TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schoenbohm, Lindsay M.
A1  - Chen, Jie
A1  - Stutz, Jamey
A1  - Sobel, Edward
A1  - Thiede, Rasmus Christoph
A1  - Kirby, Benjamin
A1  - Strecker, Manfred
T1  - Glacial morphology in the Chinese Pamir: Connections among climate, erosion, topography, lithology and exhumation
JF  - Geomorphology : an international journal on pure and applied geomorphology
N2  - Modification of the landscape by glacial erosion reflects the dynamic interplay of climate through temperature, precipitation, and prevailing wind direction, and tectonics through rock uplift and exhumation rate, lithology, and range and fault geometry. We investigate these relationships in the northeast Pamir Mountains using mapping and dating of moraines and terraces to determine the glacial history. We analyze modem glacial morphology to determine glacier area, spacing, headwall relief, debris cover, and equilibrium line altitude (ELA) using the area x altitude balance ratio (AABR), toe-to-headwall altitude ratio (THAR) and toe-to-summit altitude method (TSAM) for 156 glaciers and compare this to lithologic, tectonic, and climatic data We observe a pronounced asymmetry in glacial ELA, area, debris cover, and headwall relief that we interpret to reflect both structural and climatic control: glaciers on the downwind (eastern) side of the range are larger, more debris covered, have steeper headwalls, and tend to erode headward, truncating the smaller glaciers of the upwind, fault-controlled side of the range. We explain this by the transfer of moisture deep into the range as wind-blown or avalanched snow and by limitations imposed on glacial area on the upwind side of the range by the geometry of the Kongur extensional system (KES). The correspondence between rapid exhumation along the KES and maxima in glacier debris cover and headwall relief and minimums in all measures of ELA suggest that taller glacier headwalls develop in a response to more rapid exhumation rates. However, we find that glaciers in the Muji valley did not extend beyond the range front until at least 43 ka, in contrast to extensive glaciation since 300 ka in the south around the high peaks, a pattern which does not clearly reflect uplift rate. Instead, the difference in glacial history and the presence of large peaks (Muztagh Ata and Kongur Shan) with flanking glaciers likely reflects lithologic control (i.e., the location of crustal gneiss domes) and the formation of peaks that rise above the ELA and escape the glacial buzzsaw. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
KW  - Pamir
KW  - ELA
KW  - Cosmogenic nuclides
KW  - Glaciation
KW  - Glacial buzzsaw
KW  - Tectonic-climate coupling
Y1  - 2014
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.05.023
SN  - 0169-555X
SN  - 1872-695X
VL  - 221
SP  - 1
EP  - 17
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  -