TY  - CHAP
A1  - Kügler, Frank
T1  - Tone and intonation in Akan
T2  - Intonation in African Tone Languages
N2  - This chapter provides an account of the intonation patterns in Akan (Kwa, Niger-Congo). Tonal processes such as downstep, tonal spreading and tonal replacement influence the surface tone pattern of a sentence. In general, any Akan utterance independent of sentence type shows a characteristic down-trend in pitch. This chapter proposes that Akan employs a simple post-lexical tonal grammar that accounts for the shapes of an intonation contour. The unmarked post-lexical structure is found in simple declaratives. The downward trend of an intonation contour is shaped by local tonal interactions (downstep), and sentence-final tonal neutralization. In polar questions, an iota-phrase-final low boundary tone (L%) accounts for the intensity increase and lengthening of the final vowel compared to a declarative. Complex declaratives and left-dislocations show a partial pitch reset at the left edge of an embedded iota-phrase. Underlying lexical tones are not affected by intonation with the exception of sentence-final H-tones.
KW  - downstep
KW  - low boundary tone
KW  - polar question
KW  - constituent question
KW  - imperative
KW  - complex declarative
KW  - Akan
KW  - pitch register reset
KW  - prosodic phrasing
KW  - tonal neutralization
KW  - avoidance
KW  - lax question prosody
Y1  - 2017
SN  - 978-3-11-050352-4; 978-3-11-048479-3
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110503524-004
SN  - 1861-4191
VL  - 24
SP  - 89
EP  - 129
PB  - De Gruyter Mouton
CY  - Berlin
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Kügler, Frank
A1  - Genzel, Susanne
T1  - On the prosodic expression of pragmatic prominence
BT  - the case of pitch register lowering in Akan
N2  - This article presents data from three production experiments investigating the prosodic means of encoding information structure in Akan, a tone language that belongs to the Kwa branch of the Niger-Congo family, spoken in Ghana. Information structure was elicited via context questions that put target words either in wide, informational, or corrective focus, or in one of the experiments also in pre-focal or post-focal position rendering it as given. The prosodic parameters F0 and duration were measured on the target words. Duration is not consistently affected by information structure, but contrary to the prediction that High (H) and Low (L) tones are raised in ex situ (fronted) focus constructions we found a significantly lower realization of both H and L tones under corrective focus in ex situ and in situ focus constructions. Givenness does not seem to be marked prosodically. The data suggest that pragmatic prominence is expressed prosodically by means of a deviation from an unmarked prosodic structure. Results are thus contradicting the view of the effort code that predicts a positive correlation of more effort resulting in higher F0 targets.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 369 
KW  - Akan
KW  - effort code
KW  - information structure
KW  - prosody
KW  - register lowering
Y1  - 2017
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-403217
ER  -