TY - JOUR A1 - Tang, Kam W. A1 - Gladyshev, Michail I. A1 - Dubovskaya, Olga P. A1 - Kirillin, Georgiy A1 - Grossart, Hans-Peter T1 - Zooplankton carcasses and non-predatory mortality in freshwater and inland sea environments JF - Journal of plankton research N2 - Zooplankton carcasses are ubiquitous in marine and freshwater systems, implicating the importance of non-predatory mortality, but both are often overlooked in ecological studies compared with predatory mortality. The development of several microscopic methods allows the distinction between live and dead zooplankton in field samples, and the reported percentages of dead zooplankton average 11.6 (minimum) to 59.8 (maximum) in marine environments, and 7.4 (minimum) to 47.6 (maximum) in fresh and inland waters. Common causes of non-predatory mortality among zooplankton include senescence, temperature change, physical and chemical stresses, parasitism and food-related factors. Carcasses resulting from non-predatory mortality may undergo decomposition leading to an increase in microbial production and a shift in microbial composition in the water column. Alternatively, sinking carcasses may contribute significantly to vertical carbon flux especially outside the phytoplankton growth seasons, and become a food source for the benthos. Global climate change is already altering freshwater ecosystems on multiple levels, and likely will have significant positive or negative effects on zooplankton non-predatory mortality. Better spatial and temporal studies of zooplankton carcasses and non-predatory mortality rates will improve our understanding of this important but under-appreciated topic. KW - carbon flux KW - inland waters KW - lakes KW - live KW - dead sorting KW - non-predatory mortality KW - zooplankton carcasses Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbu014 SN - 0142-7873 SN - 1464-3774 VL - 36 IS - 3 SP - 597 EP - 612 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hermann, Andreas T1 - Zero sets of eigenspinors for generic metrics JF - Communications in analysis and geometry N2 - Let M be a closed connected spin manifold of dimension 2 or 3 with a fixed orientation and a fixed spin structure. We prove that for a generic Riemannian metric on M the non-harmonic eigenspinors of the Dirac operator are nowhere zero. The proof is based on a transversality theorem and the unique continuation property of the Dirac operator. Y1 - 2014 SN - 1019-8385 SN - 1944-9992 VL - 22 IS - 2 SP - 177 EP - 218 PB - International Press of Boston CY - Somerville ER - TY - THES A1 - Dahlsten, Ulf T1 - World market governance T1 - Weltmarktsteuerung BT - the alternative; how an international rule of law can reap the benefits of the global market economy and strengthen national and regional sovereignty N2 - Democratic capitalism or liberal democracy, as the successful marriage of convenience between market liberalism and democracy sometimes is called, is in trouble. The market economy system has become global and there is a growing mismatch with the territoriality of the nation-states. The functional global networks and inter-governmental order can no longer keep pace with the rapid development of the global market economy and regulatory capture is all too common. Concepts like de-globalization, self-regulation, and global government are floated in the debate. The alternatives are analysed and found to be improper, inadequate or plainly impossible. The proposed route is instead to accept that the global market economy has developed into an independent fundamental societal system that needs its own governance. The suggestion is World Market Governance based on the Rule of Law in order to shape the fitness environment for the global market economy and strengthen the nation-states so that they can regain the sovereignty to decide upon the social and cultural conditions in each country. Elements in the proposed Rule of Law are international legislation decided by an Assembly supported by a Council, and an independent Judiciary. Existing international organisations would function as executors. The need for broad sustained demand for regulations in the common interest is identified. N2 - Die erfolgreiche Zweckehe zwischen Marktliberalismus und Demokratie, auch als Demokratischer Kapitalismus oder Liberale Demokratie bezeichnet, befindet sich in einer Krise. Das System der Marktwirtschaft hat sich globalisiert und die Diskrepanz zur Territorialität der Nationalstaaten nimmt zu. Globale Netzwerke und die zwischenstaatliche Ordnung können nicht mehr Schritt halten mit der Entwicklungsgeschwindigkeit der globalen Marktwirtschaft, und die Vereinnahmung von Regulierungsinstanzen („regulatory capture“) ist ein weit verbreitetes Phänomen. Konzepte wie Deglobalisierung, Selbstregulierung und Weltregierung werden debattiert. Diese Alternativen werden in dieser Dissertationsschrift analysiert und stellen sich als unpassend, unzulänglich oder schlicht unmöglich heraus. Stattdessen wird vorgeschlagen, zu akzeptieren, dass sich die globale Marktwirtschaft zu einem unabhängigen fundamentalen gesellschaftlichen System entwickelt hat, das einer eigenen Steuerung bedarf. Vorgeschlagen wird ein System der Weltmarktsteuerung aufbauend auf dem Prinzip der Rechtsstaatlichkeit, in das die globale Marktwirtschaft eingebettet wird und das die Nationalstaaten stärkt, so dass sie Ihre Souveränität hinsichtlich Entscheidungen über nationale soziale und kulturelle Bedingungen wiedererlangen. Elemente des vorgeschlagenen gesetzesbasierten Steuerung sind eine internationale Gesetzgebung durch eine Versammlung, unterstützt durch einen Rat, und eine unabhängige Gerichtsbarkeit. Bestehende Internationale Organisationen würden als Exekutive fungieren. Dazu ist eine dauerhafte und umfängliche Nachfrage nach Regulierung im Gemeininteresse erforderlich. KW - Welt KW - Wirtschaft KW - Steuerung KW - Finanz KW - Markt KW - global KW - markets KW - governance KW - finance KW - economy Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-70168 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wiemann, Dirk T1 - World Literary Spacing : Contemporary Verse Novels Across the Anglosphere T2 - Across Literary and Linguistic Diversities : Essays on Comparative Literature Y1 - 2014 SN - 978-3-0343-1759-7 SP - 45 EP - 62 PB - Lang CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Muschalla, Beate A1 - Linden, Michael T1 - Workplace phobia, workplace problems, and work ability among primary care patients with chronic mental disorders JF - Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine N2 - Purpose: Work-related anxieties are frequent and have a negative effect on the occupational performance of patients and absence due to sickness. Most important is workplace phobia, that is, panic when approaching or even thinking of the workplace. This study is the first to estimate the prevalence of workplace phobia among primary care patients suffering from chronic mental disorders and to describe which illness-related or workplace-specific context factors are associated with workplace phobia. Methods: A convenience sample of 288 primary care patients with chronic mental disorders (70% women) seen by 40 primary care clinicians in Germany were assessed using a standardized diagnostic interview about mental disorders and workplace problems. Workplace phobia was assessed by the Workplace Phobia Scale and a structured Diagnostic and Statical Manual of Mental Disorders-based diagnostic interview. In addition, capacity and participation restrictions, illness severity, and sick leave were assessed. Results: Workplace phobia was found in 10% of patients with chronic mental disorders, that is, approximately about 3% of all general practice patients. Patients with workplace phobia had longer durations of sick leave than patients without workplace phobia and were impaired to a higher degree in work-relevant capacities. They also had a higher degree of restrictions in participation in other areas of life. Conclusions: Workplace phobia seems to be a frequent problem in primary care. It may behoove primary care clinicians to consider workplace-related anxiety, including phobia, particularly when patients ask for a work excuse for nonspecific somatic complaints. KW - Anxiety KW - Mental Health KW - Sick Leave KW - Workplace Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2014.04.130308 SN - 1557-2625 SN - 1558-7118 VL - 27 IS - 4 SP - 486 EP - 494 PB - American Board of Family Medicine CY - Lexington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heinzel, Stephan A1 - Lorenz, Robert C. A1 - Brockhaus, Wolf-Ruediger A1 - Wuestenberg, Torsten A1 - Kathmann, Norbert A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Rapp, Michael Armin T1 - Working memory load-dependent brain response predicts behavioral training gains in older adults JF - The journal of neuroscience N2 - In the domain of working memory (WM), a sigmoid-shaped relationship between WM load and brain activation patterns has been demonstrated in younger adults. It has been suggested that age-related alterations of this pattern are associated with changes in neural efficiency and capacity. At the same time, WM training studies have shown that some older adults are able to increase their WM performance through training. In this study, functional magnetic resonance imaging during an n-back WM task at different WM load levels was applied to compare blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) responses between younger and older participants and to predict gains in WM performance after a subsequent 12-session WM training procedure in older adults. We show that increased neural efficiency and capacity, as reflected by more "youth-like" brain response patterns in regions of interest of the frontoparietal WM network, were associated with better behavioral training outcome beyond the effects of age, sex, education, gray matter volume, and baseline WM performance. Furthermore, at low difficulty levels, decreases in BOLD response were found after WM training. Results indicate that both neural efficiency (i. e., decreased activation at comparable performance levels) and capacity (i. e., increasing activation with increasing WM load) of a WM-related network predict plasticity of the WM system, whereas WM training may specifically increase neural efficiency in older adults. KW - aging KW - fMRI KW - neuroimaging KW - plasticity KW - training KW - working memory Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2463-13.2014 SN - 0270-6474 VL - 34 IS - 4 SP - 1224 EP - 1233 PB - Society for Neuroscience CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schulze, Gunnar T1 - Workflow for rapid metagenome analysis JF - Process design for natural scientists: an agile model-driven approach N2 - Analyses of metagenomes in life sciences present new opportunities as well as challenges to the scientific community and call for advanced computational methods and workflows. The large amount of data collected from samples via next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies render manual approaches to sequence comparison and annotation unsuitable. Rather, fast and efficient computational pipelines are needed to provide comprehensive statistics and summaries and enable the researcher to choose appropriate tools for more specific analyses. The workflow presented here builds upon previous pipelines designed for automated clustering and annotation of raw sequence reads obtained from next-generation sequencing technologies such as 454 and Illumina. Employing specialized algorithms, the sequence reads are processed at three different levels. First, raw reads are clustered at high similarity cutoff to yield clusters which can be exported as multifasta files for further analyses. Independently, open reading frames (ORFs) are predicted from raw reads and clustered at two strictness levels to yield sets of non-redundant sequences and ORF families. Furthermore, single ORFs are annotated by performing searches against the Pfam database Y1 - 2014 SN - 978-3-662-45005-5 SN - 1865-0929 IS - 500 SP - 88 EP - 100 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schad, Daniel A1 - Risse, Sarah A1 - Slattery, Timothy A1 - Rayner, Keith T1 - Word frequency in fast priming: Evidence for immediate cognitive control of eye movements during reading JF - Visual cognition N2 - Numerous studies have demonstrated effects of word frequency on eye movements during reading, but the precise timing of this influence has remained unclear. The fast priming paradigm was previously used to study influences of related versus unrelated primes on the target word. Here, we use this procedure to investigate whether the frequency of the prime word has a direct influence on eye movements during reading when the prime-target relation is not manipulated. We found that with average prime intervals of 32 ms readers made longer single fixation durations on the target word in the low than in the high frequency prime condition. Distributional analyses demonstrated that the effect of prime frequency on single fixation durations occurred very early, supporting theories of immediate cognitive control of eye movements. Finding prime frequency effects only 207 ms after visibility of the prime and for prime durations of 32 ms yields new time constraints for cognitive processes controlling eye movements during reading. Our variant of the fast priming paradigm provides a new approach to test early influences of word processing on eye movement control during reading. KW - Eye movements KW - Fast-priming KW - Distributional analyses KW - Reading KW - Word frequency Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13506285.2014.892041 SN - 1350-6285 SN - 1464-0716 VL - 22 IS - 3-4 SP - 390 EP - 414 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - THES A1 - Ermeydan, Mahmut Ali T1 - Wood cell wall modification with hydrophobic molecules T1 - Modifikation von Holzzellwänden durch hydrophobe Moleküle N2 - Wood is used for many applications because of its excellent mechanical properties, relative abundance and as it is a renewable resource. However, its wider utilization as an engineering material is limited because it swells and shrinks upon moisture changes and is susceptible to degradation by microorganisms and/or insects. Chemical modifications of wood have been shown to improve dimensional stability, water repellence and/or durability, thus increasing potential service-life of wood materials. However current treatments are limited because it is difficult to introduce and fix such modifications deep inside the tissue and cell wall. Within the scope of this thesis, novel chemical modification methods of wood cell walls were developed to improve both dimensional stability and water repellence of wood material. These methods were partly inspired by the heartwood formation in living trees, a process, that for some species results in an insertion of hydrophobic chemical substances into the cell walls of already dead wood cells, In the first part of this thesis a chemistry to modify wood cell walls was used, which was inspired by the natural process of heartwood formation. Commercially available hydrophobic flavonoid molecules were effectively inserted in the cell walls of spruce, a softwood species with low natural durability, after a tosylation treatment to obtain “artificial heartwood”. Flavonoid inserted cell walls show a reduced moisture absorption, resulting in better dimensional stability, water repellency and increased hardness. This approach was quite different compared to established modifications which mainly address hydroxyl groups of cell wall polymers with hydrophilic substances. In the second part of the work in-situ styrene polymerization inside the tosylated cell walls was studied. It is known that there is a weak adhesion between hydrophobic polymers and hydrophilic cell wall components. The hydrophobic styrene monomers were inserted into the tosylated wood cell walls for further polymerization to form polystyrene in the cell walls, which increased the dimensional stability of the bulk wood material and reduced water uptake of the cell walls considerably when compared to controls. In the third part of the work, grafting of another hydrophobic and also biodegradable polymer, poly(ɛ-caprolactone) in the wood cell walls by ring opening polymerization of ɛ-caprolactone was studied at mild temperatures. Results indicated that polycaprolactone attached into the cell walls, caused permanent swelling of the cell walls up to 5%. Dimensional stability of the bulk wood material increased 40% and water absorption reduced more than 35%. A fully biodegradable and hydrophobized wood material was obtained with this method which reduces disposal problem of the modified wood materials and has improved properties to extend the material’s service-life. Starting from a bio-inspired approach which showed great promise as an alternative to standard cell wall modifications we showed the possibility of inserting hydrophobic molecules in the cell walls and supported this fact with in-situ styrene and ɛ-caprolactone polymerization into the cell walls. It was shown in this thesis that despite the extensive knowledge and long history of using wood as a material there is still room for novel chemical modifications which could have a high impact on improving wood properties. N2 - Der nachwachsende Rohstoff Holz wird aufgrund seiner guten mechanischen Eigenschaften und der leichten Verfügbarkeit für viele Anwendungszwecke genutzt. Quellen und Schrumpfen bei Feuchtigkeitsänderungen des hygroskopischen Werkstoffs Holz limitieren jedoch die Einsatzmöglichkeiten. Ein weiteres Problem stellt der mitunter leichte Abbau – u.a. bei feuchtem Holz - durch Mikroorganismen und/oder Insekten dar. Durch chemische Modifizierungen können die Dimensionsstabilität, die Hydrophobizität und die Dauerhaftigkeit verbessert und damit die potentielle Lebensdauer des Werkstoffes erhöht werden. Dabei ist die dauerhafte Modifikation der Zellwand nur äußerst schwer realisierbar. Inspiriert von der Kernholzbildung in lebenden Bäumen, ein zellwandverändernder Prozess, der Jahre nach der Holzbildung erfolgt, wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit neue Ansätze zur chemischen Modifizierung der Zellwände entwickelt, um die Dimensionsstabilität und Hydrophobizität zu erhöhen. Der erste Teil der Arbeit ist stark vom Prozess der Kernholzbildung inspiriert, eine abgeleitete Chemie wurde verwendet, um die Zellwände von Fichte, einem Nadelholz von geringer natürlicher Dauerhaftigkeit, zu modifizieren. Kommerziell verfügbare hydrophobe Flavonoide wurden nach einem Tosylierungsschritt erfolgreich in die Zellwand eingebracht, um so „artifizielles Kernholz“ zu erzeugen. Die modifizierten Holzproben zeigten eine verringerte Wasseraufnahme, die zu erhöhter Dimensionsstabilität und Härte führte. Dieser Ansatz unterscheidet sich grundlegend von bereits etablierten Modifikationen, die hauptsächlich hypdrophile Substanzen an die Hydroxylgruppen der Zellwand anlagern. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Polymerisation von Styren in tosylierten Zellwänden. Es ist bekannt, dass es nur eine schwache Adhäsion zwischen den hydrophoben Polymeren und den hydrophilen Zellwandkomponenten gibt. Die hydrophoben Styren-Monomere wurden in die tosylierte Zellwand eingebracht und zu Polystyren polymerisiert. Wie bei der Modifikation mit Flavonoiden konnte eine erhöhte Dimensionsstabilität und reduzierte Wasseraufnahme der Zellwände beobachtet werden. Im dritten Teil der Arbeit wurde das biologisch abbaubare, hydrophobe poly(ɛ-caprolacton) in der Zellwand aufpolymerisiert. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass Polycaprolacton in der Zellwand gebunden ist und zu einer permanenten Quellung führt (bis zu 5 %). Die Dimensionsstabilität nahm um 40 % zu und die Wasseraufnahmerate konnte um mehr als 35 % reduziert werden. Mit dieser Methode kann nicht nur dimensionsstabileres Holz realisiert werden, auch biologische Abbaubarkeit und damit eine einfache Entsorgung sind gewährleistest. KW - Holzmodifikation KW - hydrophobe Moleküle KW - Dimensionsstabilität KW - Wassergehalt KW - wood modification KW - hydrophobic molecules KW - dimensional stability KW - moisture content Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-71325 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gorum, Tolga A1 - Korup, Oliver A1 - van Westen, Cees J. A1 - van der Meijde, Mark A1 - Xu, Chong A1 - van der Meer, Freek D. T1 - Why so few? Landslides triggered by the 2002 Denali earthquake, Alaska JF - Quaternary science reviews : the international multidisciplinary research and review journal N2 - The 2002 M-w 7.9 Denali Fault earthquake, Alaska, provides an unparalleled opportunity to investigate in quantitative detail the regional hillslope mass-wasting response to strong seismic shaking in glacierized terrain. We present the first detailed inventory of similar to 1580 coseismic slope failures, out of which some 20% occurred above large valley glaciers, based on mapping from multi-temporal remote sensing data. We find that the Denali earthquake produced at least one order of magnitude fewer landslides in a much narrower corridor along the fault ruptures than empirical predictions for an M 8 earthquake would suggest, despite the availability of sufficiently steep and dissected mountainous topography prone to frequent slope failure. In order to explore potential controls on the reduced extent of regional coseismic landsliding we compare our data with inventories that we compiled for two recent earthquakes in periglacial and formerly glaciated terrain, i.e. at Yushu, Tibet (M-w 6.9, 2010), and Aysen Fjord, Chile (2007 M-w 6.2). Fault movement during these events was, similarly to that of the Denali earthquake, dominated by strike-slip offsets along near-vertical faults. Our comparison returns very similar coseismic landslide patterns that are consistent with the idea that fault type, geometry, and dynamic rupture process rather than widespread glacier cover were among the first-order controls on regional hillslope erosional response in these earthquakes. We conclude that estimating the amount of coseismic hillslope sediment input to the sediment cascade from earthquake magnitude alone remains highly problematic, particularly if glacierized terrain is involved. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - Earthquake KW - Landslide KW - Glacial KW - Sediment cascade KW - Denali KW - Alaska Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.04.032 SN - 0277-3791 VL - 95 SP - 80 EP - 94 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER -