TY - JOUR A1 - Hohenstein, Sven A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Semantic preview benefit during reading JF - Journal of experimental psychology : Learning, memory, and cognition N2 - Word features in parafoveal vision influence eye movements during reading. The question of whether readers extract semantic information from parafoveal words was studied in 3 experiments by using a gaze-contingent display change technique. Subjects read German sentences containing 1 of several preview words that were replaced by a target word during the saccade to the preview (boundary paradigm). In the 1st experiment the preview word was semantically related or unrelated to the target. Fixation durations on the target were shorter for semantically related than unrelated previews, consistent with a semantic preview benefit. In the 2nd experiment, half the sentences were presented following the rules of German spelling (i.e., previews and targets were printed with an initial capital letter), and the other half were presented completely in lowercase. A semantic preview benefit was obtained under both conditions. In the 3rd experiment, we introduced 2 further preview conditions, an identical word and a pronounceable nonword, while also manipulating the text contrast. Whereas the contrast had negligible effects, fixation durations on the target were reliably different for all 4 types of preview. Semantic preview benefits were greater for pretarget fixations closer to the boundary (large preview space) and, although not as consistently, for long pretarget fixation durations (long preview time). The results constrain theoretical proposals about eye movement control in reading. KW - eye movements KW - reading KW - semantic preview benefit KW - parafoveal processing KW - display change awareness Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033670 SN - 0278-7393 SN - 1939-1285 VL - 40 IS - 1 SP - 166 EP - 190 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Austin, Gina A1 - Groppe, Karoline A1 - Elsner, Birgit T1 - The reciprocal relationship between executive function and theory of mind in middle childhood: a 1-year longitudinal perspective JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - There is robust evidence showing a link between executive function (EF) and theory of mind (ToM) in 3-to 5-year-olds. However, it is unclear whether this relationship extends to middle childhood. In addition, there has been much discussion about the nature of this relationship. Whereas some authors claim that ToM is needed for EF, others argue that ToM requires EF. To date, however, studies examining the longitudinal relationship between distinct sub components of EF [i.e., attention shifting, working memory (WM) updating, inhibition] and ToM in middle childhood are rare. The present study examined (1) the relationship between three EF subcomponents (attention shifting, WM updating, inhibition) and ToM in middle childhood, and (2) the longitudinal reciprocal relationships between the EF subcomponents and ToM across a 1-year period. EF and ToM measures were assessed experimentally in a sample of 1,657 children (aged 6-11 years) at time point one (t1) and 1 year later at time point two (t2). Results showed that the concurrent relationships between all three EF subcomponents and ToM pertained in middle childhood at t1 and t2, respectively, even when age, gender, and fluid intelligence were partialle dout. Moreover, cross-lagged structural equation modeling (again, controlling for age, gender, and fluid intelligence, as well as for the earlier levels of the target variables), revealed partial support for the view that early ToM predictslater EF, but stronger evidence for the assumption that early EF predictslater ToM. The latter was found for attention shifting and WM updating, but not for inhibition. This reveals the importance of studying the exact interplay of ToM and EF across childhood development, especially with regard to different EF subcomponents. Most likely, understanding others' mental states at different levels of perspective-taking requires specific EF subcomponents, suggesting developmental change in the relations between EF and ToM across childhood. KW - executive function KW - theory of mind KW - longitudinal KW - middle childhood KW - attention shifting KW - inhibition KW - working memory updating Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00655 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 5 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Risse, Sarah A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Dissociating preview validity and preview difficulty in parafoveal processing of word n+1 during reading JF - Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance N2 - Many studies have shown that previewing the next word n + 1 during reading leads to substantial processing benefit (e.g., shorter word viewing times) when this word is eventually fixated. However, evidence of such preprocessing in fixations on the preceding word n when in fact the information about the preview is acquired is far less consistent. A recent study suggested that such effects may be delayed into fixations on the next word n + 1 (Risse & Kliegl, 2012). To investigate the time course of parafoveal information-acquisition on the control of eye movements during reading, we conducted 2 gaze-contingent display-change experiments and orthogonally manipulated the processing difficulty (i.e., word frequency) of an n + 1 preview word and its validity relative to the target word. Preview difficulty did not affect fixation durations on the pretarget word n but on the target word n + 1. In fact, the delayed preview-difficulty effect was almost of the same size as the preview benefit associated with the n + 1 preview validity. Based on additional results from quantile-regression analyses on the time course of the 2 preview effects, we discuss consequences as to the integration of foveal and parafoveal information and potential implications for computational models of eye guidance in reading. KW - display-change awareness KW - eye movements KW - parafoveal-on-foveal effect KW - parafoveal preview benefit KW - perceptual span Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034997 SN - 0096-1523 SN - 1939-1277 VL - 40 IS - 2 SP - 653 EP - 668 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Risse, Sarah T1 - Effects of visual span on reading speed and parafoveal processing in eye movements during sentence reading JF - Journal of vision KW - eyetracking KW - reading KW - visual span profiles KW - crowding KW - reading speed KW - preview benefit KW - parafoveal vision Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1167/14.8.11 SN - 1534-7362 VL - 14 IS - 8 PB - Association for Research in Vision and Opthalmology CY - Rockville ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Groppe, Karoline A1 - Elsner, Birgit T1 - Executive function and food approach behavior in middle childhood JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Executive function (EF) has long been considered to be a unitary, domain-general cognitive ability. However, recent research suggests differentiating "hot" affective and "cool" cognitive aspects of EF. Yet, findings regarding this two-factor construct are still inconsistent. In particular, the development of this factor structure remains unclear and data on school-aged children is lacking. Furthermore, studies linking EF and overweight or obesity suggest that EF contributes to the regulation of eating behavior. So far, however, the links between EF and eating behavior have rarely been investigated in children and non-clinical populations. First, we examined whether EF can be divided into hot and cool factors or whether they actually correspond to a unitary construct in middle childhood. Second, we examined how hot and cool EF are associated with different eating styles that put children at risk of becoming overweight during development. Hot and cool EF were assessed experimentally in a non-clinical population of 1657 elementary-school children (aged 6-11 years). The "food approach" behavior was rated mainly via parent questionnaires. Findings indicate that hot EF is distinguishable from cool EF. However, only cool EF seems to represent a coherent functional entity, whereas hot EF does not seem to be a homogenous construct. This was true for a younger and an older subgroup of children. Furthermore, different EF components were correlated with eating styles, such as responsiveness to food, desire to drink, and restrained eating in girls but not in boys. This shows that lower levels of EF are not only seen in clinical populations of obese patients but are already associated with food approach styles in a normal population of elementary school-aged girls. Although the direction of effect still has to be clarified, results point to the possibility that EF constitutes a risk factor for eating styles contributing to the development of overweight in the long-term. KW - hot and cool executive function KW - eating behavior KW - food approach KW - overweight KW - middle childhood Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00447 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 5 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Risse, Sarah A1 - Hohenstein, Sven A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - A theoretical analysis of the perceptual span based on SWIFT simulations of the n+2 boundary paradigm JF - Visual cognition N2 - Eye-movement experiments suggest that the perceptual span during reading is larger than the fixated word, asymmetric around the fixation position, and shrinks in size contingent on the foveal processing load. We used the SWIFT model of eye-movement control during reading to test these hypotheses and their implications under the assumption of graded parallel processing of all words inside the perceptual span. Specifically, we simulated reading in the boundary paradigm and analysed the effects of denying the model to have valid preview of a parafoveal word n + 2 two words to the right of fixation. Optimizing the model parameters for the valid preview condition only, we obtained span parameters with remarkably realistic estimates conforming to the empirical findings on the size of the perceptual span. More importantly, the SWIFT model generated parafoveal processing up to word n + 2 without fitting the model to such preview effects. Our results suggest that asymmetry and dynamic modulation are plausible properties of the perceptual span in a parallel word-processing model such as SWIFT. Moreover, they seem to guide the flexible distribution of processing resources during reading between foveal and parafoveal words. KW - Eye movements KW - Reading KW - Computational modelling KW - Perceptual span KW - Preview Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13506285.2014.881444 SN - 1350-6285 SN - 1464-0716 VL - 22 IS - 3-4 SP - 283 EP - 308 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Warschburger, Petra A1 - Calvano, Claudia A1 - Becker, Sebastian A1 - Friedt, Michael A1 - Hudert, Christian A1 - Posovszky, Carsten A1 - Schier, Maike A1 - Wegscheider, Karl T1 - Stop the pain: study protocol for a randomized-controlled trial JF - Trials N2 - Background: Functional abdominal pain (FAP) is not only a highly prevalent disease but also poses a considerable burden on children and their families. Untreated, FAP is highly persistent until adulthood, also leading to an increased risk of psychiatric disorders. Intervention studies underscore the efficacy of cognitive behavioral treatment approaches but are limited in terms of sample size, long-term follow-up data, controls and inclusion of psychosocial outcome data. Methods/Design: In a multicenter randomized controlled trial, 112 children aged 7 to 12 years who fulfill the Rome III criteria for FAP will be allocated to an established cognitive behavioral training program for children with FAP (n = 56) or to an active control group (focusing on age-appropriate information delivery; n = 56). Randomization occurs centrally, blockwise and is stratified by center. This study is performed in five pediatric gastroenterology outpatient departments. Observer-blind assessments of outcome variables take place four times: pre-, post-, 3- and 12-months post-treatment. Primary outcome is the course of pain intensity and frequency. Secondary endpoints are health-related quality of life, pain-related coping and cognitions, as well as selfefficacy. Discussion: This confirmatory randomized controlled clinical trial evaluates the efficacy of a cognitive behavioral intervention for children with FAP. By applying an active control group, time and attention processes can be controlled, and long-term follow-up data over the course of one year can be explored. KW - FAP KW - Randomized controlled trial KW - Cognitive behavioral intervention KW - Children KW - Pain Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-15-357 SN - 1745-6215 VL - 15 PB - BioMed Central CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laubrock, Jochen A1 - Kinder, Annette T1 - Incidental sequence learning in a motion coherence discrimination task: how response learning affects perception JF - Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance N2 - The serial reaction time task (SRTT) is a standard task used to investigate incidental sequence learning. Whereas incidental learning of motor sequences is well-established, few and disputed results support learning of perceptual sequences. Here we adapt a motion coherence discrimination task (Newsome & Pare, 1988) to the sequence learning paradigm. The new task has 2 advantages: (a) the stimulus is presented at fixation, thereby obviating overt eye movements, and (b) by varying coherence a perceptual threshold measure is available in addition to the performance measure of RT. Results from 3 experiments show that action relevance of the sequence is necessary for sequence learning to occur, that the amount of sequence knowledge varies with the ease of encoding the motor sequence, and that sequence knowledge, once acquired, has the ability to modify perceptual thresholds. KW - sequence learning KW - motion discrimination KW - psychophysics KW - perception-action-coupling Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037315 SN - 0096-1523 SN - 1939-1277 VL - 40 IS - 5 SP - 1963 EP - 1977 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meckelmann, Viola A1 - Dannenhauer, Nina Alice T1 - Developmental Tasks for Contemporary Adolescents Significance and Coping JF - Zeitschrift für Soziologie der Erziehung und Sozialisation KW - adolescence KW - developmental task KW - media competence KW - coping Y1 - 2014 SN - 1436-1957 VL - 34 IS - 2 SP - 182 EP - 197 PB - Juventa-Verl. CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Henschel, Sofie A1 - Schaffner, Ellen T1 - Differential relationships between components of reading motivation and comprehension of literary and expository texts JF - Psychologie in Erziehung und Unterricht : Zeitschrift für Forschung und Praxis N2 - Studies on habitual reading motivation (RM) indicate positive relations between intrinsic RM and text comprehension. Extrinsic RM in contrast is not or negatively correlated with text comprehension. However, it is unknown on which sub-dimensions - in particular of intrinsic RM these relationships are based and whether they apply to the understanding of literary and expository texts equally. Therefore, we examined in a sample of 1500 9th graders whether there are differential relationships between single subdimensions of intrinsic RM (object- vs. experience-related) and extrinsic RM (competition- vs. achievement-related) and comprehension of literary and expository texts. Results indicate that both dimensions of extrinsic RM are negatively (competition-related RM) or not significantly (achievement-related RM) associated with comprehension of literary and expository texts. While object-related RM has equally strong positive effects on both types of text comprehension, experience-related RM is exclusively associated with literary, but not with expository text comprehension. KW - Reading motivation KW - text comprehension Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2378/peu2014.art10d SN - 0342-183X VL - 61 IS - 2 SP - 112 EP - 126 PB - Reinhardt CY - München ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Muschalla, Beate T1 - Capacity-oriented behavior therapy in mental disorders JF - Verhaltenstherapie N2 - Capacity-Oriented Behavior Therapy in Mental Disorders Mental disorders come along with the impairment of activities and capacities of daily live. Behavior therapy often uses capacity trainings for improving compensatory behavior, beside symptom reduction as such. This article gives an overview on how behavior therapy techniques can be used to improve compensatory behavior in different capacity domains that were conceptually derived from the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and which are often impaired in mental disorders. KW - Capacities KW - Capacity disorders KW - Mental disorders KW - ICF KW - Behavior therapy Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1159/000358737 SN - 1016-6262 SN - 1423-0402 VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - 48 EP - 55 PB - Karger CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Paslakis, Georgios A1 - Buchmann, Arlette F. A1 - Westphal, Sabine A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Hohm, Erika A1 - Zimmermann, Ulrich S. A1 - Laucht, Manfred A1 - Deuschle, Michael T1 - Intrauterine exposure to cigarette smoke is associated with increased ghrelin concentrations in adulthood JF - Neuroendocrinology : international journal for basic and clinical studies on neuroendocrine relationships N2 - Background: The appetite-stimulating hormone ghrelin is a fundamental regulator of human energy metabolism. A series of studies support the notion that long-term appetite and weight regulation may be already programmed in early life and it could be demonstrated that the intrauterine environment affects the ghrelin system of the offspring. Animal studies have also shown that intrauterine programming of orexigenic systems persists even until adolescence/adulthood. Methods: We hypothesized that plasma ghrelin concentrations in adulthood may be associated with the intrauterine exposure to cigarette smoke. We examined this hypothesis in a sample of 19-year-olds followed up since birth in the framework of the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk, an ongoing epidemiological cohort study of the long-term outcome of early risk factors. Results: As a main finding, we found that ghrelin plasma concentrations in young adults who had been exposed to cigarette smoke in utero were significantly higher than in those without prenatal smoke exposure. Moreover, individuals with intrauterine nicotine exposure showed a significantly higher prevalence of own smoking habits and lower educational status compared to those in the group without exposure. Conclusion: Smoking during pregnancy may be considered as an adverse intrauterine influence that may alter the endocrine-metabolic status of the offspring even until early adulthood. KW - Cigarette smoke KW - Depression KW - Energy metabolism KW - Epigenetics KW - Ghrelin KW - Intrauterine exposure KW - Nicotine Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1159/000363325 SN - 0028-3835 SN - 1423-0194 VL - 99 IS - 2 SP - 123 EP - 129 PB - Karger CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fernandez, Gerardo A1 - Shalom, Diego E. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Sigman, Mariano T1 - Eye movements during reading proverbs and regular sentences: the incoming word predictability effect JF - Language, cognition and neuroscience KW - eye movements KW - reading KW - proverbs KW - incoming word predictability effect Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/01690965.2012.760745 SN - 2327-3798 SN - 2327-3801 VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 260 EP - 273 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fischer, Martin H. A1 - Shaki, Samuel T1 - Spatial associations in numerical cognition-From single digits to arithmetic JF - The quarterly journal of experimental psychology N2 - The literature on spatial associations during number processing is dominated by the SNARC (spatial-numerical association of response codes) effect. We describe spatial biases found for single digits and pairs of numbers, first in the "original" speeded parity task and then extending the scope to encompass different tasks, a range of measures, and various populations. Then we review theoretical accounts before surveying the emerging evidence for similar spatial associations during mental arithmetic. We conclude that the mental number line hypothesis and an embodied approach are useful frameworks for further studies. KW - Embodied cognition KW - Mental arithmetic KW - Numerical cognition KW - Operational momentum KW - Spatial-numerical association of response codes KW - SNARC Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2014.927515 SN - 1747-0218 SN - 1747-0226 VL - 67 IS - 8 SP - 1461 EP - 1483 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pinhas, Michal A1 - Shaki, Samuel A1 - Fischer, Martin H. T1 - Heed the signs: Operation signs have spatial associations JF - The quarterly journal of experimental psychology N2 - Mental arithmetic shows systematic spatial biases. The association between numbers and space is well documented, but it is unknown whether arithmetic operation signs also have spatial associations and whether or not they contribute to spatial biases found in arithmetic. Adult participants classified plus and minus signs with left and right button presses under two counterbalanced response rules. Results from two experiments showed that spatially congruent responses (i.e., right-side responses for the plus sign and left-side responses for the minus sign) were responded to faster than spatially incongruent ones (i.e., left-side responses for the plus sign and right-side responses for the minus sign). We also report correlations between this novel operation sign spatial association (OSSA) effect and other spatial biases in number processing. In a control experiment with no explicit processing requirements for the operation signs there were no sign-related spatial biases. Overall, the results suggest that (a) arithmetic operation signs can evoke spatial associations (OSSA), (b) experience with arithmetic operations probably underlies the OSSA, and (c) the OSSA only partially contributes to spatial biases in arithmetic. KW - Mental arithmetic KW - Mental number line KW - Operational momentum KW - Pointing KW - Spatial-numerical association of response codes effect Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2014.892516 SN - 1747-0218 SN - 1747-0226 VL - 67 IS - 8 SP - 1527 EP - 1540 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wiemers, Michael A1 - Bekkering, Harold A1 - Lindemann, Oliver T1 - Spatial interferences in mental arithmetic: Evidence from the motion-arithmetic compatibility effect JF - The quarterly journal of experimental psychology N2 - Recent research on spatial number representations suggests that the number space is not necessarily horizontally organized and might also be affected by acquired associations between magnitude and sensory experiences in vertical space. Evidence for this claim is, however, controversial. The present study now aims to compare vertical and horizontal spatial associations in mental arithmetic. In Experiment 1, participants solved addition and subtraction problems and indicated the result verbally while moving their outstretched right arm continuously left-, right-, up-, or downwards. The analysis of the problem-solving performances revealed a motion-arithmetic compatibility effect for spatial actions along both the horizontal and the vertical axes. Performances in additions was impaired while making downward compared to upward movements as well as when moving left compared to right and vice versa in subtractions. In Experiment 2, instead of being instructed to perform active body movements, participants calculated while the problems moved in one of the four relative directions on the screen. For visual motions, only the motion-arithmetic compatibility effect for the vertical dimension could be replicated. Taken together, our findings provide first evidence for an impact of spatial processing on mental arithmetic. Moreover, the stronger effect of the vertical dimension supports the idea that mental calculations operate on representations of numerical magnitude that are grounded in a vertically organized mental number space. KW - Mental arithmetic KW - Numerical cognition KW - Spatial-numerical associations KW - Embodied cognition Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2014.889180 SN - 1747-0218 SN - 1747-0226 VL - 67 IS - 8 SP - 1557 EP - 1570 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Clahsen, Harald A1 - Fleischhauer, Elisabeth T1 - Morphological priming in child German JF - Journal of child language Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000913000494 SN - 0305-0009 SN - 1469-7602 VL - 41 IS - 6 SP - 1305 EP - 1333 PB - Cambridge Univ. Press CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wang, Aiping A1 - Zhou, Wei A1 - Shu, Hua A1 - Yan, Ming T1 - Reading proficiency modulates parafoveal processing efficiency: Evidence from reading Chinese as a second language JF - Acta psychologica : international journal of psychonomics N2 - In the present study, we manipulated different types of information available in the parafovea during the reading of Chinese sentences and examined how native Korean readers who learned Chinese as a second language make use of the parafoveal information. Results clearly indicate that, only identical and orthographically similar previews facilitated processing of the target words when they were subsequently fixated. More critically, more parafoveal information was obtained by subjects with higher reading proficiency. These results suggest that, mainly low-level features of the parafoveal words are obtained by the non-native Chinese readers and less attentional resources are available for the readers with lower reading proficiency, thereby causing a reduction of the perceptual span. KW - Parafoveal KW - Sentence reading KW - Chinese KW - Korean readers Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.07.010 SN - 0001-6918 SN - 1873-6297 VL - 152 SP - 29 EP - 33 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Muschalla, Beate T1 - Work-related anxieties in research and practice JF - Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie : german journal of work and organizational psychology N2 - Workplaces contain by their very nature different anxiety-provoking characteristics. When workplace-related anxieties manifest, absenteeism, long-term-sick leave, and even disability pension can be the consequences. In medical-vocational rehabilitation about 30-60 % of the patients suffer from workplace-related anxieties that are often a barrier for return to work. Even in mentally healthy employees, 5 % said that they were prone to ask for a sick leave certificate due to workplace-related anxieties. Future research should focus on workplace-related anxieties not only in rehabilitation, but more earlier, i. e. in the workplace. The concept of workplace-related anxieties offers ideas which can be useful in mental-health-oriented work analysis, employee-workplace-fit, and job design. KW - workplace KW - anxiety KW - sick leave KW - mental health-oriented work analysis Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1026/0932-4089/a000166 SN - 0932-4089 SN - 2190-6270 VL - 58 IS - 4 SP - 206 EP - 214 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brand, Ralf A1 - Heck, Philipp A1 - Ziegler, Matthias T1 - Illegal performance enhancing drugs and doping in sport: a picture-based JF - Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy N2 - Method: Following a known-group differences validation strategy, the doping attitudes of 43 athletes from bodybuilding (representative for a highly doping prone sport) and handball (as a contrast group) were compared using the picture-based doping-BIAT. The Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS) was employed as a corresponding direct measure in order to additionally validate the results. Results: As expected, in the group of bodybuilders, indirectly measured doping attitudes as tested with the picture-based doping-BIAT were significantly less negative (eta(2) = .11). The doping-BIAT and PEAS scores correlated significantly at r = .50 for bodybuilders, and not significantly at r = .36 for handball players. There was a low error rate (7%) and a satisfactory internal consistency (r(dagger dagger) = .66) for the picture-based doping-BIAT. Conclusions: The picture-based doping-BIAT constitutes a psychometrically tested method, ready to be adopted by the international research community. The test can be administered via the internet. All test material is available "open source". The test might be implemented, for example, as a new effect-measure in the evaluation of prevention programs. KW - Doping attitude KW - Bodybuilding KW - Indirect test KW - Implicit attitude test (IAT) KW - Methodology Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-597X-9-7 SN - 1747-597X VL - 9 PB - BioMed Central CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fischer, Martin H. A1 - Hartmann, Matthias T1 - Pushing forward in embodied cognition: may we mouse the mathematical mind? JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Freely available software has popularized "mousetracking" to study cognitive processing; this involves the on-line recording of cursor positions while participants move a computer mouse to indicate their choice. Movement trajectories of the cursor can then be reconstructed off-line to assess the efficiency of responding in time and across space. Here we focus on the process of selecting among alternative numerical responses. Several studies have recently measured the mathematical mind with cursor movements while people decided about number magnitude or parity, computed sums or differences, or simply located numbers on a number line. After some general methodological considerations about mouse tracking we discuss several conceptual concerns that become particularly evident when "mousing" the mathematical mind. KW - mousetracking KW - numerical cognition KW - SNARC effect KW - trajectories KW - on-line processing Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01315 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 5 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nikitopoulos, Joerg A1 - Zohsel, Katrin A1 - Blomeyer, Dorothea A1 - Buchmann, Arlette F. A1 - Schmid, Brigitte A1 - Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine A1 - Becker, Katja A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Brandeis, Daniel A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Are infants differentially sensitive to parenting? Early maternal care, DRD4 genotype and externalizing behavior during adolescence JF - Journal of psychiatric research KW - DRD4 KW - Early maternal care KW - Externalizing behavior KW - Adolescence KW - Gene-environment interaction Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.08.012 SN - 0022-3956 SN - 1879-1379 VL - 59 SP - 53 EP - 59 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Holz, Nathalie E. A1 - Boecker-Schlier, Regina A1 - Baumeister, Sarah A1 - Hohm, Erika A1 - Zohsel, Katrin A1 - Buchmann, Arlette F. A1 - Blomeyer, Dorothea A1 - Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine A1 - Hohmann, Sarah A1 - Wolf, Isabella A1 - Plichta, Michael M. A1 - Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Brandeis, Daniel A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Effect of prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke on inhibitory control neuroimaging results from a 25-Year prospective study JF - JAMA psychiatry N2 - IMPORTANCE: There is accumulating evidence relating maternal smoking during pregnancy to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) without elucidating specific mechanisms. Research investigating the neurobiological underpinnings of this disorder has implicated deficits during response inhibition. Attempts to uncover the effect of prenatal exposure to nicotine on inhibitory control may thus be of high clinical importance. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Functional magnetic resonance imaging response, morphometric data, lifetime ADHD symptoms, and novelty seeking. RESULTS: Participants prenatally exposed to nicotine exhibited a weaker response in the anterior cingulate cortex (t(168) = 4.46; peak Montreal Neurological Institute [MNI] coordinates x = -2, y = 20, z = 30; familywise error [FWE]-corrected P = .003), the right inferior frontal gyrus (t(168) = 3.65; peak MNI coordinates x = 44, y = 38, z = 12; FWE-corrected P = .04), the left inferior frontal gyrus (t(168) = 4.09; peak MNI coordinates x = -38, y = 36, z = 8; FWE-corrected P = .009), and the supramarginal gyrus (t(168) = 5.03; peak MNI coordinates x = 64, y = -28, z = 22; FWE-corrected P = .02) during the processing of the NoGo compared to neutral stimuli, while presenting a decreased volume in the right inferior frontal gyrus. These findings were obtained irrespective of the adjustment of confounders, ADHD symptoms, and novelty seeking. There was an inverse relationship between inferior frontal gyrus activity and ADHD symptoms and between anterior cingulate cortex activity and novelty seeking. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: These findings point to a functional involvement of prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke in neural alterations similar to ADHD, which underlines the importance of smoking prevention treatments. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.786 SN - 2168-622X SN - 2168-6238 VL - 71 IS - 7 SP - 786 EP - 796 PB - American Veterinary Medical Association CY - Chicago ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Muschalla, Beate A1 - Linden, Michael T1 - Workplace phobia, workplace problems, and work ability among primary care patients with chronic mental disorders JF - Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine N2 - Purpose: Work-related anxieties are frequent and have a negative effect on the occupational performance of patients and absence due to sickness. Most important is workplace phobia, that is, panic when approaching or even thinking of the workplace. This study is the first to estimate the prevalence of workplace phobia among primary care patients suffering from chronic mental disorders and to describe which illness-related or workplace-specific context factors are associated with workplace phobia. Methods: A convenience sample of 288 primary care patients with chronic mental disorders (70% women) seen by 40 primary care clinicians in Germany were assessed using a standardized diagnostic interview about mental disorders and workplace problems. Workplace phobia was assessed by the Workplace Phobia Scale and a structured Diagnostic and Statical Manual of Mental Disorders-based diagnostic interview. In addition, capacity and participation restrictions, illness severity, and sick leave were assessed. Results: Workplace phobia was found in 10% of patients with chronic mental disorders, that is, approximately about 3% of all general practice patients. Patients with workplace phobia had longer durations of sick leave than patients without workplace phobia and were impaired to a higher degree in work-relevant capacities. They also had a higher degree of restrictions in participation in other areas of life. Conclusions: Workplace phobia seems to be a frequent problem in primary care. It may behoove primary care clinicians to consider workplace-related anxiety, including phobia, particularly when patients ask for a work excuse for nonspecific somatic complaints. KW - Anxiety KW - Mental Health KW - Sick Leave KW - Workplace Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2014.04.130308 SN - 1557-2625 SN - 1558-7118 VL - 27 IS - 4 SP - 486 EP - 494 PB - American Board of Family Medicine CY - Lexington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Myachykov, Andriy A1 - Scheepers, Christoph A1 - Fischer, Martin H. A1 - Kessler, Klaus T1 - TEST: A tropic, embodied, and situated theory of cognition JF - Topics in cognitive science N2 - TEST is a novel taxonomy of knowledge representations based on three distinct hierarchically organized representational features: Tropism, Embodiment, and Situatedness. Tropic representational features reflect constraints of the physical world on the agent's ability to form, reactivate, and enrich embodied (i.e., resulting from the agent's bodily constraints) conceptual representations embedded in situated contexts. The proposed hierarchy entails that representations can, in principle, have tropic features without necessarily having situated and/or embodied features. On the other hand, representations that are situated and/or embodied are likely to be simultaneously tropic. Hence, although we propose tropism as the most general term, the hierarchical relationship between embodiment and situatedness is more on a par, such that the dominance of one component over the other relies on the distinction between offline storage versus online generation as well as on representation-specific properties. KW - Cognitive tropism KW - Embodiment KW - Groundedness KW - Situatedness KW - Language KW - Number processing KW - Perspective taking Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/tops.12024 SN - 1756-8757 SN - 1756-8765 VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - 442 EP - 460 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hofmann, Markus J. A1 - Dambacher, Michael A1 - Jacobs, Arthur M. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Radach, Ralph A1 - Kuchinke, Lars A1 - Plichta, Michael M. A1 - Fallgatter, Andreas J. A1 - Herrmann, Martin J. T1 - Occipital and orbitofrontal hemodynamics during naturally paced reading: An fNIRS study JF - NeuroImage : a journal of brain function N2 - Humans typically read at incredibly fast rates, because they predict likely occurring words from a given context. Here, we used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to track the ultra-rapid hemodynamic responses of words presented every 280 ms in a naturally paced sentence context. We found a lower occipital deoxygenation to unpredictable than to predictable words. The greater hemodynamic responses to unexpected words suggest that the visual features of expected words have been pre-activated previous to stimulus presentation. Second, we tested opposing theoretical proposals about the role of the medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC): Either OFC may respond to the breach of expectation; or OFC is activated when the present stimulus matches the prediction. A significant interaction between word frequency and predictability indicated OFC responses to breaches of expectation for low- but not for high-frequency words: OFC is sensitive to both, bottom-up processing as mediated by word frequency, as well as top-down predictions. Particularly, when a rare word is unpredictable, OFC becomes active. Finally, we discuss how a high temporal resolution can help future studies to disentangle the hemodynamic responses of single trials in such an ultra-rapid event succession as naturally paced reading. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. KW - Frontopolar KW - Orbitofrontal KW - Bayesian brain KW - Predictive coding KW - Cloze probability Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.03.014 SN - 1053-8119 SN - 1095-9572 VL - 94 SP - 193 EP - 202 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Zhou, Wei A1 - Shu, Hua A1 - Yusupu, Rizwangul A1 - Miao, Dongxia A1 - Kruegel, Andre A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Eye movements guided by morphological structure: Evidence from the Uighur language JF - Cognition : international journal of cognitive science N2 - It is generally accepted that low-level features (e.g., inter-word spaces) are responsible for saccade-target selection in eye-movement control during reading. In two experiments using Uighur script known for its rich suffixes, we demonstrate that, in addition to word length and launch site, the number of suffixes influences initial landing positions. We also demonstrate an influence of word frequency. These results are difficult to explain purely by low-level guidance of eye movements and indicate that due to properties specific to Uighur script low-level visual information and high-level information such as morphological structure of parafoveal words jointly influence saccade programming. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - Eye movements KW - Morphological structure KW - Landing position KW - Uighur Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2014.03.008 SN - 0010-0277 SN - 1873-7838 VL - 132 IS - 2 SP - 181 EP - 215 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pan, Jinger A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Laubrock, Jochen A1 - Shu, Hua A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Saccade-target selection of dyslexic children when reading Chinese JF - Vision research : an international journal for functional aspects of vision. N2 - This study investigates the eye movements of dyslexic children and their age-matched controls when reading Chinese. Dyslexic children exhibited more and longer fixations than age-matched control children, and an increase of word length resulted in a greater increase in the number of fixations and gaze durations for the dyslexic than for the control readers. The report focuses on the finding that there was a significant difference between the two groups in the fixation landing position as a function of word length in single-fixation cases, while there was no such difference in the initial fixation of multi-fixation cases. We also found that both groups had longer incoming saccade amplitudes while the launch sites were closer to the word in single fixation cases than in multi-fixation cases. Our results suggest that dyslexic children's inefficient lexical processing, in combination with the absence of orthographic word boundaries in Chinese, leads them to select saccade targets at the beginning of words conservatively. These findings provide further evidence for parafoveal word segmentation during reading of Chinese sentences. KW - Chinese KW - Dyslexic children KW - Eye movements KW - Saccade-target selection KW - Reading Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2014.01.014 SN - 0042-6989 SN - 1878-5646 VL - 97 SP - 24 EP - 30 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fernandez, Gerardo A1 - Laubrock, Jochen A1 - Mandolesi, Pablo A1 - Colombo, Oscar A1 - Agamennoni, Osvaldo T1 - Difficulties in predicting upcoming words JF - Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology KW - Eye movements Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2014.892060 SN - 1380-3395 SN - 1744-411X VL - 36 IS - 3 SP - 302 EP - 316 PB - Taylor & Francis Group CY - Philadelphia ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kruegel, Andre A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - A model of saccadic landing positions in reading under the influence of sensory noise JF - Visual cognition KW - Bayesian estimation KW - Word boundaries KW - Saccade planning KW - Mathematical model KW - Eye movements during reading Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13506285.2014.894166 SN - 1350-6285 SN - 1464-0716 VL - 22 IS - 3-4 SP - 334 EP - 353 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Buchmann, Arlette F. A1 - Holz, Nathalie A1 - Boecker-Schlier, Regina A1 - Blomeyer, Dorothea A1 - Rietschel, Marcella A1 - Witt, Stephanie H. A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Brandeis, Daniel A1 - Zimmermann, Ulrich S. A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Moderating role of FKBP5 genotype in the impact of childhood adversity on cortisol stress response during adulthood JF - European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology N2 - Recent research suggests an important role of FKBP5, a glucocorticoid receptor regulating co-chaperone, in the development of stress-related diseases such as depression and anxiety disorders. The present study aimed to replicate and extend previous evidence indicating that FKBP5 polymorphisms moderate hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function by examining whether FKBP5 rs1360780 genotype and different measures of childhood adversity interact to predict stress-induced cortisol secretion. At age 19 years, 195 young adults (90 males, 105 females) participating in an epidemiological cohort study completed the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) to assess cortisol stress responsiveness and were genotyped for the FKBP5 rs1360780. Childhood adversity was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and by a standardized parent interview yielding an index of family adversity. A significant interaction between genotype and childhood adversity on cortisol response to stress was demonstrated for exposure to childhood maltreatment as assessed by retrospective self-report (CTQ), but not for prospectively ascertained objective family adversity. Severity of childhood maltreatment was significantly associated with attenuated cortisol levels among carriers of the rs1360780 CC genotype, while no such effect emerged in carriers of the T allele. These findings point towards the functional involvement of FKBP5 in long-term alterations of neuroendocrine stress regulation related to childhood maltreatment, which have been suggested to represent a premorbid risk or resilience factor in the context of stress-related disorders. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. and ECNR This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license. KW - FKBP5 KW - Stress KW - HPA KW - Cortisol KW - Childhood adversity Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.12.001 SN - 0924-977X SN - 1873-7862 VL - 24 IS - 6 SP - 837 EP - 845 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jünger, Elisabeth A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Oberauer, Klaus T1 - No evidence for feature overwriting in visual working memory JF - Memory Y1 - 2014 SN - 0965-8211 SN - 1464-0686 VL - 22 IS - 4 SP - 374 EP - 389 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krause, Florian A1 - Lindemann, Oliver T1 - Expyriment: A Python library for cognitive and neuroscientific experiments JF - Behavior research methods : a journal of the Psychonomic Society N2 - Expyriment is an open-source and platform-independent lightweight Python library for designing and conducting timing-critical behavioral and neuroimaging experiments. The major goal is to provide a well-structured Python library for script-based experiment development, with a high priority being the readability of the resulting program code. Expyriment has been tested extensively under Linux and Windows and is an all-in-one solution, as it handles stimulus presentation, the recording of input/output events, communication with other devices, and the collection and preprocessing of data. Furthermore, it offers a hierarchical design structure, which allows for an intuitive transition from the experimental design to a running program. It is therefore also suited for students, as well as for experimental psychologists and neuro-scientists with little programming experience. KW - Software KW - Programming library KW - Python KW - Experimental design KW - Stimulus presentation Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-013-0390-6 SN - 1554-351X SN - 1554-3528 VL - 46 IS - 2 SP - 416 EP - 428 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krause, Florian A1 - Lindemann, Oliver A1 - Toni, Ivan A1 - Bekkering, Harold T1 - Different brains process Numbers differently: Structural bases of individual differences in spatial and nonspatial number representations JF - Journal of cognitive neuroscience N2 - A dominant hypothesis on how the brain processes numerical size proposes a spatial representation of numbers as positions on a "mental number line." An alternative hypothesis considers numbers as elements of a generalized representation of sensorimotor-related magnitude, which is not obligatorily spatial. Here we show that individuals' relative use of spatial and nonspatial representations has a cerebral counterpart in the structural organization of the posterior parietal cortex. Interindividual variability in the linkage between numbers and spatial responses (faster left responses to small numbers and right responses to large numbers; spatial-numerical association of response codes effect) correlated with variations in gray matter volume around the right precuneus. Conversely, differences in the disposition to link numbers to force production (faster soft responses to small numbers and hard responses to large numbers) were related to gray matter volume in the left angular gyrus. This finding suggests that numerical cognition relies on multiple mental representations of analogue magnitude using different neural implementations that are linked to individual traits. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00518 SN - 0898-929X SN - 1530-8898 VL - 26 IS - 4 SP - 768 EP - 776 PB - MIT Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bos, Laura S. A1 - Dragoy, Olga V. A1 - Avrutin, S. A1 - Iskra, E. A1 - Bastiaanse, Roelien T1 - Understanding discourse-linked elements in aphasia: A threefold study in Russian JF - Neuropsychologia : an international journal in behavioural and cognitive neuroscience N2 - Background: Agrammatic speakers have problems with grammatical encoding and decoding. However, not all syntactic processes are equally problematic: present time reference, who questions, and reflexives can be processed by narrow syntax alone and are relatively spared compared to past time reference, which questions, and personal pronouns, respectively. The latter need additional access to discourse and information structures to link to their referent outside the clause (Avrutin, 2006). Linguistic processing that requires discourse-linking is difficult for agrammatic individuals: verb morphology with reference to the past is more difficult than with reference to the present (Bastiaanse et al., 2011). The same holds for which questions compared to who questions and for pronouns compared to reflexives (Avrutin, 2006). These results have been reported independently for different populations in different languages. The current study, for the first time, tested all conditions within the same population. Aims: We had two aims with the current study. First, we wanted to investigate whether discourse-linking is the common denominator of the deficits in time reference, wh questions, and object pronouns. Second, we aimed to compare the comprehension of discourse-linked elements in people with agrammatic and fluent aphasia. Methods and procedures: Three sentence-picture-matching tasks were administered to 10 agrammatic, 10 fluent aphasic, and 10 non-brain-damaged Russian speakers (NBDs): (1) the Test for Assessing Reference of Time (TART) for present imperfective (reference to present) and past perfective (reference to past), (2) the Wh Extraction Assessment Tool (WHEAT) for which and who subject questions, and (3) the Reflexive-Pronoun Test (RePro) for reflexive and pronominal reference. Outcomes and results: NBDs scored at ceiling and significantly higher than the aphasic participants. We found an overall effect of discourse-linking in the TART and WHEAT for the agrammatic speakers, and in all three tests for the fluent speakers. Scores on the RePro were at ceiling. Conclusions: The results are in line with the prediction that problems that individuals with agrammatic and fluent aphasia experience when comprehending sentences that contain verbs with past time reference, which question words and pronouns are caused by the fact that these elements involve discourse linking. The effect is not specific to agrammatism, although it may result from different underlying disorders in agrammatic and fluent aphasia. KW - Aphasia KW - Sentence comprehension KW - Discourse-linking KW - Tense KW - Time reference KW - wh Questions KW - Pronouns Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.02.017 SN - 0028-3932 SN - 1873-3514 VL - 57 SP - 20 EP - 28 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Engeli, Stefan A1 - Lehmann, Anne-Christin A1 - Kaminski, Jana A1 - Haas, Verena A1 - Janke, Urgen A1 - Janke, Jürgen A1 - Zoerner, Alexander A. A1 - Luft, Friedrich C. A1 - Tsikas, Dimitrios A1 - Jordan, Jens T1 - Influence of dietary fat intake on the endocannabinoid system in lean and obese subjects JF - Obesity N2 - Objective: Endocannabinoid system (ECS) activation promotes obesity-associated metabolic disease. Increased dietary fat intake increases blood endocannabinoids and alters adipose and skeletal muscle ECS gene expression in human. Methods: Two weeks isocaloric low- (LFD) and high-fat diets (HFD) in obese (n = 12) and normal- weight (n = 17) subjects in a randomized cross-over study were compared. Blood endocannabinoids were measured in the fasting condition and after food intake using mass spectrometry. Adipose and skeletal muscle gene expression was determined using real-time RT-PCR. Results: Baseline fasting plasma endocannabinoids were similar with both diets. Anandamide decreased similarly with high- or low-fat test meals in both groups. Baseline arachidonoylglycerol plasma concentrations were similar between groups and diets, and unresponsive to eating. In subcutaneous adipose tissue, DAGL-alpha mRNA was upregulated and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) mRNAs were down-regulated in obese subjects, but the diets had no influence. In contrast, the HFD produced pronounced reductions in skeletal muscle CB1-R and MAGL mRNA expression, whereas obesity did not affect muscular gene expression. Conclusions: Weight-neutral changes in dietary fat intake cannot explain excessive endocannabinoid availability in human obesity. Obesity and dietary fat intake affect ECS gene expression in a tissue-specific manner. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20728 SN - 1930-7381 SN - 1930-739X VL - 22 IS - 5 SP - E70 EP - E76 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Luo, Yingyi A1 - Inhoff, Albrecht W. T1 - Syllable articulation influences foveal and parafoveal processing of words during the silent reading of Chinese sentences JF - Journal of memory and language N2 - The current study examined effects of syllable articulation on eye movements during the silent reading of Chinese sentences, which contained two types of two-character target words whose second characters were subject to dialect-specific variation. In one condition the second syllable was articulated with a neutral tone for northern-dialect Chinese speakers and with a full tone for southern-dialect Chinese speakers (neutral-tone target words) and in the other condition the second syllable was articulated with a full tone irrespective of readers' dialect type (full-tone target words). Native speakers of northern and southern Chinese dialects were recruited in Experiment 1 to examine the effect of dialect-specific articulation on silent reading. Recordings of their eye movements revealed shorter viewing durations for neutral- than for full-tone target words only for speakers of northern but not for southern dialects, indicating that dialect-specific articulation of syllabic tone influenced visual word recognition. Experiment 2 replicated the syllabic tone effect for speakers of northern dialects, and the use of gaze-contingent display changes further revealed that these readers processed an upcoming parafoveal word less effectively when a neutral- than when a full-tone target was fixated. Shorter viewing duration for neutral-tone words thus cannot be attributed to their easier lexical processing; instead, tonal effects appear to reflect Chinese readers' simulated articulation of to-be-recognized words during silent reading. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. KW - Articulation duration KW - Neutral tone KW - Syllabic tone KW - Sentence reading KW - Chinese Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2014.05.007 SN - 0749-596X SN - 1096-0821 VL - 75 SP - 93 EP - 103 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Buchmann, Arlette F. A1 - Zohsel, Katrin A1 - Blomeyer, Dorothea A1 - Hohm, Erika A1 - Hohmann, Sarah A1 - Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine A1 - Treutlein, Jens A1 - Becker, Katja A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Brandeis, Daniel A1 - Poustka, Luise A1 - Zimmermann, Ulrich S. A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Interaction between prenatal stress and dopamine D4 receptor genotype in predicting aggression and cortisol levels in young adults JF - Psychopharmacology N2 - Considerable evidence suggests that genetic factors combine with environmental influences to impact on the development of aggressive behavior. A genetic variant that has repeatedly been reported to render individuals more sensitive to the presence of adverse experiences, including stress exposure during fetal life, is the seven-repeat allele of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene. The present investigation concentrated on the interplay of prenatal maternal stress and DRD4 genotype in predicting self-reported aggression in young adults. As disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system has been discussed as a pathophysiological pathway to aggression, cortisol stress reactivity was additionally examined. As part of an epidemiological cohort study, prenatal maternal stress was assessed by maternal interview 3 months after childbirth. Between the ages of 19 and 23 years, 298 offspring (140 males, 158 females) completed the Young Adult Self-Report to measure aggressive behavior and were genotyped for the DRD4 gene. At 19 years, 219 participants additionally underwent the Trier Social Stress Test to determine cortisol reactivity. Extending earlier findings with respect to childhood antisocial behavior, the results revealed that, under conditions of higher prenatal maternal stress, carriers of the DRD4 seven-repeat allele displayed more aggression in adulthood (p = 0.032). Moreover, the same conditions which seemed to promote aggression were found to predict attenuated cortisol secretion (p = 0.028). This is the first study to indicate a long-term impact of prenatal stress exposure on the cortisol stress response depending on DRD4 genotype. KW - Prenatal stress KW - Aggression KW - Cortisol KW - DRD4 KW - Gene-environment interaction Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-014-3484-7 SN - 0033-3158 SN - 1432-2072 VL - 231 IS - 16 SP - 3089 EP - 3097 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Libuda, Lars A1 - Stimming, Madlen A1 - Mesch, Christina A1 - Warschburger, Petra A1 - Kalhoff, Hermann A1 - Koletzko, Berthold Viktor A1 - Kersting, Mathilde T1 - Frequencies and demographic determinants of breastfeeding and DHA supplementation in a nationwide sample of mothers in Germany JF - European journal of nutrition N2 - Data derived from a nationwide consumer survey of 986 mothers with children between 5 and 36 months of age in Germany. 78.3 % reported that they ever breastfed their children, and 55.6 % of the mothers exclusively breastfed for at least 4 months. Mothers who did not breastfeed were less likely to be informed by their paediatrician or midwife and were more often not informed at all; 27.8 % of mothers used DHA supplements during pregnancy, 16.8 % postnatal. DHA supplementation was more common in women with a high versus a low fish intake. The social status was the major determinant of breastfeeding initiation and exclusivity and also DHA supplementation. Breastfeeding initiation and duration of exclusive breastfeeding in Germany need to be improved. Professional counselling and support, with a focus on mothers from lower social classes, appears necessary to increase current rates of breastfeeding initiation, duration, and exclusiveness, but also to ensure a sufficient supply with DHA in pregnant and lactating women, particularly in women with low fish consumption. KW - Breastfeeding KW - Initiation KW - Exclusiveness KW - DHA supplements KW - Determinants Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-013-0633-4 SN - 1436-6207 SN - 1436-6215 VL - 53 IS - 6 SP - 1335 EP - 1344 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stenzel, Anna A1 - Dolk, Thomas A1 - Colzato, Lorenza S. A1 - Sellaro, Roberta A1 - Hommel, Bernhard A1 - Liepelt, Roman T1 - The joint Simon effect depends on perceived agency, but not intentionality, of the alternative action JF - Frontiers in human neuroscienc N2 - A co-actor's intentionality has been suggested to be a key modulating factor for joint action effects like the joint Simon effect (JSE). However, in previous studies intentionality has often been confounded with agency defined as perceiving the initiator of an action as being the causal source of the action. The aim of the present study was to disentangle the role of agency and intentionality as modulating factors of the JSE. In Experiment 1, participants performed a joint go/nogo Simon task next to a co-actor who either intentionally controlled a response button with own finger movements (agency+/intentionality+) or who passively placed the hand on a response button that moved up and down on its own as triggered by computer signals (agency-/intentionality-). In Experiment 2, we included a condition in which participants believed that the co-actor intentionally controlled the response button with a Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) while placing the response finger clearly besides the response button, so that the causal relationship between agent and action effect was perceptually disrupted (agency-/intentionality+). As a control condition, the response button was computer controlled while the co-actor placed the response finger besides the response button (agency-/intentionality-). Experiment 1 showed that the JSE is present with an intentional co-actor and causality between co-actor and action effect, but absent with an unintentional co-actor and a lack of causality between co-actor and action effect. Experiment 2 showed that the JSE is absent with an intentional co-actor, but no causality between co-actor and action effect. Our findings indicate an important role of the co-actor's agency for the JSE. They also suggest that the attribution of agency has a strong perceptual basis. KW - joint Simon effect KW - joint action KW - social interaction KW - stimulus-response compatibility KW - agency Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00595 SN - 1662-5161 VL - 8 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Widmann, Andreas A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Schroeger, Erich T1 - Microsaccadic responses indicate fast categorization of sounds: A novel approach to study auditory cognition JF - The journal of neuroscience N2 - The mental chronometry of the human brain's processing of sounds to be categorized as targets has intensively been studied in cognitive neuroscience. According to current theories, a series of successive stages consisting of the registration, identification, and categorization of the sound has to be completed before participants are able to report the sound as a target by button press after similar to 300-500 ms. Here we use miniature eye movements as a tool to study the categorization of a sound as a target or nontarget, indicating that an initial categorization is present already after 80-100 ms. During visual fixation, the rate of microsaccades, the fastest components of miniature eye movements, is transiently modulated after auditory stimulation. In two experiments, we measured microsaccade rates in human participants in an auditory three-tone oddball paradigm (including rare nontarget sounds) and observed a difference in the microsaccade rates between targets and nontargets as early as 142 ms after sound onset. This finding was replicated in a third experiment with directed saccades measured in a paradigm in which tones had to be matched to score-like visual symbols. Considering the delays introduced by (motor) signal transmission and data analysis constraints, the brain must have differentiated target from nontarget sounds as fast as 80-100 ms after sound onset in both paradigms. We suggest that predictive information processing for expected input makes higher cognitive attributes, such as a sound's identity and category, available already during early sensory processing. The measurement of eye movements is thus a promising approach to investigate hearing. KW - audition KW - categorization KW - mental chronometry KW - microsaccade Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1568-14.2014 SN - 0270-6474 VL - 34 IS - 33 SP - 11152 EP - 11158 PB - Society for Neuroscience CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Boecker-Schlier, Regina A1 - Holz, Nathalie E. A1 - Buchmann, Arlette F. A1 - Blomeyer, Dorothea A1 - Plichta, Michael M. A1 - Wolf, Isabella A1 - Baumeister, Sarah A1 - Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Brandeis, Daniel A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Impact of early life adversity on reward processing in young adults: EEG-fMRI results from a prospective study over 25 years JF - PLoS one N2 - Several lines of evidence have implicated the mesolimbic dopamine reward pathway in altered brain function resulting from exposure to early adversity. The present study examined the impact of early life adversity on different stages of neuronal reward processing later in life and their association with a related behavioral phenotype, i.e. attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). 162 healthy young adults (mean age = 24.4 years; 58% female) from an epidemiological cohort study followed since birth participated in a simultaneous EEG-fMRI study using a monetary incentive delay task. Early life adversity according to an early family adversity index (EFA) and lifetime ADHD symptoms were assessed using standardized parent interviews conducted at the offspring's age of 3 months and between 2 and 15 years, respectively. fMRI region-of-interest analysis revealed a significant effect of EFA during reward anticipation in reward-related areas (i.e. ventral striatum, putamen, thalamus), indicating decreased activation when EFA increased. EEG analysis demonstrated a similar effect for the contingent negative variation (CNV), with the CNV decreasing with the level of EFA. In contrast, during reward delivery, activation of the bilateral insula, right pallidum and bilateral putamen increased with EFA. There was a significant association of lifetime ADHD symptoms with lower activation in the left ventral striatum during reward anticipation and higher activation in the right insula during reward delivery. The present findings indicate a differential long-term impact of early life adversity on reward processing, implicating hyporesponsiveness during reward anticipation and hyperresponsiveness when receiving a reward. Moreover, a similar activation pattern related to lifetime ADHD suggests that the impact of early life stress on ADHD may possibly be mediated by a dysfunctional reward pathway. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0104185 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 9 IS - 8 PB - PLoS CY - San Fransisco ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Li, Wen-Dong A1 - Fay, Doris A1 - Frese, Michael A1 - Harms, Peter D. A1 - Gao, Xiang Yu T1 - Reciprocal relationship between proactive personality and work characteristics: A latent change score approach JF - Journal of applied psychology N2 - Previous proactivity research has predominantly assumed that proactive personality generates positive environmental changes in the workplace. Grounded in recent research on personality development from a broad interactionist theoretical approach, the present article investigates whether work characteristics, including job demands, job control, social support from supervisors and coworkers, and organizational constraints, change proactive personality over time and, more important, reciprocal relationships between proactive personality and work characteristics. Latent change score analyses based on longitudinal data collected in 3 waves across 3 years show that job demands and job control have positive lagged effects on increases in proactive personality. In addition, proactive personality exerts beneficial lagged effects on increases in job demands, job control, and supervisory support, and on decreases in organizational constraints. Dynamic reciprocal relationships are observed between proactive personality with job demands and job control. The revealed corresponsive change relationships between proactive personality and work characteristics contribute to the proactive personality literature by illuminating more nuanced interplays between the agentic person and work characteristics, and also have important practical implications for organizations and employees. KW - proactive personality KW - personality change KW - work characteristics KW - dynamic reciprocal relationship KW - latent change score Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036169 SN - 0021-9010 SN - 1939-1854 VL - 99 IS - 5 SP - 948 EP - 965 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Warschburger, Petra A1 - Kuhne, Daniela T1 - Psychosocial determinants of quality of life in parents of obese children seeking inpatient treatment JF - Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation N2 - To examine and identify predictors of parental health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in a sample of obese and very obese children participating in an inpatient program for treating obesity. KW - Health-related quality of life KW - Obesity KW - Parents KW - Children KW - Self-efficacy Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-014-0659-y SN - 0962-9343 SN - 1573-2649 VL - 23 IS - 7 SP - 1985 EP - 1995 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Henrichs, Ivanina A1 - Elsner, Claudia A1 - Elsner, Birgit A1 - Wilkinson, Nick A1 - Gredeback, Gustaf T1 - Goal certainty modulates infants' goal-directed gaze shifts JF - Developmental psychology N2 - We investigated whether 12-month-old infants rely on information about the certainty of goal selection in order to predict observed reaching actions. Infants' goal-directed gaze shifts were recorded as they observed action sequences in a multiple-goals design. We found that 12-month-old infants exhibited gaze shifts significantly earlier when the observed hand reached for the same goal object in all trials (frequent condition) compared with when the observed hand reached for different goal objects across trials (nonfrequent condition). Infants in the frequent condition were significantly more accurate at predicting the action goal than infants in the nonfrequent condition. In addition, findings revealed rapid learning in the case of certainty and no learning in the case of uncertainty of goal selection over the course of trials. Together, our data indicate that by the end of their first year of life, infants rely on information about the certainty of goal selection to make inferences about others' action goals. KW - anticipation KW - eye movement KW - infant KW - direct matching KW - statistical learning Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032664 SN - 0012-1649 SN - 1939-0599 VL - 50 IS - 1 SP - 100 EP - 107 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Shaki, Samuel A1 - Fischer, Martin H. T1 - Random walks on the mental number line JF - Experimental brain research KW - Mental number line KW - RNG KW - SNARC KW - Spatial bias KW - Walking Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-013-3718-7 SN - 0014-4819 SN - 1432-1106 VL - 232 IS - 1 SP - 43 EP - 49 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zohsel, Katrin A1 - Buchmann, Arlette F. A1 - Blomeyer, Dorothea A1 - Hohm, Erika A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Brandeis, Daniel A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Mothers' prenatal stress and their children's antisocial outcomes - a moderating role for the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene JF - The journal of child psychology and psychiatry N2 - ResultsUnder conditions of elevated prenatal maternal stress, children carrying one or two DRD4 7r alleles were at increased risk of a diagnosis of CD/ODD. Moreover, homozygous carriers of the DRD4 7r allele displayed more externalizing behavior following exposure to higher levels of prenatal maternal stress, while homozygous carriers of the DRD4 4r allele turned out to be insensitive to the effects of prenatal stress. ConclusionsThis study is the first to report a gene-environment interaction related to DRD4 and prenatal maternal stress using data from a prospective study, which extends earlier findings on the impact of prenatal maternal stress with respect to childhood antisocial behavior. KW - Prenatal stress KW - antisocial KW - conduct disorder KW - DRD4 KW - gene-environment interaction Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12138 SN - 0021-9630 SN - 1469-7610 VL - 55 IS - 1 SP - 69 EP - 76 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lau, Stephan A1 - Kubiak, Thomas A1 - Burchert, Sebastian A1 - Goering, Mark A1 - Oberlaender, Nils A1 - von Mauschwitz, Hannes A1 - von Sass, Sarah A1 - Selle, Mareen A1 - Hiemisch, Anette T1 - Disentangling the effects of optimism and attributions on feelings of success JF - Personality and individual differences : an international journal of research into the structure and development of personality, and the causation of individual differences N2 - Two experiments examined the effects of dispositional optimism and attributions on feelings of success in a performance setting. In Experiment 1, participants successfully solved three cognitive tasks and attributed the success either internally (i.e., to themselves) or externally (i.e., to a teammate). We found no effect of optimism, but a significant effect of the attribution: Internal attribution predicted an increase in feelings of success. In Experiment 2, we replicated the design and adopted an extreme groups approach in order to include the extremes of the optimism dimension. Only optimism affected feelings of success in this sample: Pessimistic participants showed higher increases in feelings of success than optimistic participants. We conclude that optimism, if disentangled from attribution, may have an effect on affect, with pessimism showing potential affective benefits. However, this association may be concealed if samples with a restricted range of the optimism dimension are studied. KW - Optimism KW - Performance setting KW - Attribution KW - Success KW - Affect Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.08.030 SN - 0191-8869 VL - 56 SP - 78 EP - 82 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmiedchen, Bettina A1 - Longardt, Ann Carolin A1 - Buehrer, Christoph A1 - Raila, Jens A1 - Loui, Andrea A1 - Schweigert, Florian J. T1 - The relative dose response test based on retinol-binding protein 4 is not suitable to assess vitamin A status in very low birth weight infants JF - Neonatology : fetal and neonatal research KW - Relative dose response test KW - Vitamin A KW - Preterm infant Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1159/000356773 SN - 1661-7800 SN - 1661-7819 VL - 105 IS - 2 SP - 155 EP - 160 PB - Karger CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Warschburger, Petra A1 - Haenig, Johanna A1 - Friedt, Michael A1 - Posovszky, Carsten A1 - Schier, Maike A1 - Calvano, Claudia T1 - Health-Related quality of life in children with abdominal pain due to functional or organic gastrointestinal disorders JF - Journal of pediatric psychology KW - abdominal pain KW - catastrophizing KW - chronic illness KW - coping KW - quality of life Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jst070 SN - 0146-8693 SN - 1465-735X VL - 39 IS - 1 SP - 45 EP - 54 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Cary ER -