships between students' reported perceived teacher autonomy support (PTAS), cognitive appraisals (self-efficacy and task value) and learning-related boredom in physics. A sample of 375 (56% females) randomly selected 9(th) grade students (mean age = 15.03 years; SD = 1.02) from five secondary schools in Masaka district of Uganda took part in the study. Results Data collected from students' self-reports using standardised instruments revealed that higher levels of PTAS, self-efficacy, and task value were significantly associated with lower levels of boredom during physics learning. Females reported significantly greater task value for learning physics than the males. Self-efficacy (beta = - .10, p < .05) and task value (beta = - .09, p < .01) partially mediated the relationship between PTAS and boredom. PTAS showed significant direct negative contributions to boredom (beta = - .34, p < .001). Conclusion These findings provide support for theory and practice about the importance of promoting autonomy among students by adjusting instructional behaviours among teachers of physics. Teacher autonomy supportive behaviours influence formation of students' beliefs about ability, subjective value and learning-related boredom in physics. Implications and suggestions for further research are also discussed in this paper.
KW  - Teacher autonomy support
KW  - Cognitive appraisals
KW  - Self-efficacy
KW  - Task
KW  - value
KW  - Boredom
KW  - Gender
KW  - Physics
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-021-00272-5
SN  - 2196-7822
VL  - 8
IS  - 1
PB  - SpringerOpen
CY  - Berlin ; Heidelberg [u.a.]
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kawasaki, Yui
A1  - Akamatsu, Rie
A1  - Fujiwara, Yoko
A1  - Omori, Mika
A1  - Sugawara, Masumi
A1  - Yamazaki, Yoko
A1  - Matsumoto, Satoko
A1  - Iwakabe, Shigeru
A1  - Kobayashi, Tetsuyuki
T1  - Later chronotype is associated with unhealthful plant-based diet quality in young Japanese women
JF  - Appetite : multidisciplinary research on eating and drinking
N2  - Background:
Having a late chronotype, that is, the tendency to go to sleep and wake up at later hours, influences an individual's physical and mental health. Despite a few studies noting the association of chronotype with healthy dietary patterns, this relationship remains unclear. 

Purpose:
This study aimed to describe the association of chronotype with healthful and unhealthful plant-based diet quality in female Japanese undergraduate students. 

Design:
Cross-sectional. 

Participants and setting:
A total of 218 female university students in Tokyo, Japan. 

Main outcome measures: 
Healthful and unhealthful plant-based dietary index-Japanese version (hPDI-J and uPDIJ), calculated using the validated brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire. 

Statistical analyses performed:
A five-model stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was conducted. Independent variables were hPDI-J and uPDI-J scores, and dependent variables were various lifestyle habits related to the circadian rhythm and demographic characteristics.

Results:
Mean (standard deviation) sleep duration, midpoint of sleep, sleep latency time, and social jetlag were 411 (60) min, 03:56 (00:57), 21 (27) min, and 50 (39) min, respectively. Chronotype and several variables, such as residential status, energy and alcohol intake, and nutritional knowledge, were associated with healthful and unhealthful plant-based diet quality. Individuals who had higher hPDI-J scores were more likely to have an earlier chronotype (13 = -0.168, P = 0.019) and better nutritional knowledge (13 = 0.164, P = 0.022) than those with lower hPDI-J scores. Individuals were more likely to have higher uPDI-J scores if they were living alone (13 = -0.301, P < 0.001), had a later chronotype (13 = 0.181, P = 0.001), higher frequency of snacking (13 = 0.164, P = 0.019), lower total energy (13 = -0.445, P < 0.001), and worse nutritional knowledge (13 = -0.172, P = 0.001). 

Conclusion:
This study provided new evidence as to the relationship between sleep and dietary habits, the interaction of which may affect women's health.
KW  - Chronotype
KW  - Plant-based diet
KW  - Sustainability
KW  - University students
KW  - Female
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2021.105468
SN  - 0195-6663
SN  - 1095-8304
VL  - 166
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam [u.a.]
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Pan, Jinger
A1  - Yan, Ming
A1  - Laubrock, Jochen
T1  - Semantic preview benefit and cost
BT  - evidence from parafoveal fast-priming paradigm
JF  - Cognition : international journal of cognitive science
N2  - How is semantic information in the mental lexicon accessed and selected during reading? Readers process information of both the foveal and parafoveal words. Recent eye-tracking studies hint at bi-phasic lexical activation dynamics, demonstrating that semantically related parafoveal previews can either facilitate, or interfere with lexical processing of target words in comparison to unrelated previews, with the size and direction of the effect depending on exposure time to parafoveal previews. However, evidence to date is only correlational, because exposure time was determined by participants' pre-target fixation durations. Here we experimentally controlled parafoveal preview exposure duration using a combination of the gaze-contingent fast-priming and boundary paradigms. We manipulated preview duration and examined the time course of parafoveal semantic activation during the oral reading of Chinese sentences in three experiments. Semantic previews led to faster lexical access of target words than unrelated previews only when the previews were presented briefly (80 ms in Experiments 1 and 3). Longer exposure time (100 ms or 150 ms) eliminated semantic preview effects, and full preview without duration limit resulted in preview cost, i.e., a reversal of preview benefit. Our results indicate that high-level semantic information can be obtained from parafoveal words and the size and direction of the parafoveal semantic effect depends on the level of lexical activation.
KW  - parafoveal
KW  - oral reading
KW  - Chinese
KW  - semantic preview cost
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104452
SN  - 0010-0277
SN  - 1873-7838
VL  - 205
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bertok, Eva
A1  - Meško, Gorazd
A1  - Schuster, Isabell
A1  - Tomaszewska, Paulina
ED  - Schuster, Isabell
ED  - Tomaszewska, Paulina
T1  - Physical teen dating violence in high school students in Slovenia
BT  - prevalence and correlates
JF  - New directions for child and adolescent development
N2  - Although teen dating violence (TDV) is internationally recognized as a serious threat to adolescents' health and well-being, almost no data is available for Slovenian youth. Hence, the purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence and predictors of TDV among Slovenian adolescents for the first time. Using data from the SPMAD study (Study of Parental Monitoring and Adolescent Delinquency), 330 high school students were asked about physical TDV victimization and perpetration as well as about their dating history, relationship conflicts, peers' antisocial behavior, and informal social control by family and school. A substantial number of female andmale adolescents reported victimization (16.7% of female and 12.7% of male respondents) and perpetration (21.1% of female and 6.0% of male respondents). Furthermore, the results revealed that lower age at the first relationship, relationship conflicts, and school informal social control were associated with victimization, whereas being female, relationship conflicts, having antisocial peers, and family informal social control were linked to perpetration. Implications of the study findings were discussed.
KW  - dating aggression
KW  - Slovenia
KW  - teen dating violence
KW  - victimization
KW  - youth
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20436
SN  - 1534-8687
VL  - 178
SP  - 59
EP  - 77
PB  - Jossey-Bass
CY  - San Fransisco
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Rabovsky, Milena
A1  - Schad, Daniel
A1  - Abdel Rahman, Rasha
T1  - Semantic richness and density effects on language production
BT  - Electrophysiological and behavioral evidence
JF  - Journal of experimental psychology : Learning, memory, and cognition
N2  - Language production ultimately aims to convey meaning. Yet words differ widely in the richness and density of their semantic representations, and these differences impact conceptual and lexical processes during speech planning. Here, we replicated the recent finding that semantic richness, measured as the number of associated semantic features according to semantic feature production norms, facilitates object naming. In contrast, intercorrelational semantic feature density, measured as the degree of intercorrelation of a concept's features, presumably resulting in the coactivation of closely related concepts, has an inhibitory influence. We replicated the behavioral effects and investigated their relative time course and electrophysiological correlates. Both the facilitatory effect of high semantic richness and the inhibitory influence of high feature density were reflected in an increased posterior positivity starting at about 250 ms, in line with previous reports of posterior positivities in paradigms employing contextual manipulations to induce semantic interference during language production. Furthermore, amplitudes at the same posterior electrode sites were positively correlated with object naming times between about 230 and 380 ms. The observed effects follow naturally from the assumption of conceptual facilitation and simultaneous lexical competition and are difficult to explain by language production theories dismissing lexical competition.
KW  - picture naming
KW  - ERPs
KW  - semantic richness
KW  - semantic features
KW  - lexical
KW  - competition
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000940
SN  - 0278-7393
SN  - 1939-1285
VL  - 47
IS  - 3
SP  - 508
EP  - 517
PB  - American Psychological Association
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Ventura-Bort, Carlos
A1  - Schneider, Paula
A1  - Weymar, Mathias
T1  - Effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (TAVNS) on interoception
T2  - Psychophysiology : journal of the Society for Psychophysiological Research
KW  - Interoception
KW  - Neurostimulation
KW  - Heart Rate
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.13928
SN  - 1469-8986
VL  - 58
SP  - S58
EP  - S58
PB  - Wiley-Blackwell
CY  - Malden, Mass. [u.a.]
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lohse, Karoline
A1  - Hildebrandt, Andrea
A1  - Hildebrandt, Frauke
T1  - Hypotheses in adult-child interactions stimulate children's reasoning and verbalizations
JF  - Early childhood research quarterly
N2  - Adult-child interactions can support children's development and are established as predictors of program quality in early childhood settings. However, the linguistic components that constitute positive interactions have not yet been studied in detail. This study investigates the effects of hypotheses proposed by adults on children's responses in a dyadic picture-book viewing situation. In 2 experiments, adults' use of hypotheses (e.g., "Maybe this is a dwarf's door") was tested against the use of instructive statements ("This is a dwarf's door") and in combination with open questions ("What do you think, why is the door so small?"). In Experiment 1, hypotheses differed from instructions only by the modal marker "maybe". Children's responses to hypotheses were longer and contained more self-generated explanations as compared to responses to instructions. The use of hypotheses also seemed to encourage children to attach more importance to their own explanations. In Experiment 2, combining hypotheses with open-ended why questions elicited longer responses but no more self-generated explanations in children than openended questions alone. Results indicate that subtle differences in adults' utterances can directly influence children's reasoning and children's contributions to dialogues.
KW  - adult-child interactions
KW  - sustained shared thinking
KW  - hypotheses
KW  - open
KW  - questions
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2021.09.014
SN  - 0885-2006
VL  - 58
SP  - 254
EP  - 263
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kwarikunda, Diana
A1  - Schiefele, Ulrich
A1  - Ssenyonga, Joseph
A1  - Muwonge, Charles Magoba
T1  - The Relationship between Motivation for, and Interest in, Learning Physics among Lower Secondary School Students in Uganda
JF  - African Journal of Research in Mathematics, Science and Technology Education
N2  - Motivation and interest affect students' learning especially in Physics, a subject learners perceive as abstract. The present study was guided by three objectives: (a) to adapt and validate the Science Motivation Questionnaire (SMQ-II) for the Ugandan context; (b) to examine whether there are significant differences in motivation for learning Physics with respect to students' gender; and (c) to establish the extent to which students' interest predicts their motivation to learn Physics. The sample comprised 374 randomly selected students from five schools in central Uganda who responded to anonymous questionnaires that included scales from the SMQ-II and the Individual Interest Questionnaire. Data were analysed using confirmatory factor analyses, t-tests and structural equation modelling in SPSS-25 and Mplus-8. The five-factor model solution of the SMQ-II fitted adequately with the present data, with deletion of one item. The modified SMQ-II exhibited invariant factor loadings and intercepts (i.e. strong measurement invariance) when administered to boys and girls. Furthermore, motivation for learning Physics did not vary with gender. Students' interest was related to motivation for learning Physics. Lastly, although students' interest significantly predicted all motivational constructs, we noted considerable predictive strength of interest on students' self-efficacy and self-determination in learning Physics. Implications of these findings for the teaching and learning of Physics at lower secondary school are discussed in the paper.
KW  - Confirmatory factor analyses
KW  - interest in learning physics
KW  - lower
KW  - secondary school
KW  - measurement invariance
KW  - science motivation
KW  - questionnaire
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-605353
SN  - 1811-7295
SN  - 2469-7656
VL  - 24
IS  - 3
SP  - 435
EP  - 446
PB  - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
CY  - Abingdon
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wright, Michelle F.
A1  - Wachs, Sebastian
T1  - Adolescents' emotional reactions for not intervening in cyberbullying as moderators in the longitudinal association between witnessing cyberbullying and health issues
JF  - Current psychology
N2  - Not much is known about how bystanders' emotional reactions after not intervening in cyberbullying might impact their health issues. Narrowing this gap in the literature, the present study focused on examining the moderating effects of emotional reactions (i.e., guilt, sadness, anger) after not intervening in cyberbullying on the longitudinal relationship between cyberbullying bystanding and health issues (i.e., subjective health complaints, suicidal ideation, non-suicidal self-harm). Participants were 1,067 adolescents between 12 and 15 years old included in this study (M-age = 13.67; 51% girls). The findings showed a positive association between Time 1 cyberbullying bystanding and Time 2 health issues. Guilt moderated the positive relationships among Time 1 cyberbullying bystanding, Time 2 subjective health complaints, suicidal ideation, and non-suicidal self-harm. Time 1 sadness also moderated the relationship between Time 1 cyberbullying bystanding and Time 2 suicidal ideation and non-suicidal self-harm. However, anger did not moderate any of the associations.
KW  - Bystanding
KW  - Cyberbullying
KW  - Guilt
KW  - Anger
KW  - Sadness
KW  - Health Issues;
KW  - Suicidal ideation
KW  - Self-harm
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03773-w
SN  - 1046-1310
SN  - 1936-4733
SP  - 19378
EP  - 19385
PB  - Springer
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - D'Agostini, Martina
A1  - Burger, Andreas M.
A1  - Franssen, Mathijs
A1  - Claes, Nathalie
A1  - Weymar, Mathias
A1  - Leupoldt, Andreas von
A1  - Van Diest, Ilse
T1  - Effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on reversal learning, tonic pupil size, salivary alpha-amylase, and cortisol
JF  - Psychophysiology : journal of the Society for Psychophysiological Research
N2  - This study investigated whether transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) enhances reversal learning and augments noradrenergic biomarkers (i.e., pupil size, cortisol, and salivary alpha-amylase [sAA]). We also explored the effect of taVNS on respiratory rate and cardiac vagal activity (CVA). Seventy-one participants received stimulation of either the cymba concha (taVNS) or the earlobe (sham) of the left ear. After learning a series of cue-outcome associations, the stimulation was applied before and throughout a reversal phase in which cue-outcome associations were changed for some (reversal), but not for other (distractor) cues. Tonic pupil size, salivary cortisol, sAA, respiratory rate, and CVA were assessed at different time points. Contrary to our hypothesis, taVNS was not associated with an overall improvement in performance on the reversal task. Compared to sham, the taVNS group performed worse for distractor than reversal cues. taVNS did not increase tonic pupil size and sAA. Only post hoc analyses indicated that the cortisol decline was steeper in the sham compared to the taVNS group. Exploratory analyses showed that taVNS decreased respiratory rate but did not affect CVA. The weak and unexpected effects found in this study might relate to the lack of parameters optimization for taVNS and invite to further investigate the effect of taVNS on cortisol and respiratory rate.
KW  - cortisol
KW  - noradrenaline
KW  - pupillometry
KW  - reversal learning
KW  - salivary
KW  - alpha-amylase
KW  - transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.13885
SN  - 1469-8986
SN  - 1540-5958
VL  - 58
IS  - 10
PB  - Wiley-Blackwell
CY  - Malden, Mass. [u.a.]
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kawasaki, Yui
A1  - Akamatsu, Rie
A1  - Fujiwara, Yoko
A1  - Omori, Mika
A1  - Sugawara, Masumi
A1  - Yamazaki, Yoko
A1  - Matsumoto, Satoko
A1  - Iwakabe, Shigeru
A1  - Kobayashi, Tetsuyuki
T1  - Is mindful eating sustainable and healthy?
BT  - a focus on nutritional intake, food consumption, and plant-based dietary patterns among lean and normal-weight female university students in Japan
JF  - Eating and weight disorders : studies on anorexia, bulimia and obesity
N2  - Purpose:
This study aimed to investigate the correlation between mindful eating and nutritional intake, food consumption, and healthful and unhealthful plant-based dietary patterns in young Japanese women. 

Methods:
The sample comprised 215 female undergraduates who responded to a two-questionnaire anonymous survey conducted in Tokyo, Japan in 2018 and 2019 from November to December. We measured mindful eating status using the Expanded Mindful Eating Scale (EMES) and used Japanese plant-based dietary indices to determine plant-based dietary patterns. Partial correlation analyses were conducted to determine the correlation of mindful eating with energy and nutrient intake, food consumption, and plant-based dietary patterns, after adjusting for demographics and body mass index. 

Results:
Participants with higher sub-scores in "health of the planet" and "awareness and appreciation for food" ate higher quantities of several micronutrients and plant-based foods and were more likely to have a healthful plant-based dietary pattern. They were also less likely to have an unhealthful plant-based dietary pattern. In contrast, participants with higher scores in "non-judgmental awareness" ate less protein, whole grains, and vegetables, and were likely to have an unhealthful plant-based dietary pattern. 

Conclusion:
This study is the first to show that young Japanese women with normal or lean body weight were more likely to consume healthful plant-based foods when they ate mindfully. 

Level V:
Opinions of respected authorities, based on descriptive studies, narrative reviews, clinical experience, or reports of expert committees.
KW  - Mindful eating
KW  - Dietary intake
KW  - Sustainability
KW  - Plant-based diet
KW  - Undergraduate students
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-020-01093-1
SN  - 1590-1262
VL  - 26
IS  - 7
SP  - 2183
EP  - 2199
PB  - Springer International Publ.
CY  - Cham
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Marchewka, Juliette
A1  - Tomaszewska, Paulina
A1  - Schuster, Isabell
A1  - Krahé, Barbara
T1  - Unacknowledged and missed cases of sexual victimization
BT  - a comparison of responses to broad versus behaviorally specific questions
JF  - Aggressive behavior : a multidisciplinary journal devoted to the experimental and observational analysis of conflict in humans and animals
N2  - From the beginning of systematic research on sexual victimization, it has been recognized that a substantial proportion of women report nonconsensual sexual experiences meeting the defining criteria of rape in response to behaviorally specific items, but do not acknowledge their experience as rape in response to broad questions about whether they have ever been raped. Recent studies suggest that rates of unacknowledged rape may be as high or even higher among men than among women. This study examined rates of unacknowledged female and male victims of rape and sexual assault by comparing responses to behaviorally specific items of the Sexual Aggression and Victimization Scale (SAV-S) with responses to broad questions using the labels of sexual assault and rape (SARA) in 593 participants (303 women) in Germany. As predicted, more women and men were classified as rape victims based on behaviorally specific items than on the basis of the broad rape item. The rates of unacknowledged rape were about 60% for women and 75% for men. The gender difference was not significant. Against our prediction, no significant differences in acknowledgement of sexual assault were found in relation to coercive strategy and victim-perpetrator relationship. Few cases of rape and sexual assault identified by the SARA items were missed by the behaviorally specific questions. The implications for establishing prevalence rates of rape and sexual assault and for comparing victims and nonvictims in terms of vulnerability factors and outcomes of sexual victimization are discussed.
KW  - Germany
KW  - rape
KW  - Sexual Aggression and Victimization Scale
KW  - sexual assault
KW  - sexual victimization
KW  - unacknowledged victims
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.22043
SN  - 0096-140X
SN  - 1098-2337
VL  - 48
IS  - 6
SP  - 573
EP  - 582
PB  - Wiley-Liss
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wendt, Julia
A1  - Morriss, Jayne
T1  - An examination of intolerance of uncertainty and contingency instruction on multiple indices during threat acquisition and extinction training
JF  - International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology
N2  - Individuals who score high in self-reported Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU) tend to find uncertainty aversive. Prior research has demonstrated that under uncertainty individuals with high IU display difficulties in updating learned threat associations to safety associations. Importantly, recent research has shown that providing contingency instructions about threat and safety contingencies (i.e. reducing uncertainty) to individuals with high IU promotes the updating of learned threat associations to safety associations. Here we aimed to conceptually replicate IU and contingency instruction-based effects by conducting a secondary analysis of self-reported IU, ratings, skin conductance, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data recorded during uninstructed/instructed blocks of threat acquisition and threat extinction training (n = 48). Generally, no significant associations were observed between self-reported IU and differential responding to learned threat and safety cues for any measure during uninstructed/instructed blocks of threat acquisition and threat extinction training. There was some tentative evidence that higher IU was associated with greater ratings of unpleasantness and arousal to the safety cue after the experiment and greater skin conductance response to the safety cue during extinction generally. Potential explanations for these null effects and directions for future research are discussed.
KW  - Acquisition
KW  - Extinction
KW  - Threat
KW  - Instructions
KW  - Intolerance of
KW  - Uncertainty
KW  - Skin conductance
KW  - fMRI
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.05.005
SN  - 0167-8760
SN  - 1872-7697
VL  - 177
SP  - 171
EP  - 178
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam [u.a.]
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Rudolph, Almut
A1  - Schröder-Abé, Michela
A1  - Schütz, Astrid
T1  - I like myself, I really do (at least right now)
BT  - development and validation of a brief and revised (German-language) version of the State Self-Esteem Scale
JF  - European journal of psychological assessment : EJPA
N2  - In five studies, we evaluated the psychometric properties of a revised German version of the State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES; Heatherton & Polivy, 1991). In Study 1, the results of a confirmatory factor analysis on the original scale revealed poor model fit and poor construct validity in a student sample that resembled those in the literature; thus, a revised 15-item version was developed (i.e., the SSES-R) and thoroughly validated. Study 2 showed a valid three-factor structure (Performance, Social, and Appearance) and good internal consistency of the SSES-R. Correlations between subscales of trait and state SE empirically supported the scale's construct validity. Temporal stability and intrapersonal sensitivity of the scale to naturally occurring events were investigated in Study 3. Intrapersonat sensitivity of the scale to experimentally induced changes in state SE was uncovered in Study 4 via social feedback (acceptance vs. rejection) and performance feedback (positive vs. negative). In Study 5, the scale's interpersonal sensitivity was confirmed by comparing depressed and healthy individuals. Finally, the usefulness of the SSES-R was demonstrated by assessing SE instability as calculated from repeated measures of state SE.
KW  - self-esteem
KW  - state self-esteem
KW  - State Self-Esteem Scale
KW  - positive affect
KW  - negative affect
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000501
SN  - 1015-5759
SN  - 2151-2426
VL  - 36
IS  - 1
SP  - 196
EP  - 206
PB  - Hogrefe
CY  - Göttingen
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Giraudier, Manon
A1  - Ventura-Bort, Carlos
A1  - Wendt, Julia
A1  - Lischke, Alexander
A1  - Weymar, Mathias
T1  - Memory advantage for untrustworthy faces
BT  - replication across lab- and web-based studies
JF  - PLoS one
N2  - The Covid-19 pandemic imposed new constraints on empirical research and forced researchers to transfer from traditional laboratory research to the online environment. This study tested the validity of a web-based episodic memory paradigm by comparing participants' memory performance for trustworthy and untrustworthy facial stimuli in a supervised laboratory setting and an unsupervised web setting. Consistent with previous results, we observed enhanced episodic memory for untrustworthy compared to trustworthy faces. Most importantly, this memory bias was comparable in the online and the laboratory experiment, suggesting that web-based procedures are a promising tool for memory research.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264034
SN  - 1932-6203
VL  - 17
IS  - 2
PB  - PLoS
CY  - San Fransisco
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Hettinger, Katharina
A1  - Lazarides, Rebecca
A1  - Rubach, Charlott
A1  - Schiefele, Ulrich
T1  - Teacher classroom management self-efficacy
BT  - longitudinal relations to perceived teaching behaviors and student enjoyment
JF  - Teaching and teacher education : an international journal of research and studies
N2  - This study examined the relations between teacher-reported classroom management self-efficacy, stu-dent-reported teaching quality and students' enjoyment in mathematics. Data were collected from German ninth and tenth-grade students (N = 779) and their teachers (N = 40) at the beginning and the middle of the school year. Multilevel models showed that teachers' self-efficacy at time 1 significantly and positively related to class-level monitoring and relatedness at time 2. Class-level relatedness at time 2 was significantly and positively associated with enjoyment at time 2. Teacher-reported self-efficacy at time 1 was indirectly related to enjoyment at time 2 through relatedness at time 2.
KW  - teacher self-efficacy
KW  - teaching quality
KW  - classroom management
KW  - achievement emotions
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103349
SN  - 0742-051X
SN  - 1879-2480
VL  - 103
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schulz, Anika D.
A1  - Schöllgen, Ina
A1  - Wendsche, Johannes
A1  - Fay, Doris
A1  - Wegge, Jürgen
T1  - The dynamics of social stressors and detachment
BT  - long term mechanisms impacting well-being
JF  - International journal of stress management
N2  - This study examines the long-term dynamics of social stressors at work, psychological detachment, and their impact on employee well-being. Previous research has shown that social stressors are detrimental for employee well-being and the ability to mentally detach from work. However, longitudinal studies in this field are scarce, and typically, they only explore whether the level of stressors, or of detachment, at a given point in time has an effect on outcomes. That stressors and detachment may change over time, and that this change may have an independent effect in the process, has rarely been taken into consideration. Thus, it is unclear to what extent long-term dynamic effects also play a role in these relations. To address this question, we investigated whether change in detachment explains the long-term indirect relationship of change in perceived social stressors with change in emotional exhaustion and mental well-being. Data were taken from a longitudinal study of N = 246 registered nurses with up to 3 measurements over 1 year. Analyses were conducted with latent difference scores using a proportional change model. Results revealed that a decline in psychological detachment mediated the long-term effects of increases in social stressors at the workplace on subsequent change in emotional exhaustion and mental well-being. Thus, our study provides initial evidence for the underlying long-term dynamic nature of relationships among social stressors, detachment, and employee well-being, highlighting the incremental explanatory power of change in social stressors and in detachment, above and beyond their respective levels, in predicting change in well-being.
KW  - psychological detachment
KW  - job stress
KW  - emotional exhaustion
KW  - well-being
KW  - longitudinal study
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000216
SN  - 1072-5245
SN  - 1573-3424
VL  - 28
IS  - 3
SP  - 207
EP  - 219
PB  - American Psychological Association
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Birke, Joseph
A1  - Bondü, Rebecca
T1  - From fantasy to reality
BT  - self-reported aggression-related sexual fantasies predict sexually sadistic behavior beyond indirect and direct measures of sexual preference
JF  - The journal of sex research
N2  - Aggression-related sexual fantasies (ASF) have been related to various forms of harmful sexual behavior in both sex offender and community samples. However, more research is needed to fully understand this relation, particularly whether ASF is associated with harmful sexual behavior beyond hostile sexism against women and a sexual preference for violence and sexual violence. In the present study, N = 428 participants (61.9% women) between 18 and 83 years of age (M = 28.17, SD = 9.7) reported their ASF and hostile sexism. They rated their sexual arousal by erotic, violent, and sexually violent pictures as a direct measure of sexual preference. Response latencies between stimulus presentation and arousal ratings were used as an indirect measure of sexual preference. ASF and the directly and indirectly assessed sexual preference for violent and sexually violent stimuli were positively correlated. They were unrelated to hostile sexism against women. ASF showed the strongest associations with self-reported sexually sadistic behavior and presumably non-consensual sexual sadism beyond these preferences and hostile sexism in the total group and separately among men and women. The findings indicate that ASF and sexual preference are not equivalent constructs and further underscore the potential relevance of ASF for harmful sexual behavior.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2021.2022588
SN  - 0022-4499
SN  - 1559-8519
VL  - 60
IS  - 4
SP  - 558
EP  - 573
PB  - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
CY  - New York, NY
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ewert, Christina
A1  - Hoffmann, Cosma Frauke Antonia
A1  - Schröder-Abé, Michela
T1  - Stress processing mediates the link between momentary self-compassion and affective well-being
JF  - Mindfulness
N2  - Objectives
 While the positive effects of trait self-compassion on affective well-being are widely known, within-person effects of state self-compassion and underlying mechanisms between state self-compassion and affective well-being have rarely been investigated. The current study aimed at examining whether perceived stress and healthier coping responses are mediators in the relation between momentary self-compassion and affective well-being. 
 
Methods
A total of 213 participants completed measures of momentary self-compassion, momentary perceived stress, and engagement and disengagement coping responses, as well as affective well-being (i.e., presence of positive and absence of negative affect) via their smartphones. The ambulatory assessment design included three measurements per day (morning, afternoon, evening) for 7 days.

Results
Multilevel modeling revealed that within-persons, momentary levels of self-compassion were related to momentary levels of stress, coping responses, and affective well-being components. 1-1-1 multilevel mediation analyses were conducted and demonstrated that, at the within-person level, momentary self-compassion was related to more positive and less negative affect via perceived stress and facilitating healthy coping responses. The within-person relations of the original 1-1-1 multilevel mediation could partially be replicated in an alternative model with momentary self-compassion one occasion prior and positive affect. However, the link between self-compassion one occasion prior and negative affect was only mediated by perceived stress. 

Conclusions 
This work helps to understand the processes underlying the adaptive effects of momentary self-compassion on momentary affective well-being on a given occasion. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
KW  - Self-compassion
KW  - Stress processing
KW  - Coping
KW  - Affective well-being
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-022-01954-z
SN  - 1868-8527
SN  - 1868-8535
VL  - 13
IS  - 9
SP  - 2269
EP  - 2281
PB  - Springer
CY  - Dordrecht
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Fatfouta, Ramzi
A1  - Heinze, Peter Eric
T1  - Do bigger egos mean bigger presence? Facets of grandiose narcissism and mindfulness
JF  - Current Psychology
N2  - Broad sections of the population try to be more mindful, often with quite self-centered motives. It is therefore not surprising that there is growing interest in the investigation of narcissism and mindfulness. Despite theoretical and empirical ties, however, existing research on this association is scarce. In two studies (N = 3,134 and 403) with English- and German-speaking participants, we apply structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the relationships between facets of grandiose narcissism and trait mindfulness. Across both studies and, using different narcissism and mindfulness measures, SEM consistently revealed opposing patterns for agentic and antagonistic narcissism, with agentic narcissism being positively related to trait mindfulness, and antagonistic narcissism being negatively related to it. Findings highlight the necessity to acknowledge the conceptual heterogeneity of narcissism when examining its relationship with trait mindfulness. Practical implications regarding how agentic and antagonistic narcissists might profit differently from mindfulness practice are discussed.
KW  - Narcissism
KW  - Mindfulness
KW  - Meditation
KW  - Structural equation modeling
KW  - Self-enhancement
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03115-w
SN  - 1046-1310
SN  - 1936-4733
VL  - 42
SP  - 19795
EP  - 19807
PB  - Springer
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Calvano, Claudia
A1  - Warschburger, Petra
T1  - Treatment for pediatric functional abdominal pain
BT  - an initial examination of reciprocal associations between pain, functional impairment, and parental distress
JF  - Journal of pediatric psychology
N2  - Objective 
While cross-sectional studies underline that child and parent factors in pediatric chronic pain are reciprocally related, so far, little is known on their prospective relationship, especially in treatment contexts. This study aims to analyze directions of influence between child and parental outcomes using data from an intervention study.

Methods
The sample covered 109 families with children aged 7-13 years diagnosed with functional abdominal pain (FAP). Child outcomes included pain and impairment, and parental outcomes covered caregiver-specific distress including both parental personal time burden (i.e., less time available for personal needs) and emotional burden due to child's pain (i.e., increased worries). Cross-lagged panel analyses examined the directions of the relations between child and parental outcomes across time (pretreatment T1, post-treatment T2, and 3-month follow-up and 12-month follow-up T3/T4). 

Results
First, a significant improvement over time in all measures was observed. Cross-lagged effects were found for less parental personal time burden at T2, predicting both less pain (beta = -0.254, p = .004) and less impairment (beta = -0.150, p = .039) at T3. Higher baseline pain was predictive for higher parental emotional burden after treatment (beta = -0.130, p = .049) and, reversely, for less emotional burden at 12-month follow-up (beta = 0.261, p = .004).

Conclusions
Addressing parental personal time burden in FAP treatment might possibly support the improvement on the child level. Replication of results in larger samples is warranted to gain more insight into the directions of influence and, in that way, to optimize treatment for pediatric FAP.
KW  - chronic or recurrent pain
KW  - intervention outcome
KW  - parent psychosocial
KW  - functioning
KW  - parents
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsac011
SN  - 0146-8693
SN  - 1465-735X
VL  - 47
IS  - 4
SP  - 483
EP  - 496
PB  - Oxford Univ. Press
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stone, Kate
A1  - Vasishth, Shravan
A1  - von der Malsburg, Titus Raban
T1  - Does entropy modulate the prediction of German long-distance verb particles?
JF  - PLOS ONE
N2  - In this paper we examine the effect of uncertainty on readers' predictions about meaning. In particular, we were interested in how uncertainty might influence the likelihood of committing to a specific sentence meaning. We conducted two event-related potential (ERP) experiments using particle verbs such as turn down and manipulated uncertainty by constraining the context such that readers could be either highly certain about the identity of a distant verb particle, such as turn the bed [...] down, or less certain due to competing particles, such as turn the music [...] up/down. The study was conducted in German, where verb particles appear clause-finally and may be separated from the verb by a large amount of material. We hypothesised that this separation would encourage readers to predict the particle, and that high certainty would make prediction of a specific particle more likely than lower certainty. If a specific particle was predicted, this would reflect a strong commitment to sentence meaning that should incur a higher processing cost if the prediction is wrong. If a specific particle was less likely to be predicted, commitment should be weaker and the processing cost of a wrong prediction lower. If true, this could suggest that uncertainty discourages predictions via an unacceptable cost-benefit ratio. However, given the clear predictions made by the literature, it was surprisingly unclear whether the uncertainty manipulation affected the two ERP components studied, the N400 and the PNP. Bayes factor analyses showed that evidence for our a priori hypothesised effect sizes was inconclusive, although there was decisive evidence against a priori hypothesised effect sizes larger than 1 mu Vfor the N400 and larger than 3 mu V for the PNP. We attribute the inconclusive finding to the properties of verb-particle dependencies that differ from the verb-noun dependencies in which the N400 and PNP are often studied.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267813
SN  - 1932-6203
VL  - 17
IS  - 8
PB  - PLOS
CY  - San Francisco, California, US
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kwarikunda, Diana
A1  - Schiefele, Ulrich
A1  - Ssenyonga, Joseph
A1  - Muwonge, Charles Magoba
T1  - Secondary school students’ motivation profiles for physics learning
BT  - Relations with cognitive learning strategies, gender, attitudes and individual interest
JF  - African journal of research in mathematics, science and technology education : official journal of the Southern African Association for Research in Mathematics, Science and Technology Education
N2  - For efficient and effective pedagogical interventions to address Uganda's alarmingly poor performance in Physics, it is vital to understand students' motivation patterns for Physics learning. Latent profile analysis (LPA)-a person-centred approach-can be used to investigate these motivation patterns. Using a three-step approach to LPA, we sought to answer the following research questions: RQ1, which profiles of secondary school students exist with regards to their motivation for Physics learning; RQ2, are there differences in students' cognitive learning strategies in the identified profiles; and RQ3, does students' gender, attitudes, and individual interest predict membership in these profiles? The sample comprised 934 Grade 9 students from eight secondary schools in Uganda. Data were collected using standardised questionnaires. Six motivational profiles were identified: (i) low-quantity motivation profile (101 students; 10.8%); (ii) moderate-quantity motivation profile (246 students; 26.3%); (iii) high-quantity motivation profile (365 students; 39.1%); (iv) primarily intrinsically motivated profile (60 students, 6.4%); (v) mostly extrinsically motivated profile (88 students, 9.4%); and (vi) grade-introjected profile (74 students, 7.9%). Low-quantity and grade-introjected motivated students mostly used surface learning strategies whilst the high-quantity and primarily intrinsically motivated students used deep learning strategies. Lastly, unlike gender, individual interest and students' attitudes towards Physics learning predicted profile membership. Teachers should provide an interesting autonomous Physics classroom climate and give students clear instructions in self-reliant behaviours that promote intrinsic motivation.
KW  - Motivation profiles
KW  - physics learning
KW  - latent profile analysis
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1080/18117295.2021.1956720
SN  - 1028-8457
VL  - 25
IS  - 2
SP  - 197
EP  - 210
PB  - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
CY  - Abingdon
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Juang, Linda P.
A1  - Schachner, Maja Katharina
A1  - Pevec-Zimmer, Sharleen
A1  - Moffitt, Ursula Elinor
T1  - The Identity Project intervention in Germany
BT  - creating a climate for reflection, connection, and adolescent identity development
JF  - New directions for child and adolescent development
N2  - We examined whether German adolescents who participated in an adapted 8-week school-based intervention, the Identity Project, reported greater changes in heritage and global identities and perceptions of classroom cultural climate. We used a longitudinal, wait-list control design pooling eight classrooms across the school years of 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. The sample included 195 seventh graders (M-age = 12.35 years, SD =.79, 39% female, 83% of migration background). Findings showed moderate support for more heritage identity exploration and greater perceptions of unequal treatment and critical consciousness climate in the intervention group. There were also important differences across conditions regarding how identity and climate related to adolescent outcomes. We conclude that the Identity Project can be adapted and applied in other cultural contexts such as Germany. It provides a necessary space for adolescents to engage in discussions about diversity, cultural heritage, social inequities, and their relevance to one's identities.
KW  - adolescent
KW  - diversity climate
KW  - Germany
KW  - identity
KW  - intervention
KW  - school
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20379
SN  - 1534-8687
VL  - 173
SP  - 65
EP  - 82
PB  - Wiley
CY  - San Fransisco
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Weymar, Mathias
A1  - Zähle, Tino
T1  - Editorial: New frontiers in noninvasive brain stimulation
BT  - cognitive, affective and neurobiological effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation
JF  - Frontiers in psychology / Frontiers Research Foundation
KW  - vagus nerve stimulation
KW  - tVNS
KW  - neuromodulation
KW  - cognition
KW  - affective
KW  - neurobiological
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.694723
SN  - 1664-1078
VL  - 12
PB  - Frontiers Research Foundation
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schad, Daniel
A1  - Betancourt, Michael
A1  - Vasishth, Shravan
T1  - Toward a principled Bayesian workflow in cognitive science
JF  - Psychological methods
N2  - Experiments in research on memory, language, and in other areas of cognitive science are increasingly being analyzed using Bayesian methods. This has been facilitated by the development of probabilistic programming languages such as Stan, and easily accessible front-end packages such as brms. The utility of Bayesian methods, however, ultimately depends on the relevance of the Bayesian model, in particular whether or not it accurately captures the structure of the data and the data analyst's domain expertise. Even with powerful software, the analyst is responsible for verifying the utility of their model. To demonstrate this point, we introduce a principled Bayesian workflow (Betancourt, 2018) to cognitive science. Using a concrete working example, we describe basic questions one should ask about the model: prior predictive checks, computational faithfulness, model sensitivity, and posterior predictive checks. The running example for demonstrating the workflow is data on reading times with a linguistic manipulation of object versus subject relative clause sentences. This principled Bayesian workflow also demonstrates how to use domain knowledge to inform prior distributions. It provides guidelines and checks for valid data analysis, avoiding overfitting complex models to noise, and capturing relevant data structure in a probabilistic model. Given the increasing use of Bayesian methods, we aim to discuss how these methods can be properly employed to obtain robust answers to scientific questions.
KW  - workflow
KW  - prior predictive checks
KW  - posterior predictive checks
KW  - model
KW  - building
KW  - Bayesian data analysis
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000275
SN  - 1082-989X
SN  - 1939-1463
VL  - 26
IS  - 1
SP  - 103
EP  - 126
PB  - American Psychological Association
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Skowronski, Marika
A1  - Busching, Robert
A1  - Krahé, Barbara
T1  - Links between exposure to sexualized Instagram images and body image concerns in girls and boys
JF  - Journal of media psychology
N2  - The current study examined the links between viewing female and male sexualized Instagram images (SII) and body image concerns within the three-step process of self-objectification among adolescents aged 13-18 years from Germany (N = 300, 61% female). Participants completed measures of SII use, thin- and muscular-ideal internalization, valuing appearance over competence, and body surveillance. Structural equation modeling revealed that SII use was associated with body image concerns for boys and girls via different routes. Specifically, female SII use was indirectly associated with higher body surveillance via thin-ideal internalization and subsequent valuing appearance over competence for girls. For both girls and boys, male SII use was indirectly linked to higher body surveillance via muscular-ideal internalization. Implications for the three-step model of self-objectification by sexualized social media are discussed.
KW  - social media
KW  - sexualization
KW  - body image concerns
KW  - self-objectification;
KW  - body surveillance
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000296
SN  - 1864-1105
SN  - 2151-2388
VL  - 34
IS  - 1
SP  - 55
EP  - 62
PB  - Hogrefe & Huber Publ. [u.a.]
CY  - Göttingen
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schad, Daniel
A1  - Vasishth, Shravan
T1  - The posterior probability of a null hypothesis given a statistically significant result
JF  - The quantitative methods for psychology
N2  - When researchers carry out a null hypothesis significance test, it is tempting to assume that a statistically significant result lowers Prob(H0), the probability of the null hypothesis being true. Technically, such a statement is meaningless for various reasons: e.g., the null hypothesis does not have a probability associated with it. However, it is possible to relax certain assumptions to compute the posterior probability Prob(H0) under repeated sampling. We show in a step-by-step guide that the intuitively appealing belief, that Prob(H0) is low when significant results have been obtained under repeated sampling, is in general incorrect and depends greatly on: (a) the prior probability of the null being true; (b) type-I error rate, (c) type-II error rate, and (d) replication of a result. Through step-by-step simulations using open-source code in the R System of Statistical Computing, we show that uncertainty about the null hypothesis being true often remains high despite a significant result. To help the reader develop intuitions about this common misconception, we provide a Shiny app (https://danielschad.shinyapps.io/probnull/). We expect that this tutorial will help researchers better understand and judge results from null hypothesis significance tests.
KW  - Null hypothesis significance testing
KW  - Bayesian inference
KW  - statistical
KW  - power
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.18.2.p011
SN  - 1913-4126
SN  - 2292-1354
VL  - 18
IS  - 2
SP  - 130
EP  - 141
PB  - University of Montreal, Department of Psychology
CY  - Montreal
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Felisatti, Arianna
A1  - Aagten-Murphy, David
A1  - Laubrock, Jochen
A1  - Shaki, Samuel
A1  - Fischer, Martin H.
T1  - The brain’s asymmetric frequency tuning
BT  - asymmetric behavior originates from asymmetric perception
JF  - Symmetry / Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)
N2  - To construct a coherent multi-modal percept, vertebrate brains extract low-level features (such as spatial and temporal frequencies) from incoming sensory signals. However, because frequency processing is lateralized with the right hemisphere favouring low frequencies while the left favours higher frequencies, this introduces asymmetries between the hemispheres. Here, we describe how this lateralization shapes the development of several cognitive domains, ranging from visuo-spatial and numerical cognition to language, social cognition, and even aesthetic appreciation, and leads to the emergence of asymmetries in behaviour. We discuss the neuropsychological and educational implications of these emergent asymmetries and suggest future research approaches.
KW  - asymmetry
KW  - global
KW  - local
KW  - spatial frequencies
KW  - temporal frequencies
KW  - embodied cognition
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12122083
SN  - 2073-8994
VL  - 12
IS  - 12
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Elsner, Birgit
A1  - Adam, Maurits
T1  - Infants’ goal prediction for simple action events
BT  - the role of experience and agency cues
JF  - Topics in cognitive science / Cognitive Science Society
N2  - Looking times and gaze behavior indicate that infants can predict the goal state of an observed simple action event (e.g., object-directed grasping) already in the first year of life. The present paper mainly focuses on infants' predictive gaze-shifts toward the goal of an ongoing action. For this, infants need to generate a forward model of the to-be-obtained goal state and to disengage their gaze from the moving agent at a time when information about the action event is still incomplete. By about 6 months of age, infants show goal-predictive gaze-shifts, but mainly for familiar actions that they can perform themselves (e.g., grasping) and for familiar agents (e.g., a human hand). Therefore, some theoretical models have highlighted close relations between infants' ability for action-goal prediction and their motor development and/or emerging action experience. Recent research indicates that infants can also predict action goals of familiar simple actions performed by non-human agents (e.g., object-directed grasping by a mechanical claw) when these agents display agency cues, such as self-propelled movement, equifinality of goal approach, or production of a salient action effect. This paper provides a review on relevant findings and theoretical models, and proposes that the impacts of action experience and of agency cues can be explained from an action-event perspective. In particular, infants' goal-predictive gaze-shifts are seen as resulting from an interplay between bottom-up processing of perceptual information and top-down influences exerted by event schemata that store information about previously executed or observed actions.
KW  - Action events
KW  - Infant action‐ goal prediction
KW  - Infant gaze
KW  - behavior
KW  - Eye tracking
KW  - Feedforward processes
KW  - Perception of
KW  - agency  cues
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/tops.12494
SN  - 1756-8765
VL  - 13
IS  - 1
SP  - 45
EP  - 62
PB  - Wiley
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Brandt, Naemi D.
A1  - Becker, Michael
A1  - Tetzner, Julia
A1  - Brunner, Martin
A1  - Kuhl, Poldi
A1  - Maaz, Kai
T1  - Personality across the lifespan exploring measurement invariance of a short Big Five Inventory from ages 11 to 84
JF  - European journal of psychological assessment
N2  - Personality is a relevant predictor for important life outcomes across the entire lifespan. Although previous studies have suggested the comparability of the measurement of the Big Five personality traits across adulthood, the generalizability to childhood is largely unknown. The present study investigated the structure of the Big Five personality traits assessed with the Big Five Inventory-SOEP Version (BFI-S; SOEP = Socio-Economic Panel) across a broad age range spanning 11-84 years. We used two samples of N = 1,090 children (52% female, M-age = 11.87) and N = 18,789 adults (53% female, M-age = 51.09), estimating a multigroup CFA analysis across four age groups (late childhood: 11-14 years; early adulthood: 17-30 years; middle adulthood: 31-60 years; late adulthood: 61-84 years). Our results indicated the comparability of the personality trait metric in terms of general factor structure, loading patterns, and the majority of intercepts across all age groups. Therefore, the findings suggest both a reliable assessment of the Big Five personality traits with the BFI-S even in late childhood and a vastly comparable metric across age groups.
KW  - personality traits
KW  - measurement invariance
KW  - ESEM
KW  - lifespan
KW  - late
KW  - childhood
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000490
SN  - 1015-5759
SN  - 2151-2426
VL  - 36
IS  - 1
SP  - 162
EP  - 173
PB  - Hogrefe
CY  - Göttingen
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Tseng, Chiao-I
A1  - Laubrock, Jochen
A1  - Bateman, John A.
T1  - The impact of multimodal cohesion on attention and interpretation in film
JF  - Discourse, context & media
N2  - This article presents results of an exploratory investigation combining multimodal cohesion analysis and eye-tracking studies. Multimodal cohesion, as a tool of multimodal discourse analysis, goes beyond lin-guistic cohesive mechanisms to enable the construction of cross-modal discourse structures that system-atically relate technical details of audio, visual and verbal modalities. Patterns of multimodal cohesion from these discourse structures were used to design eye-tracking experiments and questionnaires in order to empirically investigate how auditory and visual cohesive cues affect attention and comprehen-sion. We argue that the cross-modal structures of cohesion revealed by our method offer a strong methodology for addressing empirical questions concerning viewers' comprehension of narrative settings and the comparative salience of visual, verbal and audio cues. Analyses are presented of the beginning of Hitchcock's The Birds (1963) and a sketch from Monty Python filmed in 1971. Our approach balances the narrative-based issue of how narrative elements in film guide meaning interpretation and the recipient -based question of where a film viewer's attention is directed during viewing and how this affects comprehension.
KW  - Film
KW  - Cohesion
KW  - Discourse semantics
KW  - Multimodality
KW  - Eye-tracking
KW  - Attention
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2021.100544
SN  - 2211-6958
VL  - 44
PB  - Amsterdam [u.a.]
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Gamez-Guadix, Manuel
A1  - Wachs, Sebastian
A1  - Wright, Michelle F.
T1  - "Haters back off!" psychometric properties of the coping with cyberhate questionnaire and relationship with well-being in Spanish adolescents
JF  - Psicothema
N2  - Background: 
Cyberhate is a growing form of online aggression against a person or a group based on race, ethnicity, nationality, sexual orientation, gender, religion, or disability. The present study aims to examine psychometric properties of the Coping with Cyberhate Questionnaire, the prevalence of coping strategies in Spanish adolescents, differences in coping strategies based in sex, age, and victim status, and the association between coping with cyberhate and adolescents' mental well-being. 

Method:
The sample consisted of 1,005 adolescents between 12 and 18 years old (Mage = 14.28 years, SD = 1.63; 51.9% girls) who completed self-report measures on coping strategies, victimization status, and mental well-being. 

Results: 
The results of confirmatory factor analyses showed a structure for the Coping with Cyberhate Questionnaire composed of six factors, namely Distal advice, Assertiveness, Helplessness/Selfblame, Close support, Technical coping, and Retaliation. It demonstrated acceptable internal consistency. The three most frequently endorsed coping strategies were Technical coping, Close support, and Assertiveness. In addition, lower Helplessness/Self-blame, and higher Close-support, Assertiveness, and Distal advice were significantly related to adolescents' better mental well-being.

Conclusion:
Prevention programs that educate adolescents about how to deal with cyberhate are needed.
KW  - cybervictimization
KW  - hate speech
KW  - well-being
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2020.219
SN  - 0214-9915
SN  - 1886-144X
VL  - 32
IS  - 4
SP  - 567
EP  - 574
PB  - Colegio oficial de psicologos de asturias
CY  - Oviedo
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Muschalla, Beate
A1  - Henning, Anne
A1  - Haake, Tim Woody
A1  - Cornetz, Kathrin
A1  - Olbrich, Dieter
T1  - Mental health problem or workplace problem or something else
BT  - what contributes to work perception?
JF  - Disability and rehabilitation : an international, multidisciplinary journal
N2  - Purpose: Work perception is an important predictor for work ability and, therefore, of interest for rehabilitation. Until now it is unclear to which extent different psychological aspects explain work perception. This study investigates in which way workplace problems on the one hand, and mental health and coping on the other hand, contribute to work perception.

Methods: A heterogeneous sample of 384 persons in working age with and without mental health problems was recruited. Participants gave self-reports on workplace problems, mental health problems, work-coping, work-anxiety, and work perception.

Results: Persons with mental health problems and workplace problems (M + W) perceive the highest degree of work demands, followed by persons with workplace problems but without mental health problems (NM + W). Work-anxiety appeared as the strongest factor explaining perception of high work demands, whereas general mental health problems did not contribute significantly to variance explanation. 

Conclusions: Persons with specific mental health problems in terms of work-anxiety may be expected to perceive higher work demands. They may be detected when asking for work perception, e.g., within the frame of return-to-work interventions in rehabilitation, or in occupational health settings by mental hazard analysis.
KW  - work ability
KW  - work anxiety
KW  - workplace
KW  - mental disorders
KW  - rehabilitation
KW  - work perception
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2018.1501099
SN  - 0963-8288
SN  - 1464-5165
VL  - 42
IS  - 4
SP  - 502
EP  - 509
PB  - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
CY  - Abingdon
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Hoferichter, Frances
A1  - Kulakow, Stefan
A1  - Hufenbach, Miriam Catrin
T1  - Support from parents, peers, and teachers is differently associated with middle school students’ well-being
JF  - Frontiers in psychology
N2  - Parents, peers, and teachers provide a powerful context for school students' well-being. However, a detailed and systematic analysis of how parental, peer, and teacher support relate to students' well-being, measured by the dimensions self-worth, psychological and physical well-being, is still missing. To address this research gap, the following study investigates 733 adolescent German students from grades 7 and 8 (M-age = 13.97, SD = 0.41, 52% girls) with respect to their perceived supportive relationships at home and within the school context. The study considers gender, socioeconomic status, and school form as potential confounders. The results of the structural equation model, analyzed with the statistical software R, indicate that perceived teacher support was positively related to students' self-worth and physical well-being, while peer support was related to psychological well-being. Students who perceived their parents as supportive reported higher well-being with respect to all three dimensions investigated.
KW  - social support
KW  - teachers
KW  - peers
KW  - parents
KW  - middle school students
KW  - well-being
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.758226
SN  - 1664-1078
VL  - 12
PB  - Frontiers Media
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ventura-Bort, Carlos
A1  - Dolcos, Florin
A1  - Wendt, Julia
A1  - Wirkner, Janine
A1  - Hamm, Alfons O.
A1  - Weymar, Mathias
T1  - Item and source memory for emotional associates is mediated by different retrieval processes
JF  - Neuropsychologia : an international journal in behavioural and cognitive neuroscience
N2  - Recent event-related potential (ERP) data showed that neutral objects encoded in emotional background pictures were better remembered than objects encoded in neutral contexts, when recognition memory was tested one week later. In the present study, we investigated whether this long-term memory advantage for items is also associated with correct memory for contextual source details. Furthermore, we were interested in the possibly dissociable contribution of familiarity and recollection processes (using a Remember/Know procedure). The results revealed that item memory performance was mainly driven by the subjective experience of familiarity, irrespective of whether the objects were previously encoded in emotional or neutral contexts. Correct source memory for the associated background picture, however, was driven by recollection and enhanced when the content was emotional. In ERPs, correctly recognized old objects evoked frontal ERP Old/New effects (300-500 ms), irrespective of context category. As in our previous study (Ventura-Bort et al., 2016b), retrieval for objects from emotional contexts was associated with larger parietal Old/New differences (600-800 ms), indicating stronger involvement of recollection. Thus, the results suggest a stronger contribution of recollection-based retrieval to item and contextual background source memory for neutral information associated with an emotional event.
KW  - event-related potentials
KW  - emotion
KW  - source memory
KW  - remember/know
KW  - old/new
KW  - effect
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.12.015
SN  - 0028-3932
SN  - 1873-3514
VL  - 145
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Hahn, Daniela
A1  - Weck, Florian
A1  - Witthöft, Michael
A1  - Kühne, Franziska
T1  - Assessment of counseling self-efficacy
BT  - validation of the German Counselor Activity self-efficacy scales-revised
JF  - Frontiers in psychology / Frontiers Research Foundation
N2  - Background: 
Many authors regard counseling self-efficacy (CSE) as important in therapist development and training. The purpose of this study was to examine the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the German version of the Counselor Activity Self-Efficacy Scales-Revised (CASES-R).

Method:
The sample consisted of 670 German psychotherapy trainees, who completed an online survey. We examined the factor structure by applying exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis to the instrument as a whole.

Results:
A bifactor-exploratory structural equation modeling model with one general and five specific factors provided the best fit to the data. Omega hierarchical coefficients indicated optimal reliability for the general factor, acceptable reliability for the Action Skills-Revised (AS-R) factor, and insufficient estimates for the remaining factors. The CASES-R scales yielded significant correlations with related measures, but also with therapeutic orientations.

Conclusion:
We found support for the reliability and validity of the German CASES-R. However, the subdomains (except AS-R) should be interpreted with caution, and we do not recommend the CASES-R for comparisons between psychotherapeutic orientations.
KW  - counselor activity self-efficacy scales
KW  - counseling self-efficacy
KW  - psychotherapy training
KW  - assessment
KW  - factor structure
KW  - validation
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.780088
SN  - 1664-1078
VL  - 12
PB  - Frontiers Research Foundation
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Felisatti, Arianna
A1  - Fischer, Martin H.
A1  - Kulkova, Elena
A1  - Kühne, Katharina
A1  - Michirev, Alexej
T1  - Separation/connection procedures
BT  - from cleansing behavior to numerical cognition
JF  - Behavioral and brain sciences : an international journal of current research and theory with open peer commentary
N2  - Lee and Schwarz (L&S) suggest that separation is the grounded procedure underlying cleansing effects in different psychological domains. Here, we interpret L&S's account from a hierarchical view of cognition that considers the influence of physical properties and sensorimotor constraints on mental representations. This approach allows theoretical integration and generalization of L&S's account to the domain of formal quantitative reasoning.
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X20000461
SN  - 1469-1825
VL  - 44
PB  - Cambridge Univ. Press
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Miller, Jeff
A1  - Schwarz, Wolfgang
T1  - Delta plots for conflict tasks
BT  - an activation-suppression race model
JF  - Psychonomic bulletin & review : a journal of the Psychonomic Society
N2  - We describe a mathematically simple yet precise model of activation suppression that can explain the negative-going delta plots often observed in standard Simon tasks. The model postulates a race between the identification of the relevant stimulus attribute and the suppression of irrelevant location-based activation, with the irrelevant activation only having an effect if the irrelevant activation is still present at the moment when central processing of the relevant attribute starts. The model can be fitted by maximum likelihood to observed distributions of RTs in congruent and incongruent trials, and it provides good fits to two previously-reported data sets with plausible parameter values. R and MATLAB software for use with the model is provided.
KW  - Delta plots
KW  - RT models
KW  - Simon effect
KW  - Activation suppression model
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-021-01900-5
SN  - 1069-9384
SN  - 1531-5320
VL  - 28
IS  - 6
SP  - 1776
EP  - 1795
PB  - Springer
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Weck, Florian
A1  - Junga, Yvonne Marie
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
A1  - Hahn, Daniela
A1  - Brucker, Katharina
A1  - Witthöft, Michael
T1  - Effects of competence feedback on therapist competence and patient outcome
BT  - a randomized controlled trial
JF  - Journal of consulting and clinical psychology
N2  - Objective:
Therapist competence is considered essential for the success of psychotherapy. Feedback is an intervention which has the potential to improve therapist competence. The present study investigated whether competence feedback leads to an improvement of therapist competence and patient outcome.

Method:
Sixty-seven master-level clinical trainees were randomly assigned to either a competence feedback group (CFG) or a control group (CG). Patients with a diagnosis of major depression (N = 114) were randomly assigned to CFG or CG. Treatment included 20 individual sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). In CFG, therapists received, parallel to the treatment, five competence feedbacks, based on videotaped therapy sessions. Independent raters assessed therapist competence with the Cognitive Therapy Scale (CTS) and provided the competence feedback. Patient outcome was evaluated with the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and therapeutic alliance (Helping Alliance Questionnaire [HAQ]) from both therapist's (HAQ-T) and patient's (HAQ-P) perspective were evaluated after each of the 20 sessions.

Results:
(a) Therapist competence (CTS) increased significantly more for CFG than CG. (b) Depression (BDI-II) decreased significantly across sessions for both groups, but without evidence for a group-differential benefit for the CFG. (c) Therapeutic alliance (HAQ-T/P) increased significantly across sessions for both groups from both perspectives, but without group differences. (d) There is a positive effect of BDI-II on CTS at the beginning and a negative effect of CTS on BDI-II at the end of therapy.

Conclusion:
Competence feedback improves therapists' independently rated competence, but there is no evidence that competence feedback in CBT leads to better outcome. 
What is the public health significance of this article? This study suggests the substantial value of systematic competence feedback for improving therapist competence in the psychotherapy of depression. No significant effect of competence feedback on the reduction of reported depressive symptoms was found.
KW  - feedback
KW  - outcome
KW  - major depression
KW  - therapeutic alliance
KW  - therapeutic
KW  - competencies
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000686
SN  - 0022-006X
SN  - 1939-2117
VL  - 89
IS  - 11
SP  - 885
EP  - 897
PB  - American Psychological Association
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Hyönä, Jukka
A1  - Heikkilä, Timo T.
A1  - Vainio, Seppo
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - Parafoveal access to word stem during reading
BT  - an eye movement study
JF  - Cognition : international journal of cognitive science
N2  - Previous studies (Hyona, Yan, & Vainio, 2018; Yan et al., 2014) have demonstrated that in morphologically rich languages a word's morphological status is processed parafoveally to be used in modulating saccadic programming in reading. In the present parafoveal preview study conducted in Finnish, we examined the exact nature of this effect by comparing reading of morphologically complex words (a stem + two suffixes) to that of monomorphemic words. In the preview-change condition, the final 3-4 letters were replaced with other letters making the target word a pseudoword; for suffixed words, the word stem remained intact but the suffix information was unavailable; for monomorphemic words, only part of the stem was parafoveally available. Three alternative predictions were put forth. According to the first alternative, the morphological effect in initial fixation location is due to parafoveally perceiving the suffix as a highly frequent letter cluster and then adjusting the saccade program to land closer to the word beginning for suffixed than monomorphemic words. The second alternative, the processing difficulty hypothesis, assumes a morphological complexity effect: suffixed words are more complex than monomorphemic words. Therefore, the attentional window is narrower and the saccade is shorter. The third alternative posits that the effect reflects parafoveal access to the word's stem. The results for the initial fixation location and fixation durations were consistent with the parafoveal stem-access view.
KW  - Eye movements
KW  - Reading
KW  - Morphological complexity
KW  - Parafoveal processing
KW  - Display change
KW  - Initial fixation location
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104547
SN  - 0010-0277
SN  - 1873-7838
VL  - 208
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Pan, Jinger
A1  - Laubrock, Jochen
A1  - Yan, Ming
T1  - Phonological consistency effects in Chinese sentence reading
JF  - Scientific studies of reading
N2  - In two eye-tracking experiments, we investigated the processing of information about phonological consistency of Chinese phonograms during sentence reading. In Experiment 1, we adopted the error disruption paradigm in silent reading and found significant effects of phonological consistency and homophony in the foveal vision, but only in a late processing stage. Adding oral reading to Experiment 2, we found both effects shifted to earlier indices of parafoveal processing. Specifically, low-consistency characters led to a better homophonic foveal recovery effect in Experiment 1 and stronger homophonic preview benefits in Experiment 2. These findings suggest that phonological consistency information can be obtained during sentence reading, and compared to the low-consistency previews the high-consistency previews are processed faster, which leads to greater interference to the recognition of target characters.
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1080/10888438.2020.1789146
SN  - 1088-8438
SN  - 1532-799X
VL  - 25
IS  - 4
SP  - 335
EP  - 350
PB  - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
CY  - Abingdon
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Hodapp, Alice
A1  - Grimm, Sabine
T1  - Neural signatures of temporal regularity and recurring patterns in random tonal sound sequences
JF  - European journal of neuroscience : EJN / European Neuroscience Association
N2  - The auditory system is highly sensitive to recurring patterns in the acoustic input - even in otherwise unstructured material, such as white noise or random tonal sequences. Electroencephalography (EEG) research revealed a characteristic negative potential to periodically recurring auditory patterns - a response, which has been interpreted as memory trace-related and specific, rather than as a sign of periodicity-driven entrainment. Here, we aim to disentangle these two possible contributions by investigating the influence of a periodic sound sequence's inherent temporal regularity on event-related potentials. Participants were presented continuous sequences of short tones of random pitch, with some sequences containing a recurring pattern, and asked to indicate whether they heard a repetition. Patterns were either spaced equally across the random sequence (isochronous condition) or with a temporal jitter (jittered condition), which enabled us to differentiate between event-related potentials (and thus processing operations associated with a memory trace for a repeated pattern) and the periodic nature of the repetitions. A negative recurrence-related component could be observed independently of temporal regularity, was pattern-specific, and modulated by across trial repetition of the pattern. Critically, isochronous pattern repetition induced an additional early periodicity-related positive component, which started to build up already before the pattern onset and which was elicited undampedly even when the repeated pattern was occasionally not presented. This positive component likely reflects a sensory driven entrainment process that could be the foundation of a behavioural benefit in detecting temporally regular repetitions.
KW  - auditory sensory memory
KW  - entrainment
KW  - ERP
KW  - pattern detection
KW  - repetition
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.15123
SN  - 0953-816X
SN  - 1460-9568
VL  - 53
IS  - 8
SP  - 2740
EP  - 2754
PB  - Wiley
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wood, Danielle
A1  - Shaki, Samuel
A1  - Fischer, Martin H.
T1  - Turn the beat around: Commentary on "Slow and fast beat sequences are represented differently through space" (De Tommaso & Prpic, 2020, in Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics)
JF  - Attention, perception, & psychophysics : AP&P ; a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc.
N2  - There has been increasing interest in the spatial mapping of various perceptual and cognitive magnitudes, such as expanding the spatial-numerical association of response codes (SNARC) effect into domains outside of numerical cognition. Recently, De Tommaso and Prpic (Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 82, 2765-2773, 2020) reported in this journal that only fast tempos over 104 beats per minute have spatial associations, with more right-sided associations and faster responses for faster tempos. After discussing the role of perceived loudness and possible response strategies, we propose and recommend methodological improvements for further research.
KW  - Distance effect
KW  - Music cognition
KW  - Pitch
KW  - magnitude association
KW  - Semantic
KW  - congruity effect
KW  - SMARC
KW  - Sound recognition
KW  - Spatial cognition
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-021-02247-8
SN  - 1943-3921
SN  - 1943-393X
VL  - 83
IS  - 4
SP  - 1518
EP  - 1521
PB  - Springer
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lindborg, Alma
A1  - Andersen, Tobias S.
T1  - Bayesian binding and fusion models explain illusion and enhancement effects in audiovisual speech perception
JF  - PLoS one
N2  - Speech is perceived with both the ears and the eyes. Adding congruent visual speech improves the perception of a faint auditory speech stimulus, whereas adding incongruent visual speech can alter the perception of the utterance. The latter phenomenon is the case of the McGurk illusion, where an auditory stimulus such as e.g. "ba" dubbed onto a visual stimulus such as "ga" produces the illusion of hearing "da". Bayesian models of multisensory perception suggest that both the enhancement and the illusion case can be described as a two-step process of binding (informed by prior knowledge) and fusion (informed by the information reliability of each sensory cue). However, there is to date no study which has accounted for how they each contribute to audiovisual speech perception. In this study, we expose subjects to both congruent and incongruent audiovisual speech, manipulating the binding and the fusion stages simultaneously. This is done by varying both temporal offset (binding) and auditory and visual signal-to-noise ratio (fusion). We fit two Bayesian models to the behavioural data and show that they can both account for the enhancement effect in congruent audiovisual speech, as well as the McGurk illusion. This modelling approach allows us to disentangle the effects of binding and fusion on behavioural responses. Moreover, we find that these models have greater predictive power than a forced fusion model. This study provides a systematic and quantitative approach to measuring audiovisual integration in the perception of the McGurk illusion as well as congruent audiovisual speech, which we hope will inform future work on audiovisual speech perception.
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246986
SN  - 1932-6203
VL  - 16
IS  - 2
PB  - PLoS
CY  - San Fransisco
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ventura-Bort, Carlos
A1  - Wirkner, Janine
A1  - Wendt, Julia
A1  - Hamm, Alfons O.
A1  - Weymar, Mathias
T1  - Establishment of emotional memories is mediated by vagal nerve activation
BT  - evidence from noninvasive taVNS
JF  - The journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience
N2  - Emotional memories are better remembered than neutral ones, but the mechanisms leading to this memory bias are not well under-stood in humans yet. Based on animal research, it is suggested that the memory-enhancing effect of emotion is based on central nor-adrenergic release, which is triggered by afferent vagal nerve activation. To test the causal link between vagus nerve activation and emotional memory in humans, we applied continuous noninvasive transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) during exposure to emotional arousing and neutral scenes and tested subsequent, long-term recognition memory after 1 week. We found that taVNS, compared with sham, increased recollection-based memory performance for emotional, but not neutral, material. These findings were complemented by larger recollection-related brain potentials (parietal ERP Old/New effect) during retrieval of emotional scenes encoded under taVNS, compared with sham. Furthermore, brain potentials recorded during encoding also revealed that taVNS facilitated early attentional discrimination between emotional and neutral scenes. Extending animal research, our behavioral and neu-ral findings confirm a modulatory influence of the vagus nerve in emotional memory formation in humans.
KW  - emotion
KW  - ERPs
KW  - memory
KW  - Old
KW  - New effect
KW  - LPP
KW  - vagus nerve
KW  - tVNS
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2329-20.2021
SN  - 1529-2401
VL  - 41
IS  - 36
SP  - 7636
EP  - 7648
PB  - Society for Neuroscience
CY  - Washington, DC
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Zhou, Yuefang
A1  - Kornher, Tristan
A1  - Mohnke, Janett
A1  - Fischer, Martin H.
T1  - Tactile interaction with a humanoid robot
BT  - effects on physiology and subjective impressions
JF  - International journal of social robotics
N2  - This study investigated how touching and being touched by a humanoid robot affects human physiology, impressions of the interaction, and attitudes towards humanoid robots. 21 healthy adult participants completed a 3 (touch style: touching, being touched, pointing) x 2 (body part: hand vs buttock) within-subject design using a Pepper robot. Skin conductance response (SCR) was measured during each interaction. Perceived impressions of the interaction (i.e., friendliness, comfort, arousal) were measured per questionnaire after each interaction. Participants' demographics and their attitude towards robots were also considered. We found shorter SCR rise times in the being touched compared to the touching condition, possibly reflecting psychological alertness to the unpredictability of robot-initiated contacts. The hand condition had shorter rise times than the buttock condition. Most participants evaluated the hand condition as most friendly and comfortable and the robot-initiated interactions as most arousing. Interacting with Pepper improved attitudes towards robots. Our findings require future studies with larger samples and improved procedures. They have implications for robot design in all domains involving tactile interactions, such as caring and intimacy.
KW  - Human– robot tactile interaction
KW  - Skin conductance
KW  - Buttocks
KW  - Robot Pepper
KW  - Human– robot intimate relationships
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-021-00749-x
SN  - 1875-4791
SN  - 1875-4805
VL  - 13
IS  - 7
SP  - 1657
EP  - 1677
PB  - Springer
CY  - Dordrecht
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Dolcos, Florin
A1  - Katsumi, Yuta
A1  - Bogdan, Paul C.
A1  - Shen, Chen
A1  - Jun, Suhnyoung
A1  - Buetti, Simona
A1  - Lleras, Alejandro
A1  - Bost, Kelly Freeman
A1  - Weymar, Mathias
A1  - Dolcos, Sanda
T1  - The impact of focused attention on subsequent emotional recollection
BT  - a functional MRI investigation
JF  - Neuropsychologia : an international journal in behavioural and cognitive neuroscience
N2  - In his seminal works, Endel Tulving argued that functionally distinct memory systems give rise to subjective experiences of remembering and knowing (i.e., recollection- vs. familiarity-based memory, respectively). Evidence shows that emotion specifically enhances recollection, and this effect is subserved by a synergistic mechanism involving the amygdala (AMY) and hippocampus (HC). In extreme circumstances, however, uncontrolled recollection of highly distressing memories may lead to symptoms of affective disorders. Therefore, it is important to understand the factors that can diminish such detrimental effects. Here, we investigated the effects of Focused Attention (FA) on emotional recollection. FA is an emotion regulation strategy that has been proven quite effective in reducing the impact of emotional responses associated with the recollection of distressing autobiographical memories, but its impact during emotional memory encoding is not known. Functional MRI and eye-tracking data were recorded while participants viewed a series of composite negative and neutral images with distinguishable foreground (FG) and background (BG) areas. Participants were instructed to focus either on the FG or BG content of the images and to rate their emotional responses. About 4 days later, participants' memory was assessed using the R/K procedure, to indicate whether they Recollected specific contextual details about the encoded images or the images were just familiar to them - i.e., participants only Knew that they saw the pictures without being able to remember specific contextual details. First, results revealed that FA was successful in decreasing memory for emotional pictures viewed in BG Focus condition, and this effect was driven by recollection-based retrieval. Second, the BG Focus condition was associated with decreased activity in the AMY, HC, and anterior parahippocampal gyrus for subsequently recollected emotional items. Moreover, correlation analyses also showed that reduced activity in these regions predicted greater reduction in emotional recollection following FA. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of FA in mitigating emotional experiences and emotional recollection associated with unpleasant emotional events.
KW  - affect
KW  - emotion control
KW  - emotional memory
KW  - MTL
KW  - emotion-cognition
KW  - interaction
KW  - functional magnetic resonance imaging
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107338
SN  - 0028-3932
SN  - 1873-3514
VL  - 138
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Miklashevsky, Alex
A1  - Lindemann, Oliver
A1  - Fischer, Martin H.
T1  - The force of numbers
BT  - Investigating manual signatures of embodied number processing
JF  - Frontiers in human neuroscience / Frontiers Research Foundation
N2  - The study has two objectives: (1) to introduce grip force recording as a new technique for studying embodied numerical processing; and (2) to demonstrate how three competing accounts of numerical magnitude representation can be tested by using this new technique: the Mental Number Line (MNL), A Theory of Magnitude (ATOM) and Embodied Cognition (finger counting-based) account. While 26 healthy adults processed visually presented single digits in a go/no-go n-back paradigm, their passive holding forces for two small sensors were recorded in both hands. Spontaneous and unconscious grip force changes related to number magnitude occurred in the left hand already 100-140 ms after stimulus presentation and continued systematically. Our results support a two-step model of number processing where an initial stage is related to the automatic activation of all stimulus properties whereas a later stage consists of deeper conscious processing of the stimulus. This interpretation generalizes previous work with linguistic stimuli and elaborates the timeline of embodied cognition. We hope that the use of grip force recording will advance the field of numerical cognition research.
KW  - ATOM
KW  - embodied cognition
KW  - finger counting
KW  - grip force
KW  - mental number
KW  - line
KW  - number processing
KW  - numerical cognition
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2020.590508
SN  - 1662-5161
VL  - 14
PB  - Frontiers Media
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Peitz, Diana
A1  - Schulze, Julian
A1  - Warschburger, Petra
T1  - Getting a deeper understanding of mindfulness in the context of eating behavior
BT  - Development and validation of the Mindful Eating Inventory
JF  - Appetite : multidisciplinary research on eating and drinking
N2  - Purpose:
Current research supports the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions for maladaptive eating behaviors associated with obesity and eating disorders. To investigate potential underlying mechanisms at work, reliable and valid instruments that allow for an exhaustive assessment of the context-specific construct Mindful Eating (ME) are needed. Therefore, the current work aimed to develop a comprehensive inventory reflecting a wide range of ME attitudes and behaviors: The Mindful Eating Inventory (MEI). 

Methods & Results:
Study 1 describes the item pool development for an initial version of the MEI comprising various steps (compilation of items, expert ratings, focus groups and think aloud protocols by laypersons). Within Study 2, the factor structure of this initial version was explored in an online sample of N = 828 participants and the item pool was shortened via a sequential process based on statistical and content-related considerations. Exploratory factor analyses yielded a seven-factor structure. This structure could be confirmed within Study 3 on an independent online sample of N = 612 participants using confirmatory factor analysis. Criterion validity was supported by hypotheses-confirming correlations with eating-specific and global health-relevant outcomes. 

Conclusion:
Our findings demonstrate that the MEI is a valid and reliable (in terms of internal consistency and retest-reliability) tool, which allows for a comprehensive assessment of various ME attitudes and behaviors within one parsimonious inventory. It further enabled us to propose a so far missing, initial scientific operational definition of this eating-specific construct, that may help to advance future research and clinical application by clarifying mechanisms of action.
KW  - Mindful Eating
KW  - Mindfulness
KW  - Assessment
KW  - Maladaptive Eating Behavior
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2020.105039
SN  - 0195-6663
SN  - 1095-8304
VL  - 159
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Jacobs, Ingo
A1  - Wollny, Anna
A1  - Seidler, Juliana
A1  - Wochatz, Germar
T1  - A trait emotional intelligence perspective on schema modes
JF  - Scandinavian Journal of Psychology
N2  - Schema modes (ormodes) are a key concept in the theory underlying schema therapy. Modes have rarely been related to established models of personality traits. The present study thus investigates the associations between trait emotional intelligence (TEI) and 14 modes, and tests a global TEI-mode factors-general psychological distress mediation model. The study draws on self-report data from 173 inpatients from a German clinic for psychosomatic medicine. Global TEI correlated positively with both healthy modes (happy child and healthy adult) and negatively with 10 maladaptive modes. When modes were regressed on the four TEI factors, six (emotionality), five (well-being), four (sociability), and four (self-control) significant partial effects on 10 modes emerged. In the parallel mediation model, the mode factors internalization and compulsivity fully mediated the global TEI-general psychological distress link. Implications of the results for the integration of modes with traits in general and with TEI in particular as well as implications of low TEI as a transdiagnostic feature of personality malfunctioning are discussed.
KW  - externalization
KW  - internalization
KW  - level of personality functioning
KW  - mentalization
KW  - psychological distress
KW  - schema modes
KW  - trait emotional
KW  - intelligence
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12670
SN  - 0036-5564
SN  - 1467-9450
VL  - 62
IS  - 2
SP  - 227
EP  - 236
PB  - Wiley
CY  - Hoboken
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Romero-Sanchez, Monica
A1  - Skowronski, Marika
A1  - Bohner, Gerd
A1  - Megias, Jesus L.
T1  - Talking about ‘victims’, ‘survivors’ and ‘battered women’
BT  - how labels affect the perception of women who have experienced intimate partner violence (‘Víctimas’, ‘supervivientes’ y ‘mujeres maltratadas’: cómo influyen las etiquetas en la percepción de las mujeres que han sufrido violencia por parte de sus parejas)
JF  - International Journal of Social Psychology : Revista de Psicología Social
N2  - Two studies addressed effects of the labels 'victim', 'battered woman' and 'survivor' on the perception of women who have experienced intimate partner violence (IPV). Spanish undergraduates provided free associations (Study 1; N = 54) and completed semantic differentials (Study 2; N = 142) regarding the labels. Results showed that the term 'survivor' evoked more positive associations and ratings than both 'victim' and 'battered woman', which did not differ from each other. At the same time, however, when asked directly, participants rated 'survivor' as the least appropriate term. These seemingly opposing findings replicate research on the terms' use in sexual aggression. Results were independent of individuals' acceptance of myths about IPV or knowing a woman who has experienced IPV. Implications for the use of specific language when communicating about IPV are discussed.
KW  - intimate partner violence
KW  - labelling
KW  - social judgement
KW  - survivor
KW  - victim
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1080/02134748.2020.1840232
SN  - 0213-4748
SN  - 1579-3680
VL  - 36
IS  - 1
SP  - 30
EP  - 60
PB  - Taylor & Francis Group
CY  - Routledge
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Hatukai, Tatiana
A1  - Algom, Daniel
A1  - Fischer, Martin H.
T1  - Rodin has it!
BT  - the role of hands in improving the selectivity of attention
JF  - Acta psychologica : international journal of psychonomics
N2  - We report a new discovery on the role of hands in guiding attention, using the classic Stroop effect as our assay. We show that the Stroop effect diminishes, hence selective attention improves, when observers hold their chin, emulating Rodin's famous sculpture, "The Thinker." In two experiments we show that the Rodin posture improves the selectivity of attention as efficiently as holding the hands nearby the visual stimulus (the near-hands effect). Because spatial proximity to the displayed stimulus is neither present nor intended, the presence of the Rodin effect implies that attentional prioritization by the hands is not limited to the space between the hands.
KW  - Rodin posture
KW  - attention
KW  - embodied cognition
KW  - stroop-effect
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103160
SN  - 0001-6918
SN  - 1873-6297
VL  - 210
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam [u.a.]
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Strauß, Sophie
A1  - Bondü, Rebecca
A1  - Roth, Felix
T1  - Justice sensitivity in middle childhood
BT  - measurement and location in the temperamental and social skills space
JF  - Journal of personality assessment
N2  - Research suggested that justice sensitivity (JS)-the tendency to perceive and negatively respond to injustice-may already manifest in middle childhood, but empirical evidence is sparse. We, therefore, examined the measurement of JS in this age range and its associations with prosocial behavior, aggressive behavior, temperamental traits, and social skills. We had 361 children between 6 and 10 years of age and/or their parents rate the children's JS and its potential correlates. We replicated the JS-factor structure with three correlated subscales in both child and parent-ratings that showed strict measurement invariance. In line with previous findings in older age groups, victim JS positively predicted aggressive and negatively predicted prosocial behavior, whereas observer and perpetrator JS positively predicted prosocial and perpetrator JS negatively predicted aggressive behavior. The JS perspectives showed expected links with temperamental traits. All three subscales were positively related to empathy and theory of mind, but victim JS was negatively related to affective self-regulation. Findings suggest that interpersonal differences in JS may reliably and validly be measured in middle childhood and that JS is associated with aggressive and prosocial behavior already in childhood. Thus, future research should consider the role of JS for moral and personality development and developmental psychopathology.
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2020.1753754
SN  - 0022-3891
SN  - 1532-7752
VL  - 103
IS  - 4
SP  - 476
EP  - 488
PB  - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
CY  - Philadelphia, Pa. [u.a]
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kühne, Franziska
A1  - Meister, Ramona
A1  - Maass, Ulrike
A1  - Paunov, Tatjana
A1  - Weck, Florian
T1  - How reliable are therapeutic competence ratings?
BT  - results of a systematic review and meta-analysis
JF  - Cognitive therapy and research
N2  - Assessments of psychotherapeutic competencies play a crucial role in research and training. However, research on the reliability and validity of such assessments is sparse. This study aimed to provide an overview of the current evidence and to provide an average interrater reliability (IRR) of psychotherapeutic competence ratings. A systematic review was conducted, and 20 studies reported in 32 publications were collected. These 20 studies were included in a narrative synthesis, and 20 coefficients were entered into the meta-analysis. Most primary studies referred to cognitive-behavioral therapies and the treatment of depression, used the Cognitive Therapy Scale, based ratings on videos, and trained the raters. Our meta-analysis revealed a pooled ICC of 0.82, but at the same time severe heterogeneity. The evidence map highlighted a variety of variables related to competence assessments. Further aspects influencing the reliability of competence ratings and regarding the considerable heterogeneity are discussed in detail throughout the manuscript.
KW  - competency
KW  - therapist competence
KW  - adherence
KW  - psychotherapy
KW  - assessment
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-019-10056-5
SN  - 0147-5916
SN  - 1573-2819
VL  - 44
IS  - 2
SP  - 241
EP  - 257
PB  - Springer
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Felisatti, Arianna
A1  - Laubrock, Jochen
A1  - Shaki, Samuel
A1  - Fischer, Martin H.
T1  - A biological foundation for spatial–numerical associations
BT  - the brain's asymmetric frequency tuning
JF  - Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
N2  - "Left" and "right" coordinates control our spatial behavior and even influence abstract thoughts. For number concepts, horizontal spatial-numerical associations (SNAs) have been widely documented: we associate few with left and many with right. Importantly, increments are universally coded on the right side even in preverbal humans and nonhuman animals, thus questioning the fundamental role of directional cultural habits, such as reading or finger counting. Here, we propose a biological, nonnumerical mechanism for the origin of SNAs on the basis of asymmetric tuning of animal brains for different spatial frequencies (SFs). The resulting selective visual processing predicts both universal SNAs and their context-dependence. We support our proposal by analyzing the stimuli used to document SNAs in newborns for their SF content. As predicted, the SFs contained in visual patterns with few versus many elements preferentially engage right versus left brain hemispheres, respectively, thus predicting left-versus rightward behavioral biases. Our "brain's asymmetric frequency tuning" hypothesis explains the perceptual origin of horizontal SNAs for nonsymbolic visual numerosities and might be extensible to the auditory domain.
KW  - hemispheric asymmetry
KW  - numerical cognition
KW  - SNARC effect
KW  - spatial
KW  - frequency tuning
KW  - spatial-numerical associations
KW  - spatial vision
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14418
SN  - 0077-8923
SN  - 1749-6632
VL  - 1477
IS  - 1
SP  - 44
EP  - 53
PB  - Wiley
CY  - Hoboken
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bondü, Rebecca
A1  - Bilgin, Ayten
A1  - Warschburger, Petra
T1  - Justice sensitivity and rejection sensitivity as predictors and outcomes of eating disorder pathology
BT  - a 5-year longitudinal study
JF  - The international journal of eating disorders
N2  - Objective:
Rejection sensitivity and justice sensitivity are personality traits that are characterized by frequent perceptions and intense adverse responses to negative social cues. Whereas there is good evidence for associations between rejection sensitivity, justice sensitivity, and internalizing problems, no longitudinal studies have investigated their association with eating disorder (ED) pathology so far. Thus, the present study examined longitudinal relations between rejection sensitivity, justice sensitivity, and ED pathology. 

Method:
Participants (N = 769) reported on their rejection sensitivity, justice sensitivity, and ED pathology at 9-19 (T1), 11-21 (T2), and 14-22 years of age (T3). 

Results:
Latent cross-lagged models showed longitudinal associations between ED pathology and anxious rejection sensitivity, observer and victim justice sensitivity. T1 and T2 ED pathology predicted higher T2 and T3 anxious rejection sensitivity, respectively. In turn, T2 anxious rejection sensitivity predicted more T3 ED pathology. T1 observer justice sensitivity predicted more T2 ED pathology, which predicted higher T3 observer justice sensitivity. Furthermore, T1 ED pathology predicted higher T2 victim justice sensitivity. 

Discussion:
Rejection sensitivity-particularly anxious rejection sensitivity-and justice sensitivity may be involved in the maintenance or worsening of ED pathology and should be considered by future research and in prevention and treatment of ED pathology. Also, mental health problems may increase rejection sensitivity and justice sensitivity traits in the long term.
KW  - eating disorder pathology
KW  - justice sensitivity
KW  - longitudinal
KW  - rejection
KW  - sensitivity
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23273
SN  - 0276-3478
SN  - 1098-108X
VL  - 53
IS  - 6
SP  - 926
EP  - 936
PB  - Wiley
CY  - New York, NY
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ay-Bryson, Destina Sevde
A1  - Weck, Florian
A1  - Heinze, Peter Eric
A1  - Lang, Thomas
A1  - Kühne, Franziska
T1  - Can psychotherapy trainees distinguish standardized patients from real patients?
T1  - Können Psychotherapeut*innen in Ausbildung standardisierte Patient*innen von realen Patient*innen unterscheiden?
BT  - a pilot study
BT  - Ergebnisse einer Pilotstudie
JF  - Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie
N2  - Background:
Under the new psychotherapy law in Germany, standardized patients (SPs) are to become a standard component inpsychotherapy training, even though little is known about their authenticity.Objective:The present pilot study explored whether, followingan exhaustive two-day SP training, psychotherapy trainees can distinguish SPs from real patients.

Methods:
Twenty-eight psychotherapytrainees (M= 28.54 years of age,SD= 3.19) participated as blind raters. They evaluated six video-recorded therapy segments of trained SPsand real patients using the Authenticity of Patient Demonstrations Scale.

Results:
The authenticity scores of real patients and SPs did notdiffer (p= .43). The descriptive results indicated that the highest score of authenticity was given to an SP. Further, the real patients did notdiffer significantly from the SPs concerning perceived impairment (p= .33) and the likelihood of being a real patient (p= .52).

Conclusions:
The current results suggest that psychotherapy trainees were unable to distinguish the SPs from real patients. We therefore stronglyrecommend incorporating training SPs before application. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.
N2  - Theoretischer Hintergrund:
Mit dem neu eingeführten Direktstudium für zukünftige Psychotherapeut_innen (PiA) wirdder Einsatz von standardisierten Patient_innen (SP) in der Lehre zunehmen, obwohl die Authentizität der Rollendarstellungen durch SPempirisch bislang kaum untersucht wurde. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es daher zu untersuchen, ob SP trainiert werden können, dassPsychotherapeut_innen in Ausbildung (PiA) SP von realen Patient_innen nicht unterscheiden können.

Methode:
Insgesamt nahmen 28 PiA(M= 28.54 Jahre,SD= 3.19) als verblindete Rater teil. Sie haben sechs Therapiesitzungen von trainierten SP und realen Patient_innen mitder Skala Authentizität von Patientendarstellungen bewertet.

Ergebnisse:
Die Authentizitätswerte von SP unterschieden sich nicht signifi-kant von realen Patient_innen (p= .43). Deskriptive Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass ein SP im Schnitt am authentischsten bewertet wurde.Darüber hinaus unterschieden sich SP und reale Patient_innen nicht hinsichtlich der wahrgenommenen Beeinträchtigung (p= .33) sowie derWahrscheinlichkeit, als reale/r Patient_in bewertet zu werden (p= .52).

Fazit:
Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass PiA SP vonrealen Patient_innen nicht unterscheiden konnten. Daher legen wir ein ausführliches Training der SP nahe, bevor sie für Studium und Lehreeingesetzt werden. Die Limitationen sowie zukünftige Forschungsideen werden diskutiert.
KW  - evidence-based training
KW  - learning
KW  - simulated patients
KW  - simulation-based
KW  - education
KW  - therapist competence
KW  - evidenzbasiertes Training
KW  - Lernen
KW  - Simulationspatient_innen
KW  - simulationsbasierte Lehre
KW  - therapeutische
KW  - Kompetenz
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1026/1616-3443/a000594
SN  - 1616-3443
SN  - 2190-6297
VL  - 49
IS  - 3
SP  - 182
EP  - 190
PB  - Hogrefe
CY  - Göttingen
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Heinze, Peter Eric
A1  - Weck, Florian
A1  - Hahn, Daniela
A1  - Kühne, Franziska
T1  - Differences in psychotherapy preferences between psychotherapy trainees and laypeople
JF  - Psychotherapy research : the official journal of the Society for Psychotherapy Research
N2  - Objective: Despite increasing research on psychotherapy preferences, the preferences of psychotherapy trainees are largely unknown. Moreover, differences in preferences between trainees and their patients could (a) hinder symptom improvement and therapy success for patients and (b) represent significant obstacles in the early career and development of future therapists. Method: We compared the preferences of n = 466 psychotherapy trainees to those of n = 969 laypersons using the Cooper-Norcross Inventory of Preferences. Moreover, we compared preferences between trainees in cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) and psychodynamic trainees. Results: We found significant differences between both samples in 13 of 18 items, and three of four subscales. Psychotherapy trainees preferred less therapist directiveness (d = 0.58), more emotional intensity (d = 0.74), as well as more focused challenge (d = 0.35) than laypeople. CBT trainees preferred more therapist directiveness (d = 2.00), less emotional intensity (d = 0.51), more present orientation (d = 0.76) and more focused challenge (d = 0.33) than trainees in psychodynamic/psychoanalytic therapy. Conclusion: Overall, the results underline the importance of implementing preference assessment and discussion during psychotherapy training. Moreover, therapists of different orientations seem to cover a large range of preferences for patients, in order to choose the right fit.
KW  - psychotherapy process
KW  - psychotherapy training
KW  - activity preference;
KW  - C-NIP
KW  - assessment
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2022.2098076
SN  - 1050-3307
SN  - 1468-4381
VL  - 33
IS  - 3
SP  - 374
EP  - 386
PB  - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
CY  - Abingdon
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wagner, Birgit
A1  - Hofmann, Laura
A1  - Maaß, Ulrike
T1  - Online-group intervention after suicide bereavement through the use of webinars
BT  - study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
JF  - Trials
N2  - Introduction:
The death of a significant person through suicide is a very difficult experience and can have long-term impact on an individual's psychosocial and physical functioning. However, there are only few studies that have examined the effects of interventions in suicide survivors. In the present study, we examine an online-group intervention for people bereaved by suicide using a group-webinar. 

Methods:
The intervention was developed based on focus groups with the target group. The cognitive-behavioral 12-module webinar-based group intervention focuses on suicide bereavement-related themes such as feelings of guilt, stigmatization, meaning reconstruction and the relationship to the deceased. Further, the webinar includes testimonial videos and psychoeducation. The suicide survivors are randomized to the intervention or the waiting list in a group-cluster randomized controlled trial. Primary outcomes are suicidality (Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation) and depression (Beck Depression Inventory-II) and secondary outcomes are symptoms of prolonged grief disorder (Inventory of Complicated Grief-German Version ), posttraumatic stress disorder ( Revised Impact of Event Scale ), stigmatization (Stigma of Suicide and Suicide Survivor ) and posttraumatic cognitions (Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory). 

Discussion:
Previous studies of Internet-based interventions for the bereaved were based on writing interventions showing large treatment effects. Little is known about the use of webinars as group interventions. Advantages and challenges of this novel approach of psychological interventions will be discussed.
KW  - Suicide bereavement
KW  - grief
KW  - group intervention
KW  - webinar
KW  - suicidality
KW  - prolonged grief disorder
KW  - randomized controlled trial
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-019-3891-5
SN  - 1468-6694
SN  - 1745-6215
VL  - 21
IS  - 1
PB  - BioMed Central
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Skowronski, Marika
A1  - Busching, Robert
A1  - Krahé, Barbara
T1  - Women’s exposure to sexualized TV, self-objectification, and consideration of cosmetic surgery
BT  - the role of age
JF  - Psychology of popular media
N2  - Public Policy Relevance Statement TV is full of content presenting women in a sexualized way, with a focus on their sexual appearance and appeal to others. We found that across an age spectrum from 15 to 72 years, the more women watched sexualized TV, the more concerned they were about their body; a link between watching sexualized TV and considering cosmetic surgery was found only for women above the age of 31. Adding to the evidence documenting negative consequences of sexualized media use on young women's body image, this study is a first indicator that these might also apply to women across a broader age spectrum. <br /> Extensive research has documented links between sexualized media use and body image concerns. Previous findings are based largely on female adolescents or young adults, although objectification theory predicts changes of body image concerns with age. Therefore, the current study investigated the link of sexualized TV exposure (STE) with self-objectification and consideration of cosmetic surgery within the framework of objectification theory in a sample of 519 female participants between the age of 15 and 72 (M = 39.43 years). Participants completed measures of STE, appearance-ideal internalization, valuing appearance over competence, body surveillance, and consideration of cosmetic surgery. Structural equation modeling revealed that STE was indirectly linked with consideration of cosmetic surgery via valuing appearance over competence and body surveillance. Age was negatively related to internalization, valuing appearance over competence, and body surveillance, but did not moderate the links between STE and body image. Older women scored lower on the body-related variables, but the associations between STE and self-objectification were the same across the age spectrum. STE predicted consideration of cosmetic surgery only for women over 31 years of age. Implications concerning the role of age in linking sexualized media to self-objectification are discussed.
KW  - television
KW  - sexualization
KW  - age
KW  - body image
KW  - self-objectification
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000348
SN  - 2160-4143
SN  - 2160-4142
VL  - 11
IS  - 2
SP  - 117
EP  - 124
PB  - American Psychological Association
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Philipp, Rebecca
A1  - Kriston, Levente
A1  - Kühne, Franziska
A1  - Harter, Martin
A1  - Meister, Ramona
T1  - Concepts of metacognition in the treatment of patients with mental disorders
JF  - Journal of rational emotive and cognitive behavior therapy
N2  - While metacognitive interventions are gaining attention in the treatment of various mental disorders, a review of the literature showed that the term is often defined poorly and used for a variety of psychotherapeutic approaches that do not necessarily pursue the same goal. We give a summary of three metacognitive interventions which were developed within a sound theoretical framework-metacognitive therapy, metacognitive training, and metacognitively-oriented integrative psychotherapies-and discuss their similarities and distinctive features. We then offer an integrative operational definition of metacognitive interventions as goal-oriented treatments that target metacognitive content, which is characterized by the awareness and understanding of one's own thoughts and feelings as well as the thoughts and feelings of others. They aim to alleviate disorder-specific and individual symptoms by gaining more flexibility in cognitive processing.
KW  - metacognition
KW  - therapy
KW  - training
KW  - narrative
KW  - interpersonal
KW  - mental
KW  - disorders
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-019-00333-3
SN  - 0894-9085
SN  - 1573-6563
VL  - 38
IS  - 2
SP  - 173
EP  - 183
PB  - Springer
CY  - New York, NY
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kawasaki, Yui
A1  - Akamatsu, Rie
A1  - Omori, Mika
A1  - Sugawara, Masumi
A1  - Yamazaki, Yoko
A1  - Matsumoto, Satoko
A1  - Fujiwara, Yoko
A1  - Iwakabe, Shigeru
A1  - Kobayashi, Tetsuyuki
T1  - Development and validation of the Expanded Mindful Eating Scale
JF  - International journal of health care quality assurance
N2  - Purpose
To develop and validate the Expanded Mindful Eating Scale (EMES), an expanded mindful eating model created for the promotion of health and sustainability. 

Design/methodology/approach
A cross-sectional study using self-administered questionnaire surveys on Ochanomizu Health Study (OHS) was conducted. The survey was provided to 1,388 female university students in Tokyo, Japan. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and a partial correlation analysis were used to confirm construct and criterion validity. Internal consistency of the EMES was confirmed to calculate Cronbach's alpha. 

Findings
The response rate was 38.7 % (n = 537). Mean BMI was 20.21 +/- 2.12, and 18.8% of them were classified as "lean" (BMI < 18.5). The authors listed 25 items and obtained a final factor structure of five factors and 20 items, as a result of EFA. Through CFA, the authors obtained the following fit indices for a final model: GFI = 0.914, AGFI = 0.890, CFI = 0.870 and RMSEA = 0.061. The total EMES score was significantly correlated with BMI, mindfulness, body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness and life satisfaction (r = -0.138, -0.315, -0.339, -0.281 and 0.149,p < 0.01, respectively). Cronbach's alpha for all items in this scale was 0.687. 

Practical implications
The authors suggest the possibility that practitioners and researchers of mindful eating that includes this new concept can use authors' novel scale as an effective measurement tool. 

Originality/value
The EMES, which can multidimensionally measure the concept of the expanded model of mindful eating was first developed in this study.
KW  - sustainability
KW  - scale development
KW  - university students
KW  - nutrition
KW  - education
KW  - health of the planet
KW  - mindful eating
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHCQA-01-2020-0009
SN  - 0952-6862
SN  - 1758-6542
VL  - 33
IS  - 4-5
SP  - 309
EP  - 321
PB  - Emerald Group Publishing Limited
CY  - Bingley
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - D'Ascenzo, Stefania
A1  - Lugli, Luisa
A1  - Nicoletti, Roberto
A1  - Fischer, Martin H.
T1  - Assessing orienting of attention to understand the time course of mental calculation
JF  - Cognitive processing : international quarterly of cognitive science
N2  - Number processing induces spatial attention shifts to the left or right side for small or large numbers, respectively. This spatial-numerical association (SNA) extends to mental calculation, such that subtractions and additions induce left or right biases, respectively. However, the time course of activating SNAs during mental calculation is unclear. Here, we addressed this issue by measuring visual position discrimination during auditory calculation. Thirty-four healthy adults listened in each trial to five successive elements of arithmetic facts (first operand, operator, second operand, equal and result) and verbally classified their correctness. After each element (except for the result), a fixation dot moved equally often to either the left or right side and participants pressed left or right buttons to discriminate its movement direction (four times per trial). First and second operand magnitude (small/large), operation (addition/subtraction), result correctness (right/wrong) and movement direction (left/right) were balanced across 128 trials. Manual reaction times of dot movement discriminations were considered in relation to previous arithmetic elements. We found no evidence of early attentional shifts after first operand and operator presentation. Discrimination performance was modulated consistent with SNAs after the second operand, suggesting that attentional shifts occur once there is access to all elements necessary to complete an arithmetic operation. Such late-occurring attention shifts may reflect a combination of multiple element-specific biases and confirm their functional role in mental calculation.
KW  - Attention
KW  - Mental arithmetic
KW  - Numerical cognition
KW  - Spatial-numerical
KW  - associations
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-020-00970-y
SN  - 1612-4782
SN  - 1612-4790
VL  - 21
IS  - 4
SP  - 493
EP  - 500
PB  - Springer
CY  - Heidelberg ; Berlin
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Shaki, Samuel
A1  - Fischer, Martin H.
T1  - Nothing to dance about: unclear evidence for symbolic representations and numerical competence in honeybees
BT  - a comment on: symbolic representation of numerosity by honeybees (Apis mellifera): matching characters to small quantities
JF  - Proceedings of the Royal Society of London : B, Biological sciences
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2840
SN  - 0962-8452
SN  - 1471-2954
VL  - 287
IS  - 1925
PB  - Royal Society
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Malesza, Marta
A1  - Ostaszewski, Paweł
T1  - Assessing individual differences in discounting
BT  - construction and initial validation of the discounting inventory
JF  - Current psychology
N2  - The purpose of the project was to develop the Discounting Inventory (DI), a measure of individual differences in delay, probability, effort, and social discounting, all related to behavioral impulsivity. Over 400 items relating to four types of discounting were generated. Next, a study followed by a series of psychometric analyses of data obtained from a group of 2843 individuals was conducted. Principal Component Analysis yielded a four-factor structure of data, reflecting the four types of discounting. The results of Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed good fit of the four-factor model to data. Through several iterations of retaining and deleting items on the basis of their component loadings, item intercorrelations, and contribution to coefficient alphas, the total number of items was reduced to 48. The final 48-item version of the inventory has satisfactory psychometric characteristics, including Cronbach's alpha and test-retest stability. In addition, significant correlations were observed between the DI and traditional discounting instruments, suggesting that the DI measures a construct similar to the behavioral discounting process. The development of the tool was based on the assumption that discounting is a personality trait. However, the present data suggest that discounting may reflect more a state than trait function.
KW  - scale construction
KW  - personality trait
KW  - impulsivity
KW  - discounting
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9754-x
SN  - 1046-1310
SN  - 1936-4733
VL  - 39
IS  - 1
SP  - 207
EP  - 219
PB  - Springer
CY  - New York
ER  -