TY - THES A1 - Kooten, Willemijn Sarah Maria Theresia van T1 - Structural inheritance of the Salta Rift basin and its control on exhumation patterns of the Eastern Cordillera between 23 and 24°S T1 - Strukturelle Vererbung des Salta Riftbeckens und deren Einfluss auf die Heraushebungsmuster der Östlichen Kordillere zwischen 23 und 24°S N2 - The deformation style of mountain belts is greatly influenced by the upper plate architecture created during preceding deformation phases. The Mesozoic Salta Rift extensional phase has created a dominant structural and lithological framework that controls Cenozoic deformation and exhumation patterns in the Central Andes. Studying the nature of these pre-existing anisotropies is a key to understanding the spatiotemporal distribution of exhumation and its controlling factors. The Eastern Cordillera in particular, has a structural grain that is in part controlled by Salta Rift structures and their orientation relative to Andean shortening. As a result, there are areas in which Andean deformation prevails and areas where the influence of the Salta Rift is the main control on deformation patterns. Between 23 and 24°S, lithological and structural heterogeneities imposed by the Lomas de Olmedo sub-basin (Salta Rift basin) affect the development of the Eastern Cordillera fold-and-thrust belt. The inverted northern margin of the sub-basin now forms the southern boundary of the intermontane Cianzo basin. The former western margin of the sub-basin is located at the confluence of the Subandean Zone, the Santa Barbara System and the Eastern Cordillera. Here, the Salta Rift basin architecture is responsible for the distribution of these morphotectonic provinces. In this study we use a multi-method approach consisting of low-temperature (U-Th-Sm)/He and apatite fission track thermochronology, detrital geochronology, structural and sedimentological analyses to investigate the Mesozoic structural inheritance of the Lomas de Olmedo sub-basin and Cenozoic exhumation patterns. Characterization of the extension-related Tacurú Group as an intermediate succession between Paleozoic basement and the syn-rift infill of the Lomas de Olmedo sub-basin reveals a Jurassic maximum depositional age. Zircon (U-Th-Sm)/He cooling ages record a pre-Cretaceous onset of exhumation for the rift shoulders in the northern part of the sub-basin, whereas the western shoulder shows a more recent onset (140–115 Ma). Variations in the sedimentary thickness of syn- and post-rift strata document the evolution of accommodation space in the sub-basin. While the thickness of syn-rift strata increases rapidly toward the northern basin margin, the post-rift strata thickness decreases toward the margin and forms a condensed section on the rift shoulder. Inversion of Salta Rift structures commenced between the late Oligocene and Miocene (24–15 Ma) in the ranges surrounding the Cianzo basin. The eastern and western limbs of the Cianzo syncline, located in the hanging wall of the basin-bounding Hornocal fault, show diachronous exhumation. At the same time, western fault blocks of Tilcara Range, south of the Cianzo basin, began exhuming in the late Oligocene to early Miocene (26–16 Ma). Eastward propagation to the frontal thrust and to the Paleozoic strata east of the Tilcara Range occurred in the middle Miocene (22–10 Ma) and the late Miocene–early Pliocene (10–4 Ma), respectively. N2 - Der Deformationsstil von Gebirgsgürteln wird stark von der Architektur der oberen Platte beeinflusst, die während vorheriger Verformungsphasen entstanden ist. Die mesozoische Salta Rift Extensionsphase hat einen strukturellen und lithologischen Rahmen geschaffen, der die känozoischen Heraushebungsmuster in den Zentralanden kontrolliert. Die Charakterisierung dieser Anisotropien ist daher entscheidend, um die räumlich-zeitliche Verteilung der Heraushebung und ihrer kontrollierenden Faktoren zu verstehen. Insbesondere die Östliche Kordillere weist einen strukturellen Rahmen auf, der teilweise von Salta Rift-Strukturen und ihrer Orientierung in Bezug auf die Verkürzung im Zuge der Gebirgsbildung der Anden kontrolliert wird. Dadurch wurden Gebiete geschaffen, in denen die jüngere Anden-Deformation überwiegt, und Gebiete, in denen der Einfluss des Salta Rifts die Deformationsmuster prägt. Zwischen 23 und 24°S beeinflussen lithologische und strukturelle Heterogenitäten des Lomas de Olmedo Beckens (Teil des Salta Rift Beckens) die Entwicklung des Faltengürtels der Östlichen Kordillere. Der invertierte nördliche Rand des Beckens bildet dabei die südliche Grenze des Cianzo Beckens, welches während der andinen Orogenese angelegt wurde. Der ehemalige westliche Rand des Lomas de Olmedo Beckens befindet sich am Übergang der Subandinen Zone, des Santa Barbara Systems und der Östlichen Kordillere. Hier ist die Architektur des Salta Rift-Beckens für die räumliche Verteilung dieser morphotektonischen Provinzen verantwortlich. In dieser Studie verwenden wir einen multi-methodischen Ansatz, bestehend aus Niedertemperatur (U-Th-Sm)/He und Apatit Spaltspur Thermochronologie, detritische Geochronologie sowie strukturelle und sedimentologische Analyse, um das mesozoische strukturelle Erbe des Lomas de Olmedo Beckens und die känozoischen Heraushebungsmuster zu untersuchen. Die mit Extension verbundene Tacurú-Gruppe bildet eine Einheit, die dem paläozoischen Grundgebirge und der syn-rift Auffüllung des Lomas de Olmedo Beckens zwischengeschaltet ist. Sie hat ein Jurassisches maximales Ablagerungsalter. Zirkon (U-Th-Sm)/He Abkühlungsalter zeigen einen präkretazischen Beginn der Heraushebung für die Riftschulter im nördlichen Teil des Beckens, während die westliche Schulter einen jüngeren Beginn aufweist (140–115 Ma). Variationen in der stratigraphischen Mächtigkeit von Syn- und Postrift-Gesteinen dokumentieren die Entwicklung des Akommodationsraums. Während die Mächtigkeit der Synrift-Gesteine zum nördlichen Beckenrand hin zunimmt, schwindet die Mächtigkeit der Postrift-Gesteine in Richtung des Beckenrandes und bildet dort eine kondensierte Abfolge. Die Inversion der Salta Rift Strukturen begann im Cianzo Becken zwischen dem späten Oligozän und Miozän (24–15 Ma) mit einer diachronen Heraushebung des östlichen und westlichen Schenkels der Cianzo Synklinale, welche sich im Hangenden der Hornocal Störung befindet. Gleichzeitig begann im Tilcara Gebirge, südlich des Cianzo Beckens, im späten Oligozän bis frühen Miozän (26–16 Ma) die Heraushebung westlicher Störungsblöcke. Die ostwärtige Ausbreitung zur frontalen Überschiebung erfolgte im mittleren Miozän (22–10 Ma) und zum San Lucas Block im späten Miozän bis frühen Pliozän (10–4 Ma). KW - Argentina KW - Argentinien KW - thermochronology KW - Thermochronologie KW - exhumation KW - structural inheritance KW - thermal modeling KW - Eastern Cordillera KW - östliche Kordillere KW - Modellierung KW - Salta Rift KW - Salta Rift Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-617983 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ghani, Humaad A1 - Sobel, Edward A1 - Zeilinger, Gerold A1 - Glodny, Johannes A1 - Zapata, Sebastian A1 - Irum, Irum T1 - Palaeozoic and Pliocene tectonic evolution of the Salt Range constrained by low-temperature thermochronology T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - The Salt Range in Pakistan exposes Precambrian to Pleistocene strata outcropping along the Salt Range Thrust (SRT). To better understand the in-situ Cambrian and Pliocene tectonic evolution of the Pakistan Subhimalaya, we have conducted low-temperature thermochronological analysis using apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He and fission track dating. We combine cooling ages from different samples located along the thrust front of the SRT into a thermal model that shows two major cooling events associated with rifting and regional erosion in the Late Palaeozoic and SRT activity since the Pliocene. Our results suggest that the SRT maintained a long-term average shortening rate of similar to 5-6 mm/yr and a high exhumation rate above the SRT ramp since similar to 4 Ma. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1368 KW - exhumation KW - fault bend fold KW - ramp KW - Salt Range Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-562567 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ghani, Humaad A1 - Sobel, Edward A1 - Zeilinger, Gerold A1 - Glodny, Johannes A1 - Zapata, Sebastian A1 - Irum, Irum T1 - Palaeozoic and Pliocene tectonic evolution of the Salt Range constrained by low-temperature thermochronology JF - Terra nova N2 - The Salt Range in Pakistan exposes Precambrian to Pleistocene strata outcropping along the Salt Range Thrust (SRT). To better understand the in-situ Cambrian and Pliocene tectonic evolution of the Pakistan Subhimalaya, we have conducted low-temperature thermochronological analysis using apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He and fission track dating. We combine cooling ages from different samples located along the thrust front of the SRT into a thermal model that shows two major cooling events associated with rifting and regional erosion in the Late Palaeozoic and SRT activity since the Pliocene. Our results suggest that the SRT maintained a long-term average shortening rate of similar to 5-6 mm/yr and a high exhumation rate above the SRT ramp since similar to 4 Ma. KW - exhumation KW - fault bend fold KW - ramp KW - Salt Range Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/ter.12515 SN - 0954-4879 SN - 1365-3121 VL - 33 IS - 3 SP - 293 EP - 305 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - THES A1 - Ghani, Humaad T1 - Structural evolution of the Kohat and Potwar fold and thrust belts of Pakistan T1 - Strukturelle Entwicklung des Kohat und Potwar Falten- und Überschiebungsgürtel in Pakistan N2 - Fold and thrust belts are characteristic features of collisional orogen that grow laterally through time by deforming the upper crust in response to stresses caused by convergence. The deformation propagation in the upper crust is accommodated by shortening along major folds and thrusts. The formation of these structures is influenced by the mechanical strength of décollements, basement architecture, presence of preexisting structures and taper of the wedge. These factors control not only the sequence of deformation but also cause differences in the structural style. The Himalayan fold and thrust belt exhibits significant differences in the structural style from east to west. The external zone of the Himalayan fold and thrust belt, also called the Subhimalaya, has been extensively studied to understand the temporal development and differences in the structural style in Bhutan, Nepal and India; however, the Subhimalaya in Pakistan remains poorly studied. The Kohat and Potwar fold and thrust belts (herein called Kohat and Potwar) represent the Subhimalaya in Pakistan. The Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) marks the northern boundary of both Kohat and Potwar, showing that these belts are genetically linked to foreland-vergent deformation within the Himalayan orogen, despite the pronounced contrast in structural style. This contrast becomes more pronounced toward south, where the active strike-slip Kalabagh Fault Zone links with the Kohat and Potwar range fronts, known as the Surghar Range and the Salt Range, respectively. The Surghar and Salt Ranges developed above the Surghar Thrust (SGT) and Main Frontal Thrust (MFT). In order to understand the structural style and spatiotemporal development of the major structures in Kohat and Potwar, I have used structural modeling and low temperature thermochronolgy methods in this study. The structural modeling is based on construction of balanced cross-sections by integrating surface geology, seismic reflection profiles and well data. In order to constrain the timing and magnitude of exhumation, I used apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He (AHe) and apatite fission track (AFT) dating. The results obtained from both methods are combined to document the Paleozoic to Recent history of Kohat and Potwar. The results of this research suggest two major events in the deformation history. The first major deformation event is related to Late Paleozoic rifting associated with the development of the Neo-Tethys Ocean. The second major deformation event is related to the Late Miocene to Pliocene development of the Himalayan fold and thrust belt in the Kohat and Potwar. The Late Paleozoic rifting is deciphered by inverse thermal modelling of detrital AFT and AHe ages from the Salt Range. The process of rifting in this area created normal faulting that resulted in the exhumation/erosion of Early to Middle Paleozoic strata, forming a major unconformity between Cambrian and Permian strata that is exposed today in the Salt Range. The normal faults formed in Late Paleozoic time played an important role in localizing the Miocene-Pliocene deformation in this area. The combination of structural reconstructions and thermochronologic data suggest that deformation initiated at 15±2 Ma on the SGT ramp in the southern part of Kohat. The early movement on the SGT accreted the foreland into the Kohat deforming wedge, forming the range front. The development of the MBT at 12±2 Ma formed the northern boundary of Kohat and Potwar. Deformation propagated south of the MBT in the Kohat on double décollements and in the Potwar on a single basal décollement. The double décollement in the Kohat adopted an active roof-thrust deformation style that resulted in the disharmonic structural style in the upper and lower parts of the stratigraphic section. Incremental shortening resulted in the development of duplexes in the subsurface between two décollements and imbrication above the roof thrust. Tectonic thickening caused by duplexes resulted in cooling and exhumation above the roof thrust by removal of a thick sequence of molasse strata. The structural modelling shows that the ramps on which duplexes formed in Kohat continue as tip lines of fault propagation folds in the Potwar. The absence of a double décollement in the Potwar resulted in the preservation of a thick sequence of molasse strata there. The temporal data suggest that deformation propagated in-sequence from ~ 8 to 3 Ma in the northern part of Kohat and Potwar; however, internal deformation in the Kohat was more intense, probably required for maintaining a critical taper after a significant load was removed above the upper décollement. In the southern part of Potwar, a steeper basement slope (β≥3°) and the presence of salt at the base of the stratigraphic section allowed for the complete preservation of the stratigraphic wedge, showcased by very little internal deformation. Activation of the MFT at ~4 Ma allowed the Salt Range to become the range front of the Potwar. The removal of a large amount of molasse strata above the MFT ramp enhanced the role of salt in shaping the structural style of the Salt Range and Kalabagh Fault Zone. Salt accumulation and migration resulted in the formation of normal faults in both areas. Salt migration in the Kalabagh fault zone has triggered out-of-sequence movement on ramps in the Kohat. The amount of shortening calculated between the MBT and the SGT in Kohat is 75±5 km and between the MBT and the MFT in Potwar is 65±5 km. A comparable amount of shortening is accommodated in the Kohat and Potwar despite their different widths: 70 km Kohat and 150 km Potwar. In summary, this research suggests that deformation switched between different structures during the last ~15 Ma through different modes of fault propagation, resulting in different structural styles and the out-of-sequence development of Kohat and Potwar. N2 - Falten- und Überschiebungsgürtel sind charakteristische Merkmale von Kollisionsorogenen, die sich im Laufe der Zeit als Reaktion auf konvergente Spannungen in das Vorland vorbauen. Die Deformationsausbreitung in der oberen Kruste erfolgt durch die Verkürzung entlang von Falten und Überschiebungen. Die Bildung dieser Strukturen wird durch die mechanische Eigenschaft des Décollements (Abscherhorizonts), dem Aufbau des Grundgebirges, der strukturellen Vorprägung und der Geometrie des Verfomungskeils beeinflusst. Diese Faktoren steuern nicht nur die Verformungsabfolge, sondern führen auch zu unterschiedlichen Strukturen im Falten- und Überschiebungsgürtel. Der Himalaya Falten- und Überschiebungsgürtel zeigt signifikante Unterschiede im strukturellen Bau von Ost nach West. Die äußere Zone des Himalaya Falten- und Überschiebungsgürtel, auch Subhimalaya genannt, ist hinsichtlich der zeitliche Entwicklung und des strukturellen Baus in der Region von Bhutan, Nepal und Indien gut untersucht. Im Gegensatz dazu ist die Geologie des pakistanischen Subhimalayas erst in groben Zügen verstanden. Der Kohat- und der Potwar- Falten- und Überschiebungsgürtel (im Folgenden einfach Kohat und Potwar genannt) sind Teil der externe Sedimentationszone des Himalaya- Falten- und Überschiebungsgürtel in Pakistan. Die „Main Boundary Thrust“ (MBT) markiert ihre nördliche Grenze und zeigt, dass beide, sowohl Kohat als auch Potwar, trotz ihres unterschiedlichen strukturellen Baus durch eine gemeinsame, ins Vorland gerichteten Verformung des Himalaya-Orogens entstanden sind. Der Kontrast im strukturelle Bau wird nach Süden ausgeprägter, wo die aktive Kalabagh Seitenverschiebung die frontalen Deformationszonen Kohats und Potwars verbindet, die als „Surghar Range“ bzw. „Salt Range“ bekannt sind. Die „Surghar Range“ und die „Salt Range“ entwickeln sich oberhalb der Surghar Überschiebung (Surghar Thrust, SGT) und der frontalen Hauptüberschiebung (Main Frontal Thrust, MFT). Ziel dieser Studie ist es, die Deformationsentwicklung und den strukturellen Bau Kohats und Potwars als Beispiel für die Vielfalt der Entwicklung im frontalen Bereich von Orogenen zu entschlüsseln. Um den strukturellen Stil und die räumlich-zeitliche Entwicklung der Hauptstrukturen in Kohat und Potwar zu untersuchen, werden in dieser Studie Strukturmodellierungs- und Niedertemperatur-Thermochronologie-Methoden verwendet. Die Strukturmodellierung basiert auf der Erstellung bilanzierter Profile, deren Grundlage die Kombination von Oberflächengeologie, seismischen Reflexionsprofilen und Bohrlochdaten bildet. Die Niedertemperatur-Thermochronologie-Methoden gründen einerseits auf Apatit (U-Th-Sm)/He (AHe) und andererseits auf Apatit-Spaltspur (AFT) Datierungen. Die Resultate beider Methoden erlauben die zeitliche Rekonstruktion von Kohat und Potwar vom Paläozoikum bis zur jüngsten Geschichte. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie deuten auf zwei Hauptereignisse in der Verformungsgeschichte hin. Das erste große Deformationsereignis steht im Zusammenhang mit der spätpaläozoischen Riftbildung im Zuge der Öffnung der Neotethys. Das zweite große Deformationsereignis steht im Zusammenhang mit der spätmiozänen bis pliozänen Entwicklung des Himalaya Falten- und Überschiebungsgürtel. Die spät-paläozoische Riftbildung wird mittels einer inversen thermischen Modellierung der Apatit-AFT und AHe-Alter aus der „Salt Range“ rekonstruiert. Der Prozess des Riftbildung verursachte Abschiebungen, die zur Exhumierung bzw. Erosion früh- bis mittelpaläozoischer Schichten führte und eine bedeutende Diskordanz zwischen kambrischen und permischen Schichten ausbildet, die heute in der „Salt Range“ aufgeschlossen ist. Diese im Spätpaläozoikum entstandenen Abschiebungen wurden dann während der miozän-pliozänen Bildung des Falten- und Überschiebungsgürtel reakiviert. Die Rekonstruktion der Strukturen, kombiniert mit der Datierung (AFT, AHe), deutet darauf hin, dass die Verformung um ca. 15±2 Ma auf der SGT-Rampe im südlichen Teil Kohats aktiv war. Diese erste Deformation entlang der SGT hat das Vorland an den Kohat-Verformungskeil geschweisst und bildet damit die neue Verformungsfront. Die MBT bildete um ca. 12±2 Ma die nördliche Grenze von Kohat und Potwar. Die Deformation breitete sich in südlicher Richtung von der MBT aus in Kohat auf zwei Décollements aus, während sich in Potwar ein einziges basales Décollement bildete. Die beiden parallelen Décollements in Kohat formten aktive Dachüberschiebungen aus, die zum disharmonischen Stil im oberen und unteren Teil des Profils führten. Die inkrementelle Verkürzung formte Duplex-Strukturen zwischen den beiden Décollements und Schuppen oberhalb der Dachüberschiebung. Auf die tektonische Verdickung durch die Duplex-Strukturen folgte die Abkühlung bzw. Exhumation oberhalb der Dachüberschiebung durch die Abtragung mächtiger Molasseschichten. Die Rekonstruktion der Strukturen zeigt, dass die Rampen, auf denen die Duplex-Strukturen in Kohat gebildet wurden, sich in Potwar als Frontallinien der frontalen Knickung fortsetzen. Das Fehlen der beiden parallelen Décollements in Potwar führte zur Erhaltung dicker Molassenschichten in der stratigraphischen Abfolge. Die Ergebnisse der Datierung deuten darauf hin, dass sich die Verformung dann von ca. 8 bis 3 Ma normal im nördlichen Teil von Kohat und Potwar in Richtung Süden ausbreitete. Die Verformung in Kohat war intensiver durch die Bildung eines kritischen Winkels im Deformationskeil, als die signifikante Auflast über dem oberen Décollement entfernt wurde. Der südliche Teil Potwars dagegen ist durch eine geringe interne Verfomung gekennzeichnet, hervorgerufen durch eine geringere Neigung der basalen Überschiebung (β≥3°) und das Vorhandensein von Salz an der Basis der stratigraphischen Abfolge. Dabei ist stratigraphische Abfolge innerhalb des Deformationskeils erhalten. Mit der Deformation entlang der MFT um ca. 4 Ma begann die Entwicklung der „Salt Range“ als frontale Deformationszone von Potwar. Die Abtragung dicker Molassenschichten über der MFT-Rampe verstärkte die Rolle des Salzes bei der Deformation der „Salt Range“ und der Kalabagh-Störungszone. In beiden Gebieten kam es zu Abschiebungen duch Salzakkumulation und Salzmigration. Die Salzmigration in der Kalabagh- Störungszone hat durchbrechende Überschiebungen entlang der Rampen in Kohat ausgelöst. Der Verkürzungsbetrag zwischen MBT und SGT beträgt für Kohat 75±5 km und für Potwar zwischen MBT und MFT 65±5 km. Sowohl Kohat und Potwar haben trotz ihrer unterschiedlichen räumlichen Ausdehnung (70 km Kohat und 150 km Potwar) eine vergleichbare Verkürzung erfahren. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass diese Studie aufzeigt, wie die Verformung zwischen den einzelnen Strukturen in den letzten ~15 Ma, verursacht durch unterschiedliche Deformationsausbreitung, gesprungen ist und damit für die unterschiedlichen spezifischen Struktur-Stile und durchbrechende Deformationssequenzen in Kohat und Potwar verantwortlich ist. KW - Himalaya KW - folds KW - faults KW - décollement KW - exhumation KW - Himalaja KW - Falten KW - Störungen KW - Abschiebungshorizonte KW - Exhumierung Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-440775 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Marc, Odin A1 - Behling, Robert A1 - Andermann, Christoff A1 - Turowski, Jens M. A1 - Illien, Luc A1 - Roessner, Sigrid A1 - Hovius, Niels T1 - Long-term erosion of the Nepal Himalayas by bedrock landsliding BT - the role of monsoons, earthquakes and giant landslides T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - In active mountain belts with steep terrain, bedrock landsliding is a major erosional agent. In the Himalayas, landsliding is driven by annual hydro-meteorological forcing due to the summer monsoon and by rarer, exceptional events, such as earthquakes. Independent methods yield erosion rate estimates that appear to increase with sampling time, suggesting that rare, high-magnitude erosion events dominate the erosional budget. Nevertheless, until now, neither the contribution of monsoon and earthquakes to landslide erosion nor the proportion of erosion due to rare, giant landslides have been quantified in the Himalayas. We address these challenges by combining and analysing earthquake- and monsoon-induced landslide inventories across different timescales. With time series of 5 m satellite images over four main valleys in central Nepal, we comprehensively mapped landslides caused by the monsoon from 2010 to 2018. We found no clear correlation between monsoon properties and landsliding and a similar mean landsliding rate for all valleys, except in 2015, where the valleys affected by the earthquake featured ∼ 5–8 times more landsliding than the pre-earthquake mean rate. The longterm size–frequency distribution of monsoon-induced landsliding (MIL) was derived from these inventories and from an inventory of landslides larger than ∼ 0.1 km 2 that occurred between 1972 and 2014. Using a published landslide inventory for the Gorkha 2015 earthquake, we derive the size–frequency distribution for earthquake-induced landsliding (EQIL). These two distributions are dominated by infrequent, large and giant landslides but under-predict an estimated Holocene frequency of giant landslides (> 1 km 3 ) which we derived from a literature compilation. This discrepancy can be resolved when modelling the effect of a full distribution of earthquakes of variable magnitude and when considering that a shallower earthquake may cause larger landslides. In this case, EQIL and MIL contribute about equally to a total long-term erosion of ∼ 2 ± 0.75 mm yr −1 in agreement with most thermo-chronological data. Independently of the specific total and relative erosion rates, the heavy-tailed size–frequency distribution from MIL and EQIL and the very large maximal landslide size in the Himalayas indicate that mean landslide erosion rates increase with sampling time, as has been observed for independent erosion estimates. Further, we find that the sampling timescale required to adequately capture the frequency of the largest landslides, which is necessary for deriving long-term mean erosion rates, is often much longer than the averaging time of cosmogenic 10 Be methods. This observation presents a strong caveat when interpreting spatial or temporal variability in erosion rates from this method. Thus, in areas where a very large, rare landslide contributes heavily to long-term erosion (as the Himalayas), we recommend 10 Be sample in catchments with source areas > 10 000 km 2 to reduce the method mean bias to below ∼ 20 % of the long-term erosion. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 646 KW - rainfall thresholds KW - global database KW - sediment flux KW - mountain belt KW - rates KW - river KW - size KW - exhumation KW - precipitation KW - inventories Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-425022 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 646 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eugster, Patricia A1 - Thiede, Rasmus Christoph A1 - Scherler, Dirk A1 - Stübner, Konstanze A1 - Sobel, Edward A1 - Strecker, Manfred T1 - Segmentation of the Main Himalayan Thrust Revealed by Low-Temperature Thermochronometry in the Western Indian Himalaya JF - Tectonics N2 - Despite remarkable tectonostratigraphic similarities along the Himalayan arc, pronounced topographic and exhumational variability exists in different morphotectonic segments. The processes responsible for this segmentation are debated. Of particular interest is a 30- to 40-km-wide orogen-parallel belt of rapid exhumation that extends from central Nepal to the western Himalaya and its possible linkage to a midcrustal ramp in the basal decollement, and the related growth of Lesser Himalayan duplex structures. Here we present 26 new apatite fission track cooling ages from the Beas-Lahul region, at the transition from the Central to the Western Himalaya (77 degrees-78 degrees E) to investigate segmentation in the Himalayan arc from a thermochronologic perspective. Together with previously published data from this part of the orogen, we document significant lateral changes in exhumation between the Dhauladar Range to the west, the Beas-Lahul region, and the Sutlej area to the east of the study area. In contrast to the Himalayan front farther east, exhumation in the far western sectors is focused at the frontal parts of the mountain range and associated with the hanging wall of the Main Boundary Thrust fault ramp. Our results allow us to spatially correlate the termination of the rapid exhumation belt with a midcrustal ramp to the west. We suggest that a plunging anticline at the northwestern edge of the Larji-Kullu-Rampur window represents the termination of the Central Himalayan segment, which is related to the evolution of the Lesser Himalayan duplex. Key Points KW - exhumation KW - Himalaya KW - duplex KW - fission track thermochronology KW - MHT Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1029/2017TC004752 SN - 0278-7407 SN - 1944-9194 VL - 37 IS - 8 SP - 2710 EP - 2726 PB - American Geophysical Union CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Behyari, Mahdi A1 - Mohajjel, Mohammad A1 - Sobel, Edward A1 - Rezaeian, Mahnaz A1 - Moayyed, Mohssen A1 - Schmidt, Alexander T1 - Analysis of exhumation history in Misho Mountains, NW Iran BT - insights from structural and apatite fission track data JF - Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie : merged with Neues Jahrbuch für Geol. und Paläont. Monatshefte". Abhandlungen N2 - The Misho complex in Northwest Iran is a prominent topographic massif bounded by well known active faults. Our new structural analysis of this area indicates that faulting has important role in the exhumation of this complex. The conjugate orientation of the North and South Misho Faults caused uplift in the Misho and exhumation of the Precambrian crystalline basement. Our structural and stratigraphic data shows that rapid uplift could have been initiation since the 21-22 Ma and exhumation rate was about 0.16 to 0.24 km/Ma. To refine this age, we performed U/Pb analysis of detrital zircon from the Upper Red Formation using LA-ICP-MS. We conducted AFT analysis on 6 basement samples from the hanging wall and 1 sample from the Upper Red Formation in the footwall NMF. Uplift in the hanging wall of NMF led to resting of sample 916 marl. This geochronologic and thermochronologic data shows that exhumation in the MC is diachronously along strike and affected by faults. The phase of exhumation is documented in the study area and entire Iranian plateau is related to the final closure of the Neo-Tethys and northward motion of the Arabian Plate. KW - Misho complex KW - NW Iran KW - North Tabriz Fault KW - apatite fission track KW - exhumation Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/2017/0642 SN - 0077-7749 VL - 283 IS - 3 SP - 291 EP - 308 PB - Schweizerbart CY - Stuttgart ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thiede, Rasmus Christoph A1 - Sobel, Edward A1 - Chen, Jie A1 - Schoenbohm, Lindsay M. A1 - Stockli, Daniel F. A1 - Sudo, Masafumi A1 - Strecker, Manfred T1 - Late Cenozoic extension and crustal doming in the India-Eurasia collision zone new thermochronologic constraints from the NE Chinese Pamir JF - Tectonics N2 - The northward motion of the Pamir indenter with respect to Eurasia has resulted in coeval thrusting, strike-slip faulting, and normal faulting. The eastern Pamir is currently deformed by east-west oriented extension, accompanied by uplift and exhumation of the Kongur Shan (7719m) and Muztagh Ata (7546m) gneiss domes. Both domes are an integral part of the footwall of the Kongur Shan extensional fault system (KES), a 250 km long, north-south oriented graben. Why active normal faulting within the Pamir is primarily localized along the KES and not distributed more widely throughout the orogen has remained unclear. In addition, relatively little is known about how deformation has evolved throughout the Cenozoic, despite refined estimates on present-day crustal deformation rates and microseismicity, which indicate where crustal deformation is presently being accommodated. To better constrain the spatiotemporal evolution of faulting along the KES, we present 39 new apatite fission track, zircon U-Th-Sm/He, and Ar-40/Ar-39 cooling ages from a series of footwall transects along the KES graben shoulder. Combining these data with present-day topographic relief, 1-D thermokinematic and exhumational modeling documents successive stages, rather than synchronous deformation and gneiss dome exhumation. While the exhumation of the Kongur Shan commenced during the late Miocene, extensional processes in the Muztagh Ata massif began earlier and have slowed down since the late Miocene. We present a new model of synorogenic extension suggesting that thermal and density effects associated with a lithospheric tear fault along the eastern margin of the subducting Alai slab localize extensional upper plate deformation along the KES and decouple crustal motion between the central/western Pamir and eastern Pamir/Tarim basin. KW - Pamir KW - gneiss domes KW - collision KW - extension KW - thermochronology KW - exhumation Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/tect.20050 SN - 0278-7407 VL - 32 IS - 3 SP - 763 EP - 779 PB - American Geophysical Union CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sobel, Edward A1 - Chen, Jie A1 - Schoenbohm, Lindsay M. A1 - Thiede, Rasmus Christoph A1 - Stockli, Daniel F. A1 - Sudo, Masafumi A1 - Strecker, Manfred T1 - Oceanic-style subduction controls late Cenozoic deformation of the Northern Pamir orogen JF - Earth & planetary science letters N2 - The northern part of the Pamir orogen is the preeminent example of an active intracontinental subduction zone in the early stages of continent-continent collision. Such zones are the least understood type of plate boundaries because modern examples are few and of limited access, and ancient analogs have been extensively overprinted by subsequent tectonic and erosion processes. In the Pamir, it has been assumed that most of the plate convergence was accommodated by overthrusting along the plate-bounding Main Pamir Thrust (MPT), which forms the principal northern mountain and deformation front of the Pamir. However, the synopsis of our new and previously published thermochronologic data from this region shows that the hanging wall of the MPT experienced relatively minor amounts of late Cenozoic exhumation. The Pamir orogen as a whole is an integral part of the overriding plate in a subduction system, while the remnant basin to the north constitutes the downgoing plate, with the bulk of the convergence accommodated by underthrusting. Herein, we demonstrate that the observed deformation of the upper and lower plates within the Pamir-Alai convergence zone resembles highly arcuate oceanic subduction systems characterized by slab rollback, subduction erosion, subduction accretion, and marginal slab-tear faults. We suggest that the curvature of the North Pamir is genetically linked to the short width and rollback of the south-dipping Alai slab; northward motion (indentation) of the Pamir is accommodated by crustal processes related to this rollback. The onset of south-dipping subduction is tentatively linked to intense Pamir contraction following break-off of the north-dipping Indian slab beneath the Karakoram. KW - subduction accretion KW - subduction erosion KW - exhumation KW - thermochronology KW - intracontinental deformation KW - Pamir Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.12.009 SN - 0012-821X VL - 363 IS - 1 SP - 204 EP - 218 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thiede, Rasmus Christoph A1 - Ehlers, Todd T1 - Large spatial and temporal variations in Himalayan denudation JF - Earth & planetary science letters N2 - In the last decade growing interest has emerged in quantifying the spatial and temporal variations in mountain building. Until recently, insufficient data have been available to attempt such a task at the scale of large orogens such as the Himalaya. The Himalaya accommodates ongoing convergence between India and Eurasia and is a focal point for studying orogen evolution and hypothesized interactions between tectonics and climate. Here we integrate 1126 published bedrock mineral cooling ages with a transient 1D Monte-Carlo thermal-kinematic erosion model to quantify the denudation histories along similar to 2700 km of the Himalaya. The model free parameter is a temporally variable denudation rate from 50 Ma to present. Thermophysical material properties and boundary conditions were tuned to individual study areas. Monte-Carlo simulations were conducted to identify the range of denudation histories that can reproduce the observed cooling ages. Results indicate large temporal and spatial variations in denudation and these are resolvable across different tectonic units of the Himalaya. More specifically, across > 1000 km of the southern Greater Himalaya denudation rates were highest (similar to 1.5-3 mm/yr) between similar to 10 and 2 Ma and lower (0.5-2.6 mm/yr) over the last 2 My. These differences are best determined in the NW-Himalaya. In contrast to this, across the similar to 2500 km length of the northern Greater Himalaya denudation rates vary over length scales of similar to 300-1700 km. Slower denudation (<1 mm/yr) occurred between 10 and 4 Ma followed by a large increase (1.2-2.6 mm/yr) in the last similar to 4 Ma. We find that only the southern Greater Himalayan Sequence clearly supports a continuous co-evolution of tectonics, climate and denudation. Results from the higher elevation northern Greater Himalaya suggest either tectonic driven variations in denudation due to a ramp-flat geometry in the main decollement and/or recent glacially enhanced denudation. KW - Himalaya KW - exhumation KW - low temperature chronology KW - thermal modeling KW - erosion Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.03.004 SN - 0012-821X VL - 371 IS - 2 SP - 278 EP - 293 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Deeken, Anke A1 - Thiede, Rasmus Christoph A1 - Sobel, Edward A1 - Hourigan, J. K. A1 - Strecker, Manfred T1 - Exhumational variability within the Himalaya of northwest India JF - Earth & planetary science letters N2 - In the Himalaya of Chamba, NW India, a major orographic barrier in front of the Greater Himalayan Range extracts a high proportion of the monsoonal rainfall along its southern slopes and effectively shields the orogen interior from moisture-bearing winds. Along a similar to 100-km-long orogen perpendicular transect, 28 new apatite fission track (AFT) and 30 new zircon (U-Th)/He (ZHe) cooling ages reveal marked variations in age distributions and long-term exhumation rates between the humid frontal range and the semi-arid orogen interior. On the southern topographic front, very young, elevation-invariant AFT ages of <4 Ma have been obtained that are concentrated in a similar to 30-km-wide zone; 1-D-thermal modeling suggests a Plio-Pleistocene mean erosion rate of 0.8-1.9 mm yr(-1). In contrast, AFT and ZHe ages within the orogen interior are older (4-9 and 7-18 Ma, respectively), are positively correlated with sample elevation, and yield lower mean erosion rates (0.3-0.9 mm yr(-1)). Protracted low exhumation rates within the orogen interior over the last similar to 15 Myr prevailed contemporaneously with overall humid conditions and an effective erosional regime within the southern Himalaya. This suggests that the frontal Dhauladar Range was sufficiently high during this time to form an orographic barrier, focusing climatically enhanced erosional processes and tectonic deformation there. Thrusting along the two frontal range-bounding thrust, the Main Central Thrust and the Main Boundary Thrusts, was initiated at least similar to 15 Ma ago and has remained localized since then. The lack of evidence for localized uplift farther north indicates either a rather flat decollement with no ramp or the absence of active duplex systems beneath the interior of Chamba. Exhumational variability within Chamba is best explained as the result of continuous thrusting along a major basal decollement, with a flat beneath the slowly exhuming internal compartments and a steep frontal ramp at the rapidly exhuming frontal range. The pattern in Chamba contrasts with what is observed elsewhere along the Himalaya, where exhumation is focused in a zone similar to 150 km north of the orogenic front. In the NW Himalaya, preserved High Himalayan Crystalline nappes and Lesser Himalayan windows alternate on a relatively small scale of <100 km; these alternations are closely correlated with the pattern of exhumation. Although the spatial distribution of high-exhumation zones varies considerably between individual Himalayan sectors, all of these zones are closely correlated with locally higher rock-uplift rates, sharp topographic discontinuities, and focused orographic precipitation, suggesting strong feedbacks between tectonically driven rock uplift, orographically enhanced precipitation, and erosional processes. KW - apatite fission-track KW - zircon uranium-thorium-helium KW - thermochronology KW - exhumation KW - Himalaya KW - Haimantas Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.02.045 SN - 0012-821X VL - 305 IS - 1-2 SP - 103 EP - 114 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER -