TY - JOUR A1 - Ziemann, Martin Andreas T1 - In situ micro-Raman spectroscopy on minerals on-site in the Grotto Hall of the New Palace, Park Sanssouci, in Potsdam JF - Journal of Raman spectroscopy : JRS N2 - Questions of identity and provenance of minerals that are parts of masterpieces in museums have become increasingly important in mineralogical and historical studies. Detailed investigations of valuable and unique objects require on-site, nondestructive and noninvasive methods because touching or removing them may cause irreparable damage. A mobile Raman-microprobe has been used to meet these demands for truly in situ mineralogical studies of the large collection of minerals and rocks of the Prussian kings in the Grotto Hall (Grottensaal) of the New Palace (Neues Palais), Park Sanssouci in Potsdam. Minerals on the walls of the Grotto Hall were analyzed to identify them and thereby to complete the data bank of the collection. Fluid and solid inclusions in the interior of a large quartz crystal have been studied to provide evidence of the provenance of the crystal. The fluid inclusions contain aqueous saline solutions, whereas the solid inclusions are needles of anhydrite with a length of about 1.5 mm. The quartz probably originated from an area in the eastern Alps, from the surroundings of Bad Gastein, Austria. This is the first on-site and in situ study of inclusions below the surface of a mineral with a mobile Raman-microprobe outside a laboratory. KW - mobile Raman-microprobe KW - minerals KW - provenance KW - fluid inclusions KW - anhydrite inclusions Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1584 SN - 0377-0486 VL - 37 IS - 10 SP - 1019 EP - 1025 PB - Wiley CY - Chichester ER - TY - THES A1 - Korges, Maximilian T1 - Constraining the hydrology of intrusion-related ore deposits with fluid inclusions and numerical modeling T1 - Bestimmung der Hydrologie von Erzlagerstätten an Intrusionen mit Flüssigkeitseinschlüssen und numerischer Modellierung N2 - Magmatic-hydrothermal fluids are responsible for numerous mineralization types, including porphyry copper and granite related tin-tungsten (Sn-W) deposits. Ore formation is dependent on various factors, including, the pressure and temperature regime of the intrusions, the chemical composition of the magma and hydrothermal fluids, and fluid rock interaction during the ascent. Fluid inclusions have potential to provide direct information on the temperature, salinity, pressure and chemical composition of fluids responsible for ore formation. Numerical modeling allows the parametrization of pluton features that cannot be analyzed directly via geological observations. Microthermometry of fluid inclusions from the Zinnwald Sn-W deposit, Erzgebirge, Germany / Czech Republic, provide evidence that the greisen mineralization is associated with a low salinity (2-10 wt.% NaCl eq.) fluid with homogenization temperatures between 350°C and 400°C. Quartzes from numerous veins are host to inclusions with the same temperatures and salinities, whereas cassiterite- and wolframite-hosted assemblages with slightly lower temperatures (around 350°C) and higher salinities (ca. 15 wt. NaCl eq.). Further, rare quartz samples contained boiling assemblages consisting of coexisting brine and vapor phases. The formation of ore minerals within the greisen is driven by invasive fluid-rock interaction, resulting in the loss of complexing agents (Cl-) leading to precipitation of cassiterite. The fluid inclusion record in the veins suggests boiling as the main reason for cassiterite and wolframite mineralization. Ore and coexisting gangue minerals hosted different types of fluid inclusions where the beginning boiling processes are solely preserved by the ore minerals emphasizing the importance of microthermometry in ore minerals. Further, the study indicates that boiling as a precipitation mechanism can only occur in mineralization related to shallow intrusions whereas deeper plutons prevent the fluid from boiling and can therefore form tungsten mineralization in the distal regions. The tin mineralization in the Hämmerlein deposit, Erzgebirge, Germany, occurs within a skarn horizon and the underlying schist. Cassiterite within the skarn contains highly saline (30-50 wt% NaCl eq.) fluid inclusions, with homogenization temperatures up to 500°C, whereas cassiterites from the schist and additional greisen samples contain inclusions of lower salinity (~5 wt% NaCl eq.) and temperature (between 350 and 400°C). Inclusions in the gangue minerals (quartz, fluorite) preserve homogenization temperatures below 350°C and sphalerite showed the lowest homogenization temperatures (ca. 200°C) whereby all minerals (cassiterite from schist and greisen, gangue minerals and sphalerite) show similar salinity ranges (2-5 wt% NaCl eq.). Similar trace element contents and linear trends in the chemistry of the inclusions suggest a common source fluid. The inclusion record in the Hämmerlein deposit documents an early exsolution of hot brines from the underlying granite which is responsible for the mineralization hosted by the skarn. Cassiterites in schist and greisen are mainly forming due to fluid-rock interaction at lower temperatures. The low temperature inclusions documented in the sphalerite mineralization as well as their generally low trace element composition in comparison to the other minerals suggests that their formation was induced by mixing with meteoric fluids. Numerical simulations of magma chambers and overlying copper distribution document the importance of incremental growth by sills. We analyzed the cooling behavior at variable injection intervals as well as sill thicknesses. The models suggest that magma accumulation requires volumetric injection rates of at least 4 x 10-4 km³/y. These injection rates are further needed to form a stable magmatic-hydrothermal fluid plume above the magma chamber to ensure a constant copper precipitation and enrichment within a confined location in order to form high-grade ore shells within a narrow geological timeframe between 50 and 100 kyrs as suggested for porphyry copper deposits. The highest copper enrichment can be found in regions with steep temperature gradients, typical of regions where the magmatic-hydrothermal fluid meets the cooler ambient fluids. N2 - Magmatisch-hydrothermale Fluide sind verantwortlich für zahlreiche Mineralisationstypen, wie porphyrische Kupferlagerstätten und granitgebundene Zinn-Wolfram (Sn-W) Lagerstätten. Die Lagerstättenbildung ist abhängig von unterschiedlichen Faktoren, z.B. dem Druck- und Temperaturregime der Intrusion, der chemischen Zusammensetzung des Magmas und der hydrothermalen Fluide sowie den Fluid-Gesteinsreaktionen während des Aufstiegs der Fluide. Flüssigkeitseinschlüsse haben das Potential, direkte Informationen zur Temperatur, zum Salzgehalt, zum Druck und der Chemie der Fluide, welche für die Lagerstättenbildung verantwortlich sind, zu liefern. Außerdem erlauben numerische Modellierungen die Parametrisierung der Plutoneigenschaften, die nicht direkt anhand von geologischen Beobachtungen analysiert werden können. Mikrothermometrie von Flüssigkeitseinschlüssen der Zinnwald Sn-W Lagerstätte zeigen, dass die Vergreisung an ein schwach salzhaltiges (2-10 wt.% NaCl eq.) Fluid gebunden ist, das zwischen 350°C und 400°C homogenisiert. Quarze der diversen Gänge beinhalten Einschlüsse mit den gleichen Temperaturen und Salzgehalten, wohingegen Kassiterit und Wolframit Einschlüsse mit niedrigeren Temperaturen (um 350°C) und höheren Salzgehalten zeigen (ca. 15 wt. NaCl eq.). Seltene Quarzproben enthalten kochende Einschluss-Ansammlungen, die aus koexistierenden salzreichen Lösungen und gasreichen Phasen bestehen. Die Bildung der Erzminerale des Greisens entsteht durch tiefgreifende Fluid-Gesteinsreaktionen, die den Verlust des Komplexbildners (Cl-) zur Folge haben, wodurch Kassiterit ausgefällt wird. Die Einschlüsse in den Gängen verdeutlichen, dass kochende Fluide der Hauptgrund für die Kassiterit– und Wolframit–Mineralisation sind. Erz- und benachbarte Gangminerale beinhalten unterschiedliche Einschlusstypen, wobei die beginnende Phasenseparation ausschließlich in den Erzmineralen erhalten ist, wodurch die Bedeutung der Mikrothermometrie in Erzmineralen hervorgehoben wird. Die Studie verdeutlicht weiterhin, dass Phasenseparation als Ausfällungsmechanismus nur in Lagerstätten gefunden werden können, die an flache Intrusionen gebunden sind, wohingegen tiefsitzende Granite die Phasenseparation verhindern. Dies hat zur Folge, dass eine Wolfram–Vererzung eher distal zur Intrusion auftritt. Die Zinn-Mineralisation der Hämmerlein Lagerstätte tritt sowohl in einem Skarn–Horizont als auch im darunterliegenden Schiefer auf. Fluideinschlüsse in Kassiteriten des Skarns enthalten Fluide mit hohem Salzgehhalt (30-50 wt% NaCl eq.) und Homogenisierungstemperaturen von bis zu 500°C, wohingegen Kassiterite des Schiefers (und von zusätzlichen Greisenproben) Einschlüsse mit geringerem Salzgehalt (~5 wt% NaCl eq.) und geringeren Temperaturen (zwischen 350 und 400°C) enthalten. Einschlüsse in Gangmineralen (Quarz, Fluorit) zeigen Homogenisierungstemperaturen von unter 350°C und Einschlüsse in Sphaleriten konservieren die niedrigsten gemessenen Temperaturen (ca. 200°C). Allerdings haben Flüssigkeitseinschlüsse in allen Mineralen (Kassiterite der Schiefer und Greisen, Gangminerale und Sphalerit) einen annähernd gleichen Salzgehalt (2-5 wt% NaCl eq.). Ähnliche Spurenelementgehalte und lineare Trends in der Chemie der Einschlüsse deuten auf ein gemeinsames Ursprungsfluid hin. Die Einschlüsse in der Hämmerlein-Lagerstätte dokumentieren eine frühe Entmischung von heißen Fluiden mit hohem Salzgehalt aus dem darunterliegenden Granit, die für die Mineralisation im Skarn verantwortlich ist. Die Kassiterite der Schiefer und der Greisen formen sich hauptsächlich durch Fluid-Gesteinsreaktionen bei niedrigeren Temperaturen. Die Niedrigtemperatureinschlüsse in Sphalerit und die im Vergleich zu den anderen Mineralen niedrigen Spurenelementgehalte deuten auf eine Bildung aufgrund von Mischungsprozessen mit meteorischen Fluiden hin. Numerische Simulationen von Magmenkammern und deren darüber gelegenen Kupferverteilungen dokumentieren die Wichtigkeit des schrittweisen Wachstums einer Intrusion durch Sills. Wir untersuchten das Abkühlungsverhalten bei unterschiedlichen Injektionsintervallen sowie bei unterschiedlicher Mächtigkeit des Sills. Die Modelle deuten darauf hin, dass für die Bildung der Magmakammer eine Injektionsrate von mindestens ca. 4 x 10-4 km³/y benötigt wird. Solche Raten sind ebenfalls nötig um eine kontinuierliche Bildung von magmatisch-hydrothermalen Fluiden zu garantieren, denn nur dann können sich hoch vererzte Bereiche in einem kurzen geologischen Zeitraum von 50.000 bis 100.000 Jahren bilden, so wie es für porphyrische Kupferlagerstätten angenommen wird. Die höchsten Kupfergehalte bilden sich in Regionen mit steilem Temperaturgradient, also vor allem in Bereichen, wo das magmatisch-hydrothermale Fluid auf kältere meteorische Fluide trifft. KW - fluid inclusions KW - numerical modeling KW - Flüssigkeitseinschlüsse KW - numerische Modellierung Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-434843 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ferrero, Silvio A1 - Braga, R. A1 - Berkesi, M. A1 - Cesare, Bernardo A1 - Ouazaa, N. Laridhi T1 - Production of metaluminous melt during fluid-present anatexis: an example from the Maghrebian basement, La Galite Archipelago, central Mediterranean JF - Journal of metamorphic geology N2 - Garnet brought to the surface by late Miocene granitoids at La Galite Archipelago (Central Mediterranean, Tunisia) contains abundant primary melt and fluid inclusions. Microstructural observations and mineral chemistry define the host garnet as a peritectic phase produced by biotite incongruent melting at ~800 degrees C and 0.5GPa, under fluid-present conditions. The trapped melt is leucogranitic with an unexpected metaluminous and almost peralkaline character. Fluid inclusions are one phase at room temperature, and contain a CO2-dominated fluid, with minor H2O, N-2 and CH4. Siderite and an OH-bearing phase were identified by Raman and IR spectroscopy within every analysed inclusion, and are interpreted as products of a post-entrapment carbonation/hydration reaction between the fluid and the host during cooling. The fluid present during anatexis is therefore inferred to have been originally richer in both H2O and CO2. The production of anatectic melt with a metaluminous signature can be explained as the result of partial melting of relatively Al-poor protoliths assisted by CO2-rich fluids. KW - fluid inclusions KW - garnet KW - anatexis KW - nanogranites KW - melt inclusions Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/jmg.12068 SN - 0263-4929 SN - 1525-1314 VL - 32 IS - 2 SP - 209 EP - 225 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Carvalho, Bruna B. A1 - Bartoli, Omar A1 - Ferri, Fabio A1 - Cesare, Bernardo A1 - Ferrero, Silvio A1 - Remusat, Laurent A1 - Capizzi, Luca Samuele A1 - Poli, Stefano T1 - Anatexis and fluid regime of the deep continental crust: New clues from melt and fluid inclusions in metapelitic migmatites from Ivrea Zone (NW Italy) JF - Journal of metamorphic geology N2 - We investigate the inclusions hosted in peritectic garnet from metapelitic migmatites of the Kinzigite Formation (Ivrea Zone, NW Italy) to evaluate the starting composition of the anatectic melt and fluid regime during anatexis throughout the upper amphibolite facies, transition, and granulite facies zones. Inclusions have negative crystal shapes, sizes from 2 to 10 mu m and are regularly distributed in the core of the garnet. Microstructural and micro-Raman investigations indicate the presence of two types of inclusions: crystallized silicate melt inclusions (i.e., nanogranitoids, NI), and fluid inclusions (FI). Microstructural evidence suggests that FI and NI coexist in the same cluster and are primary (i.e., were trapped simultaneously during garnet growth). FI have similar compositions in the three zones and comprise variable proportions of CO2, CH4, and N-2, commonly with siderite, pyrophyllite, and kaolinite, suggesting a COHN composition of the trapped fluid. The mineral assemblage in the NI contains K-feldspar, plagioclase, quartz, biotite, muscovite, chlorite, graphite and, rarely, calcite. Polymorphs such as kumdykolite, cristobalite, tridymite, and less commonly kokchetavite, were also found. Rehomogenized NI from the different zones show that all the melts are leucogranitic but have slightly different compositions. In samples from the upper amphibolite facies, melts are less mafic (FeO + MgO = 2.0-3.4 wt%), contain 860-1700 ppm CO2 and reach the highest H2O contents (6.5-10 wt%). In the transition zone melts have intermediate H2O (4.8-8.5 wt%), CO2 (457-1534 ppm) and maficity (FeO + MgO = 2.3-3.9 wt%). In contrast, melts at granulite facies reach highest CaO, FeO + MgO (3.2-4.7 wt%), and CO2 (up to 2,400 ppm), with H2O contents comparable (5.4-8.3 wt%) to the other two zones. Our results represent the first clear evidence for carbonic fluid-present melting in the Ivrea Zone. Anatexis of metapelites occurred through muscovite and biotite breakdown melting in the presence of a COH fluid, in a situation of fluid-melt immiscibility. The fluid is assumed to have been internally derived, produced initially by devolatilization of hydrous silicates in the graphitic protolith, then as a result of oxidation of carbon by consumption of Fe3+-bearing biotite during melting. Variations in the compositions of the melts are interpreted to result from higher T of melting. The H2O contents of the melts throughout the three zones are higher than usually assumed for initial H2O contents of anatectic melts. The CO2 contents are highest at granulite facies, and show that carbon-contents of crustal magmas are not negligible at high T. The activity of H2O of the fluid dissolved in granitic melts decreases with increasing metamorphic grade. Carbonic fluid-present melting of the deep continental crust represents, together with hydrate-breakdown melting reactions, an important process in the origin of crustal anatectic granitoids. KW - anatexis KW - fluid inclusions KW - fluid regime KW - Ivrea Zone KW - melt inclusions Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/jmg.12463 SN - 0263-4929 SN - 1525-1314 VL - 37 IS - 7 SP - 951 EP - 975 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER -