TY - JOUR A1 - Iturrizaga, Lasafam A1 - Charrier G., Reynaldo T1 - Sudden glacier advances in the Cachapoal Valley, Southern Central Andes of Chile (34 degrees S) JF - Journal of South American earth sciences N2 - Throughout the Andes Mountains of South America, a general trend of glacier shrinkage has taken place in modern times. However, a few glaciers have undergone considerable temporally advances or even surged during the mid-19th to 20th century CE. These valley glaciers are mainly located in the Central Andes of Chile and Argentina. The research presented here focuses on the changes of the Cachapoal Glacier in the Southern Central Andes of Chile. Spectacular glacier advances occurred at least three times in historical times, which lead to river blockages and successive lake outburst floods. The glacier advances were reconstructed with a multi-method approach including geomorphological mapping, Be-10 cosmogenic exposure dating of moraines, multi-temporal comparison of historical and recent photographs and paintings as well as the interpretation of aerial photographs and satellite images and the analysis of early travel reports. The article highlights the diversity of environmental conditions for the formation of glaciers in terms of the topographical and climatic setting and the resulting distinct glacier behavior along the Andes Mountains. It is argued for the Cachapoal Glacier that the glacier advances are intrinsic to the glacier type and may not be necessarily climate-dependent. This is characteristic for avalanche-fed glaciers of which the glacier dynamic is strongly controlled by the topographic setting and sudden inputs of ice and rock avalanches as well as by the specific debris transfer system and hydrological drainage pattern. At the regional level, the fluctuations of the Cachapoal Glacier are compared with glaciers of neighboring mountain ranges in the Southern Central Andes and at the global scale with those of the Karakoram Mountains in High Asia with a similar dynamic glacier behavior. KW - Cachapoal Glacier KW - Glacier surges KW - Topography-controlled glacier KW - advances KW - Glacier lake outbursts KW - Debris-covered glaciers KW - Central KW - Andes KW - Chile Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102787 SN - 0895-9811 SN - 1873-0647 VL - 105 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Korup, Oliver A1 - Mohr, Christian Heinrich A1 - Manga, Michael M. T1 - Bayesian detection of streamflow response to earthquakes JF - Water resources research : an AGU journal N2 - Detecting whether and how river discharge responds to strong earthquake shaking can be time-consuming and prone to operator bias when checking hydrographs from hundreds of gauging stations. We use Bayesian piecewise regression models to show that up to a fifth of all gauging stations across Chile had their largest change in daily streamflow trend on the day of the M-w 8.8 Maule earthquake in 2010. These stations cluster distinctly in the near field though the number of detected streamflow changes varies with model complexity and length of time window considered. Credible seismic streamflow changes at several stations were the highest detectable in eight months, with an increased variance of discharge surpassing the variance of discharge following rainstorms. We conclude that Bayesian piecewise regression sheds new and unbiased insights on the duration, trend, and variance of streamflow response to strong earthquakes, and on how this response compares to that following rainstorms. KW - Bayesian analysis KW - Chile KW - discharge KW - earthquake KW - streamflow changes Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1029/2020WR028874 SN - 0043-1397 SN - 1944-7973 VL - 57 IS - 7 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken, NJ ER - TY - THES A1 - Santuber, Joaquin T1 - Designing for digital justice T1 - Designing for Digital Justice T1 - Diseñar para la justicia digital BT - an entanglement of people, law, and technologies in Chilean courts BT - eine Verflechtung von Menschen, Recht und Technologien in chilenischen Gerichten BT - una maraña de personas, leyes y tecnologías en los tribunales chilenos N2 - At the beginning of 2020, with COVID-19, courts of justice worldwide had to move online to continue providing judicial service. Digital technologies materialized the court practices in ways unthinkable shortly before the pandemic creating resonances with judicial and legal regulation, as well as frictions. A better understanding of the dynamics at play in the digitalization of courts is paramount for designing justice systems that serve their users better, ensure fair and timely dispute resolutions, and foster access to justice. Building on three major bodies of literature —e-justice, digitalization and organization studies, and design research— Designing for Digital Justice takes a nuanced approach to account for human and more-than-human agencies. Using a qualitative approach, I have studied in depth the digitalization of Chilean courts during the pandemic, specifically between April 2020 and September 2022. Leveraging a comprehensive source of primary and secondary data, I traced back the genealogy of the novel materializations of courts’ practices structured by the possibilities offered by digital technologies. In five (5) cases studies, I show in detail how the courts got to 1) work remotely, 2) host hearings via videoconference, 3) engage with users via social media (i.e., Facebook and Chat Messenger), 4) broadcast a show with judges answering questions from users via Facebook Live, and 5) record, stream, and upload judicial hearings to YouTube to fulfil the publicity requirement of criminal hearings. The digitalization of courts during the pandemic is characterized by a suspended normativity, which makes innovation possible yet presents risks. While digital technologies enabled the judiciary to provide services continuously, they also created the risk of displacing traditional judicial and legal regulation. Contributing to liminal innovation and digitalization research, Designing for Digital Justice theorizes four phases: 1) the pre-digitalization phase resulting in the development of regulation, 2) the hotspot of digitalization resulting in the extension of regulation, 3) the digital innovation redeveloping regulation (moving to a new, preliminary phase), and 4) the permanence of temporal practices displacing regulation. Contributing to design research Designing for Digital Justice provides new possibilities for innovation in the courts, focusing at different levels to better address tensions generated by digitalization. Fellow researchers will find in these pages a sound theoretical advancement at the intersection of digitalization and justice with novel methodological references. Practitioners will benefit from the actionable governance framework Designing for Digital Justice Model, which provides three fields of possibilities for action to design better justice systems. Only by taking into account digital, legal, and social factors can we design better systems that promote access to justice, the rule of law, and, ultimately social peace. N2 - Durch COVID-19 mussten zu Beginn des Jahres 2020 die Gerichte weltweit, um ihren Dienst fortzusetzen, Onlinekommunikation und digitale Technologien nutzen. Die digitalen Technologien haben die Gerichtspraktiken in einer Weise verändert, die kurz vor der Pandemie noch undenkbar war, was zu Resonanzen mit der Rechtsprechung und der gesetzlichen Regelung sowie zu Reibungen führte. Ein besseres Verständnis der Dynamik, die bei der Digitalisierung von Gerichten im Spiel ist, ist von entscheidender Bedeutung für die Gestaltung von Justizsystemen, die ihren Nutzern besser dienen, faire und zeitnahe Streitbeilegung gewährleisten und den Zugang zur Justiz und zur Rechtsstaatlichkeit fördern. Aufbauend auf den drei großen Themenkomplexen E-Justiz, Digitalisierung und Organisationen sowie Designforschung verfolgt „Designing for Digital Justice“ einen nuancierten Ansatz, um menschliche und nicht-menschliche Akteure zu berücksichtigen. Mit Hilfe eines qualitativen Forschungsansatzes habe ich die Digitalisierung der chilenischen Gerichte während der Pandemie, insbesondere im Zeitraum von April 2020 und September 2022, eingehend untersucht. Auf der Grundlage einer umfassenden Quelle von Primär- und Sekundärdaten habe ich die Genealogie der neuartigen Materialisierung von Gerichtspraktiken zurückverfolgt, die durch die Möglichkeiten der digitalen Technologien strukturiert wurden. In fünf (5) Fallstudien zeige ich im Detail, wie die Gerichte 1) aus der Ferne arbeiten, 2) Anhörungen per Videokonferenz abhalten, 3) mit Nutzern über soziale Medien (beispielsweise Facebook und Chat Messenger) in Kontakt treten, 4) eine Sendung mit Richtern, die Fragen von Nutzern beantworten, über Facebook Live ausstrahlen und 5) Gerichtsverhandlungen aufzeichnen, streamen und auf YouTube hochladen, um die Anforderungen an die Öffentlichkeit von Strafverhandlungen zu erfüllen. Hierbei zeigt sich, dass digitale Technologien der Justiz zwar eine kontinuierliche Bereitstellung von Dienstleistungen ermöglichten. Sie bergen aber auch die Gefahr, dass sie die traditionelle gerichtliche und rechtliche Regulierung verdrängen. Als Beitrag zum Forschungsstrom zu „Liminal Innovation“ und Digitalisierung theoretisiert „Designing for Digital Justice“ vier Phasen: 1) Vor-Digitalisierung, die zur Entwicklung von Regulierung führt, 2) der Hotspot der Digitalisierung, der zur Ausweitung der Regulierung führt, 3) digitale Innovation, die die Regulierung neu entwickelt (Übergang zu einer neuen, provisorischen Phase) und 4) die Permanenz der temporären Praktiken, die die Regulierung verdrängt. Als Beitrag zur Designforschung bietet „Designing for Digital Justice“ neue Möglichkeiten für die Gestaltung von Justizsystemen, indem es Spannungen und Interventionsebenen miteinander verbindet. Forscherkolleg*innen finden auf diesen Seiten eine fundierte theoretische Weiterentwicklung an der Schnittstelle von Digitalisierung und Gerechtigkeit sowie neue methodische Hinweise. Praktiker sollen von dem Handlungsrahmen „Designing for Digital Justice Model“ profitieren, der drei Handlungsfelder für die Gestaltung besserer Justizsysteme bietet. Nur wenn wir die digitalen, rechtlichen und sozialen Akteure berücksichtigen, können wir bessere Systeme entwerfen, die sich für den Zugang zur Justiz, die Rechtsstaatlichkeit und letztlich den sozialen Frieden einsetzen. N2 - A principios de 2020, con la COVID-19, los tribunales de justicia de todo el mundo tuvieron que ponerse en línea para continuar con el servicio. Las tecnologías digitales materializaron las prácticas de los tribunales de formas impensables poco antes de la pandemia, creando resonancias con la regulación judicial y legal, así como fricciones. Comprender mejor las dinámicas en juego en la digitalización de los tribunales es primordial para diseñar sistemas de justicia que sirvan mejor a sus usuarios, garanticen una resolución de conflictos justa y oportuna y fomenten el acceso a la justicia. Sobre la base de tres grandes temas en la literatura -justicia electrónica, digitalización y organizaciones, e investigación del diseño-, Designing for Digital Justice adopta un enfoque matizado para tener en cuenta los organismos humanos y más que humanos. Utilizando un enfoque cualitativo, he estudiado en profundidad la digitalización de los tribunales chilenos durante la pandemia, concretamente entre abril de 2020 y septiembre de 2022. Aprovechando una amplia fuente de datos primarios y secundarios, he rastreado la genealogía de las nuevas materializaciones de las prácticas de los tribunales estructuradas por las posibilidades que ofrecen las tecnologías digitales. En cinco (5) estudios de caso, muestro en detalle cómo los tribunales llegaron a 1) trabajar a distancia, 2) celebrar audiencias por videoconferencia, 3) relacionarse con los usuarios a través de las redes sociales (es decir, Facebook y Chat Messenger), 4) emitir un espectáculo con jueces que responden a las preguntas de los usuarios a través de Facebook Live, y 5) grabar, transmitir y subir las audiencias judiciales a YouTube para cumplir con el requisito de publicidad de las audiencias penales. La digitalización de los tribunales durante la pandemia se caracteriza por una normatividad suspendida, que posibilita la innovación, pero presenta riesgos. Si bien las tecnologías digitales permitieron al poder judicial prestar servicios de forma continua, también crearon el riesgo de desplazar la normativa judicial y legal tradicional. Contribuyendo a la teoría de la innovación liminar y digitalización, Designing for Digital Justice teoriza cuatro fases: 1) la fase de pre-digitalización que da lugar al desarrollo de la regulación, 2) el hotspot de digitalización que da lugar a la ampliación de la regulación, 3) la innovación liminal que vuelve a desarrollar la regulación (pasando a una nueva fase preliminar), y 4) la permanencia de prácticas temporales que desplaza la regulación. Contribuyendo a la investigación sobre el diseño, Designing for Digital Justice ofrece nuevas posibilidades de intervención para el diseño de la justicia, conectando las tensiones y los niveles para intervenir en ellos. Los colegas investigadores encontrarán en estas páginas un sólido avance teórico en la intersección de la digitalización y la justicia y novedosas referencias metodológicas. Los profesionales se beneficiarán del marco de gobernanza Designing for Digital Justice Model, que ofrece tres campos de posibilidades de actuación para diseñar mejores sistemas de justicia. Sólo teniendo en cuenta las agencias digitales, jurídicas y sociales podremos diseñar mejores sistemas que se comprometan con el acceso a la justicia, el Estado de Derecho y, en última instancia, la paz social. KW - digitalisation KW - courts of justice KW - COVID-19 KW - Chile KW - online courts KW - design KW - law KW - organization studies KW - innovation KW - COVID-19 KW - Chile KW - Gerichtsbarkeit KW - Design KW - Digitalisierung KW - Innovation KW - Recht KW - Online-Gerichte KW - Organisationsstudien KW - COVID-19 KW - Chile KW - tribunales de justicia KW - diseño KW - digitalización KW - innovación KW - Derecho KW - tribunales en línea KW - estudios de organización Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-604178 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Melnick, Daniel A1 - Moreno, Marcos A1 - Quinteros, Javier A1 - Carlos Baez, Juan A1 - Deng, Zhiguo A1 - Li, Shaoyang A1 - Oncken, Onno T1 - The super-interseismic phase of the megathrust earthquake cycle in Chile JF - Geophysical research letters N2 - Along a subduction zone, great megathrust earthquakes recur either after long seismic gaps lasting several decades to centuries or over much shorter periods lasting hours to a few years when cascading successions of earthquakes rupture nearby segments of the fault. We analyze a decade of continuous Global Positioning System observations along the South American continent to estimate changes in deformation rates between the 2010 Maule (M8.8) and 2015 Illapel (M8.3) Chilean earthquakes. We find that surface velocities increased after the 2010 earthquake, in response to continental-scale viscoelastic mantle relaxation and to regional-scale increased degree of interplate locking. We propose that increased locking occurs transiently during a super-interseismic phase in segments adjacent to a megathrust rupture, responding to bending of both plates caused by coseismic slip and subsequent afterslip. Enhanced strain rates during a super-interseismic phase may therefore bring a megathrust segment closer to failure and possibly triggered the 2015 event. KW - megathrust KW - earthquake KW - cycle KW - Chile Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071845 SN - 0094-8276 SN - 1944-8007 VL - 44 IS - 2 SP - 784 EP - 791 PB - American Geophysical Union CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mohr, Christian Heinrich A1 - Manga, Michael A1 - Wald, David T1 - Stronger peak ground motion, beyond the threshold to initiate a response, does not lead to larger stream discharge responses to earthquakes JF - Geophysical research letters N2 - The impressive number of stream gauges in Chile, combined with a suite of past and recent large earthquakes, makes Chile a unique natural laboratory to study several streams that recorded responses to multiple seismic events. We document changes in discharge in eight streams in Chile following two or more large earthquakes. In all cases, discharge increases. Changes in discharge occur for peak ground velocities greater than about 7-11cm/s. Above that threshold, the magnitude of both the increase in discharge and the total excess water do not increase with increasing peak ground velocities. While these observations are consistent with previous work in California, they conflict with lab experiments that show that the magnitude of permeability changes increases with increasing amplitude of ground motion. Instead, our study suggests that streamflow responses are binary. Plain Language Summary Earthquakes deform and shake the surface and the ground below. These changes may affect groundwater flows by increasing the permeability along newly formed cracks and/or clearing clogged pores. As a result, groundwater flow may substantially increase after earthquakes and remain elevated for several months. Here we document streamflow anomalies following multiple high magnitude earthquakes in multiple streams in one of the most earthquake prone regions worldwide, Chile. We take advantage of the dense monitoring network in Chile that recorded streamflow since the 1940s. We show that once a critical ground motion is exceeded, streamflow responses to earthquakes can be expected. KW - earthquake KW - streamflow KW - shaking KW - Chile KW - modeling Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL078621 SN - 0094-8276 SN - 1944-8007 VL - 45 IS - 13 SP - 6523 EP - 6531 PB - American Geophysical Union CY - Washington ER - TY - THES A1 - Eulenfeld, Sophie T1 - Gemeinschaftsbildung im Exil: Chancen und Gefahren des Zusammenlebens am Beispiel der Colonia Dignidad in Chile T1 - Community Building in Exile: Opportunities and Dangers of Living Together Using the Example of Colonia Dignidad in Chile N2 - In vorliegender Arbeit werden die Gefahren und Chancen des gemeinschaftlichen Zusammenlebens im Exil am Beispiel der ehemaligen Colonia Dignidad in Chile analysiert. Die Colonia Dignidad (dt.: Kolonie der Würde) wurde 1961 von Mitgliedern einer deutschen Sekte im Zentrum des Landes, ca. 400 km südlich von Santiago entfernt, gegründet. Nach außen präsentierte sich die Gemeinschaft als glückliche und zufriedene deutsche Enklave, die ihre heimatlichen Traditionen und Bräuche im Ausland weiterhin pflegt. Mit dem Ende der Militärdiktatur unter Augusto Pinochet 1990 und dem damit verbundenen Wegfall der politischen Rückendeckung der Gemeinschaft, begann die chilenische Justiz die schon länger bestehenden Vorwürfe gegen den damaligen Sektenführer Paul Schäfer, u. a. wegen Kindesmissbrauchs und Folter an chilenischen Oppositionellen während der Militärdiktatur, zu untersuchen. Dem chilenischen Haftbefehl acht Jahre später entzog sich Paul Schäfer durch seine Flucht nach Argentinien. Die zurückbleibenden Mitglieder der Colonia Dignidad waren aufgrund des einsetzenden Zerfalls der alten Gemeinschaftsordnung gezwungen, sich ein neues Gemeinschaftskonzept zu erarbeiten, eines, in dem die bisher so dominante Führerfigur fehlte. Sowohl das Gemeinschaftsleben in der Colonia Dignidad zwischen 1961 und 1998 als auch das Zusammenleben in der heutigen Villa Baviera ab 1998 wird anhand der Theorien zur Gemeinschaftsforschung von Ferdinand Tönnies, Georg Vobruba, Zygmunt Baumann, Matthias Grundmann und Stephan Drucks analysiert. Im Findungsprozess eines neuen Gemeinschaftskonzeptes waren die Mitglieder der ehemaligen Colonia Dignidad gezwungen, sich mit der Vergangenheit auseinanderzusetzen. In diesem Zusammenhang wird der Frage nachgegangen, inwiefern eine Aufarbeitung der Vergangenheit (memoria) im kulturwissenschaftlichen und psychologischen Sinne stattfand bzw. stattfindet und wenn ja, wie sich diese gestaltete bzw. gestaltet. Hierzu wird untersucht, welche staatlichen Maßnahmen zur Unterstützung des Neuanfangs der Gemeinschaft getroffen wurden und welchen Erfolg diese Maßnahmen hatten. Basierend auf den daraus gewonnenen Resultaten und der aktuellen Selbstdarstellung der Villa Baviera in ihrer Webpräsenz, wird das neue Gemeinschaftskonzept der ehemaligen Colonia Dignidad auf die Chancen des Zusammenlebens hin analysiert. Weiterführend werden Konzepte zum kollektiven Gedächtnis untersucht, von dem „Familiengedächtnis“ auf ein „Gemeinschaftsgedächtnis“ übertragen und mit der Frage nach der konstruktiven memoria innerhalb der Villa Baviera verbunden. Abschließend wird der Frage nachgegangen, welche positiven Aspekte des Gemeinschaftslebens einer intentionalen Gemeinschaft auf das Gemeinschaftsleben der Villa Baviera übertragen werden könnten. N2 - This work analyzes the dangers and opportunities of communal living in exile using the example of the former Colonia Dignidad in Chile. Colonia Dignidad (Engl.: Colony of Dignity) was founded in 1961 by members of a German sect in the center of the country, about 400 km south of Santiago. To the outside world, the community presented itself as a happy and contented German enclave that continued to maintain its native traditions and customs abroad. With the end of the military dictatorship under Augusto Pinochet in 1990 and the associated loss of political backing for the community, the Chilean judiciary began to investigate the long-standing accusations against the then cult leader Paul Schäfer, including charges of child abuse and torture of Chilean opposition members during the military dictatorship. Paul Schäfer evaded the Chilean arrest warrant eight years later by fleeing to Argentina. As the old community order began to disintegrate, the members of Colonia Dignidad who remained behind were forced to devise a new community concept, one that lacked the leader figure who had been so dominant until then. Both the community life in Colonia Dignidad between 1961 and 1998 and the community life in today's Villa Baviera from 1998 onwards are analyzed on the basis of the theories of community research by Ferdinand Tönnies, Georg Vobruba, Zygmunt Baumann, Matthias Grundmann and Stephan Drucks. In the process of finding a new community concept, the members of the former Colonia Dignidad were forced to deal with the past. In this context, the question is examined to what extent a reappraisal of the past (memoria) in the cultural and psychological sense took place and, if so, how this took place. To this end, the study examines which state measures were taken to support the community's new beginning and what success these measures had. Based on the results obtained and the current self-representation of Villa Baviera in its web presence, the new community concept of the former Colonia Dignidad is analyzed in terms of the opportunities for living together. Further on, concepts of collective memory are examined, transferred from the "family memory" to a "community memory" and connected to the question of constructive memoria within Villa Baviera. Finally, the question is explored which positive aspects of the community life of an intentional community could be transferred to the community life of Villa Baviera. KW - Colonia Dignidad KW - Villa Baviera KW - Chile KW - Gemeinschaftsbildung im Exil KW - deutsche Sekte KW - Paul Schäfer KW - Missbrauch KW - Führerfigur KW - Zusammenleben KW - memoria KW - Aufarbeitung der Vergangenheit KW - psychotherapeutische Arbeit KW - kollektives Gedächtnis KW - Theorien zur Gemeinschaftsforschung KW - Militärdiktatur KW - Pinochet KW - Colonia Dignidad KW - Villa Baviera KW - Chile KW - community building in exile KW - German sect KW - Paul Schäfer KW - abuse KW - leader figure KW - living together KW - memoria KW - reworking of the past KW - psychotherapeutic work KW - collective memory KW - intentional communities KW - theories of community research KW - military dictatorship KW - Pinochet Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-519622 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Oeser, Ralf Andreas A1 - Stroncik, Nicole A1 - Moskwa, Lisa-Marie A1 - Bernhard, Nadine A1 - Schaller, Mirjam A1 - Canessa, Rafaella A1 - van den Brink, Liesbeth A1 - Köster, Moritz A1 - Brucker, Emanuel A1 - Stock, Svenja A1 - Pablo Fuentes, Juan A1 - Godoy, Roberto A1 - Javier Matus, Francisco A1 - Oses Pedraza, Romulo A1 - Osses McIntyre, Pablo A1 - Paulino, Leandro A1 - Seguel, Oscar A1 - Bader, Maaike Y. A1 - Boy, Jens A1 - Dippold, Michaela A. A1 - Ehlers, Todd A1 - Kühn, Peter A1 - Kuzyakov, Yakov A1 - Leinweber, Peter A1 - Scholten, Thomas A1 - Spielvogel, Sandra A1 - Spohn, Marie A1 - Ubernickel, Kirstin A1 - Tielbörger, Katja A1 - Wagner, Dirk A1 - von Blanckenburg, Friedhelm T1 - Chemistry and microbiology of the Critical Zone along a steep climate and vegetation gradient in the Chilean Coastal Cordillera JF - Catena : an interdisciplinary journal of soil science, hydrology, geomorphology focusing on geoecology and landscape evolution N2 - From north to south, denudation rates from cosmogenic nuclides are similar to 10 t km(-2) yr(-1) at the arid Pan de Aziicar site, similar to 20 t km(2) yr(-1) at the semi-arid site of Santa Gracia, -60 t km(-2) yr(-1) at the Mediterranean climate site of La Campana, and similar to 30 t km(-2) yr(-1) at the humid site of Nahuelbuta. A and B horizons increase in thickness and elemental depletion or enrichment increases from north (similar to 26 degrees S) to south (similar to 38 degrees S) in these horizons. Differences in the degree of chemical weathering, quantified by the chemical depletion fraction (CDF), are significant only between the arid and sparsely vegetated site and the other three sites. Differences in the CDF between the sites, and elemental depletion within the sites are sometimes smaller than the variations induced by the bedrock heterogeneity. Microbial abundances (bacteria and archaea) in saprolite substantially increase from the arid to the semi-arid sites. With this study, we provide a comprehensive dataset characterizing the Critical Zone geochemistry in the Chilean Coastal Cordillera. This dataset confirms climatic controls on weathering and denudation rates and provides prerequisites to quantify the role of biota in future studies. KW - Weathering KW - Denudation KW - Microbial abundance KW - Climate KW - Chile Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2018.06.002 SN - 0341-8162 SN - 1872-6887 VL - 170 SP - 183 EP - 203 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schuster, Isabell A1 - Krahe, Barbara T1 - Predictors of sexual aggression perpetration among male and female college students BT - Cross-Cultural Evidence From Chile and Turkey JF - Sexual abuse : official journal of the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers (ATSA) N2 - This two-wave longitudinal study examined risky sexual scripts and sexual behavior regarding consensual sexual interactions, sexual self-esteem, initiation assertiveness, and religiosity as predictors of sexual aggression perpetration in a cross-cultural comparison of college students in Chile and Turkey. As predicted, risky sexual scripts were linked to higher odds of perpetration through more risky sexual behavior cross-sectionally in both the Chilean and the Turkish sample and indirectly predicted perpetration 12 months later. High sexual self-esteem increased the likelihood of perpetration via higher initiation assertiveness in the Turkish sample only. High religiosity reduced the odds of perpetration through less risky sexual scripts and less risky sexual behavior in both samples. In addition, high religiosity increased the probability of perpetration through lower sexual self-esteem in the Turkish sample. Implications of these findings and the role of cultural factors contributing to the differential functioning of religiosity and sexual self-esteem are discussed. KW - sexual aggression perpetration KW - risk factors KW - sexual scripts KW - Chile KW - Turkey Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063218793632 SN - 1079-0632 SN - 1573-286X VL - 31 IS - 3 SP - 318 EP - 343 PB - Sage CY - Thousand Oaks ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schuster, Isabell A1 - Krahe, Barbara T1 - Prevalence of Sexual Aggression Victimization and Perpetration in Chile BT - A Systematic Review JF - Trauma violence & abuse N2 - Sexual aggression is a major public health issue worldwide, but most knowledge is derived from studies conducted in North America and Western Europe. Little research has been conducted on the prevalence of sexual aggression in developing countries, including Chile. This article presents the first systematic review of the evidence on the prevalence of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration among women and men in Chile. Furthermore, it reports differences in prevalence rates in relation to victim and perpetrator characteristics and victim–perpetrator relationships. A total of N = 28 studies were identified by a three-stage literature search, including the screening of academic databases, publications of Chilean institutions, and reference lists. A great heterogeneity was found for prevalence rates of sexual victimization, ranging between 1.0% and 51.9% for women and 0.4% and 48.0% for men. Only four studies provided perpetration rates, which varied between 0.8% and 26.8% for men and 0.0% and 16.5% for women. No consistent evidence emerged for differences in victimization rates in relation to victims’ gender, age, and education. Perpetrators were more likely to be persons known to the victim. Conceptual and methodological differences between the studies are discussed as reasons for the great variability in prevalence rates, and recommendations are provided for a more harmonized and gender-inclusive approach for future research on sexual aggression in Chile. KW - sexual aggression KW - victimization KW - perpetration KW - Chile KW - review Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838017697307 SN - 1524-8380 SN - 1552-8324 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - 229 EP - 244 PB - Sage Publ. CY - Thousand Oaks ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tolorza, Violeta A1 - Mohr, Christian Heinrich A1 - Carretier, Sebastien A1 - Serey, Amador A1 - Sepulveda, Sergio A. A1 - Tapia, Joseline A1 - Pinto, Luisa T1 - Suspended sediments in chilean rivers reveal low postseismic erosion after the maule earthquake (Mw 8.8) during a severe drought JF - Journal of geophysical research : Earth surface N2 - We address the question of whether all large-magnitude earthquakes produce an erosion peak in the subaerial components of fluvial catchments. We evaluate the sediment flux response to the Maule earthquake in the Chilean Andes (Mw 8.8) using daily suspended sediment records from 31 river gauges. The catchments cover drainage areas of 350 to around 10,000 km(2), including a wide range of topographic slopes and vegetation cover of the Andean western flank. We compare the 3- to 8-year postseismic record of sediment flux to each of the following preseismic periods: (1) all preseismic data, (2) a 3-year period prior to the seismic event, and (3) the driest preseismic periods, as drought conditions prevailed in the postseismic period. Following the earthquake, no increases in suspended sediment flux were observed for moderate to high percentiles of the streamflow distribution (mean, median, and >= 75th percentile). However, more than half of the examined stations showed increased sediment flux during baseflow. By using a Random Forest approach, we evaluate the contributions of seismic intensities, peak ground accelerations, co-seismic landslides, hydroclimatic conditions, topography, lithology, and land cover to explain the observed changes in suspended sediment concentration and fluxes. We find that the best predictors are hillslope gradient, low-vegetation cover, and changes in streamflow discharge. This finding suggests a combined first-order control of topography, land cover, and hydrology on the catchment-wide erosion response. We infer a reduced sediment connectivity due to the postseismic drought, which increased the residence time of sediment detached and remobilized following the Maule earthquake. KW - earthquake KW - suspended sediment KW - Maule megathrust KW - Chile KW - catchment Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JF004766 SN - 2169-9003 SN - 2169-9011 VL - 124 IS - 6 SP - 1378 EP - 1397 PB - American Geophysical Union CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schuster, Isabell A1 - Krahe, Barbara T1 - Predicting Sexual Victimization Among College Students in Chile and Turkey: A Cross-Cultural Analysis JF - Archives of sexual behavior : the official publication of the International Academy of Sex Research KW - Sexual victimization KW - Sexual scripts KW - Religiosity KW - Chile KW - Turkey Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1335-z SN - 0004-0002 SN - 1573-2800 VL - 48 IS - 8 SP - 2565 EP - 2580 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bernhardt, Anne A1 - Schwanghart, Wolfgang A1 - Hebbeln, Dierk A1 - Stuut, Jan-Berend W. A1 - Strecker, Manfred T1 - Immediate propagation of deglacial environmental change to deep-marine turbidite systems along the Chile convergent margin JF - Earth & planetary science letters N2 - Understanding how Earth-surface processes respond to past climatic perturbations is crucial for making informed predictions about future impacts of climate change on sediment "uxes. Sedimentary records provide the archives for inferring these processes, but their interpretation is compromised by our incomplete understanding of how sediment-routing systems respond to millennial-scale climate cycles. We analyzed seven sediment cores recovered from marine turbidite depositional sites along the Chile continental margin. The sites span a pronounced arid-to-humid gradient with variable relief and related sediment connectivity of terrestrial and marine environments. These sites allowed us to study event related depositional processes in different climatic and geomorphic settings from the Last Glacial Maximum to the present day. The three sites reveal a steep decline of turbidite deposition during deglaciation. High rates of sea-level rise postdate the decline in turbidite deposition. Comparison with paleoclimate proxies documents that the spatio-temporal sedimentary pattern rather mirrors the deglacial humidity decrease and concomitant warming with no resolvable lag times. Our results let us infer that declining deglacial humidity decreased "uvial sediment supply. This signal propagated rapidly through the highly connected systems into the marine sink in north-central Chile. In contrast, in south-central Chile, connectivity between the Andean erosional zone and the "uvial transfer zone probably decreased abruptly by sediment trapping in piedmont lakes related to deglaciation, resulting in a sudden decrease of sediment supply to the ocean. Additionally, reduced moisture supply may have contributed to the rapid decline of turbidite deposition. These different causes result in similar depositional patterns in the marine sinks. We conclude that turbiditic strata may constitute reliable recorders of climate change across a wide range of climatic zones and geomorphic conditions. However, the underlying causes for similar signal manifestations in the sinks may differ, ranging from maintained high system connectivity to abrupt connectivity loss. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - signal propagation KW - turbidity currents KW - Chile KW - sediment-routing system connectivity KW - Last Glacial Maximum Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.05.017 SN - 0012-821X SN - 1385-013X VL - 473 SP - 190 EP - 204 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mohr, Christian Heinrich A1 - Korup, Oliver A1 - Ulloa, Hector A1 - Iroume, Andres T1 - Pyroclastic Eruption Boosts Organic Carbon Fluxes Into Patagonian Fjords JF - Global biogeochemical cycles N2 - Fjords and old-growth forests store large amounts of organic carbon. Yet the role of episodic disturbances, particularly volcanic eruptions, in mobilizing organic carbon in fjord landscapes covered by temperate rainforests remains poorly quantified. To this end, we estimated how much wood and soils were flushed to nearby fjords following the 2008 eruption of Chaiten volcano in south-central Chile, where pyroclastic sediments covered >12km(2) of pristine temperate rainforest. Field-based surveys of forest biomass, soil organic content, and dead wood transport reveal that the reworking of pyroclastic sediments delivered similar to 66,500+14,600/-14,500tC of large wood to two rivers entering the nearby Patagonian fjords in less than a decade. A similar volume of wood remains in dead tree stands and buried beneath pyroclastic deposits (similar to 79,900+21,100/-16,900tC) or stored in active river channels (5,900-10,600tC). We estimate that bank erosion mobilized similar to 132,300(+21,700)/(-30,600)tC of floodplain forest soil. Eroded and reworked forest soils have been accreting on coastal river deltas at >5mmyr(-1) since the eruption. While much of the large wood is transported out of the fjord by long-shore drift, the finer fraction from eroded forest soils is likely to be buried in the fjords. We conclude that the organic carbon fluxes boosted by rivers adjusting to high pyroclastic sediment loads may remain elevated for up to a decade and that Patagonian temperate rainforests disturbed by excessive loads of pyroclastic debris can be episodic short-lived carbon sources. Plain Language Summary Fjords and old-growth forests are important sinks of organic carbon. However, the role of volcanic eruptions in flushing organic carbon in fjord landscapes remains unexplored. Here we estimated how much forest vegetation and soils were lost to fjords following the 2008 eruption ofunknownChaiten volcano in south-central Chile. Pyroclastic sediments obliterated near-pristine temperateunknownrainforest, and the subsequent reworking of these sediments delivered in less than a decade similar to 66,000 tC of large wood to the mountain rivers, draining into the nearby Patagonian fjords. A similar volume of wood remains in dead tree stands and buried beneath pyroclastic deposits or stored in active riverunknownchannels. We estimate that similar to 130,000 tC of organic carbon-rich soil was lost to erosion, thus adding to the carbon loads. While much of the wood enters the long-shore drift in the fjord heads, the finerunknownfraction from eroded forest soils is likely to be buried in the fjords at rates that exceed regional estimates by an order of magnitude. We anticipate that these eruption-driven fluxes will remain elevated forunknownthe coming years and that Patagonian temperate rainforests episodically switch from carbon sinks to hitherto undocumented carbon sources if disturbed by explosive volcanic eruptions. KW - Chile KW - Patagonia KW - rainforest KW - volcanic eruption KW - organic carbon KW - biomass Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GB005647 SN - 0886-6236 SN - 1944-9224 VL - 31 SP - 1626 EP - 1638 PB - American Geophysical Union CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ulloa, H. A1 - Iroume, A. A1 - Picco, L. A1 - Mohr, Christian Heinrich A1 - Mazzorana, B. A1 - Lenzi, Mario Aristide A1 - Mao, L. T1 - Spatial analysis of the impacts of the Chaiten volcano eruption (Chile) in three fluvial systems JF - Journal of South American earth sciences N2 - The eruption of the Chaiten volcano in May 2008 generated morphological and ecological disturbances in adjacent river basins, and the magnitude of these disturbances depended on the type of dominant volcanic process affecting each of them. The aim of this study is to analyse the morphological changes in different periods in river segments of the Blanco, El Amarillo and Rayas river basins located near the Chaiten volcano. These basins suffered disturbances of different intensity and spatial distribution caused by tephra fall, dome collapses and pyroclastic density currents that damaged hillslope forests, widened channels and destroyed island and floodplain vegetation. Changes continued to occur in the fluvial systems in the years following the eruption, as a consequence of the geomorphic processes indirectly induced by the eruption. Channel changes were analyzed by comparing remote images of pre and post eruption conditions. Two periods were considered: the first from 2008 to 2009-2010 associated with the explosive and effusive phases of the eruption and the second that correspond to the post-eruption stage from 2009-2010 to 2013. Following the first phases channel segments widened 91% (38 m/yr), 6% (7 m/yr) and 7% (22 m/yr) for Blanco, Rayas and El Amarillo Rivers, respectively, compared to pre-eruption condition. In the second period, channel segments additionally widened 42% (8 m/yr), 2% (2 m/yr) and 5% (4 m/yr) for Blanco, Rayas and El Amarillo Rivers, respectively. In the Blanco River 62 and 82% of the islands disappeared in the first and second period, respectively, which is 6-8 times higher than in the El Amarillo approximately twice the Rayas. Sinuosity increased after the eruption only in the Blanco River but the three study channels showed a high braiding intensity mainly during the first post-eruption period. The major disturbances occurred during the eruptive and effusive phases of Chaiten volcano, and the intensity of these disturbances reflects the magnitude of the dominant volcanic processes affecting each basin. Inputs of sediment from dome collapses and pyroclastic density currents and not ash fall seem to explain morphologic channel change magnitudes in the study segments. The resulting knowledge can facilitate land use planning and design of river restoration projects in areas affected by volcanic eruptions disturbances. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - Volcanic disturbances KW - Changes in fluvial systems KW - Island KW - Riparian vegetation KW - Chaiten volcano KW - Chile Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2016.04.008 SN - 0895-9811 VL - 69 SP - 213 EP - 225 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schuster, Isabell A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Ilabaca Baeza, Paola A1 - Munoz-Reyes, Jose A. T1 - Sexual Aggression Victimization and Perpetration among Male and Female College Students in Chile JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Evidence on the prevalence of sexual aggression among college students is primarily based on studies from Western countries. In Chile, a South American country strongly influenced by the Catholic Church, little research on sexual aggression among college students is available. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the prevalence of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration since the age of 14 (the legal age of consent) in a sample of male and female students aged between 18 and 29 years from five Chilean universities (N = 1135), to consider possible gender differences, and to study the extent to which alcohol was involved in the reported incidents of perpetration and victimization. Sexual aggression victimization and perpetration was measured with a Chilean Spanish version of the Sexual Aggression and Victimization Scale (SAV-S), which includes three coercive strategies (use or threat of physical force, exploitation of an incapacitated state, and verbal pressure), three victim-perpetrator constellations (current or former partners, friends/acquaintances, and strangers), and four sexual acts (sexual touch, attempted sexual intercourse, completed sexual intercourse, and other sexual acts, such as oral sex). Overall, 51.9% of women and 48.0% of men reported at least one incident of sexual victimization, and 26.8% of men and 16.5% of women reported at least one incident of sexual aggression perpetration since the age of 14. For victimization, only few gender differences were found, but significantly more men than women reported sexual aggression perpetration. A large proportion of perpetrators also reported victimization experiences. Regarding victim-perpetrator relationship, sexual aggression victimization and perpetration were more common between persons who knew each other than between strangers. Alcohol use by the perpetrator, victim, or both was involved in many incidents of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration, particularly among strangers. The present data are the first to provide a systematic and detailed picture of sexual aggression among college students in Chile, including victimization and perpetration reports by both men and women and confirming the critical role of alcohol established in past research from Western countries. KW - sexual aggression KW - victimization KW - perpetration KW - prevalence KW - coercive strategies KW - relationship constellations KW - alcohol KW - Chile Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01354 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 7 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kałczewiak, Mariusz T1 - Yiddish in the Andes BT - unbearable distance, devoted activists and building Yiddish culture in Chile T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - This article elucidates the efforts of Chilean-Jewish activists to create, manage and protect Chilean Yiddish culture. It illuminates how Yiddish cultural leaders in small diasporas, such as Chile, worked to maintain dialogue with other Jewish centers. Chilean culturists maintained that a unique Latin American Jewish culture existed and needed to be strengthened through the joint efforts of all Yiddish actors on the continent. Chilean activists envisioned a modern Jewish culture informed by both Eastern European influences and local Jewish cultural production, as well as by exchanges with non-Jewish Latin American majority cultures. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 571 KW - Yiddish culture KW - Chile KW - Latin America KW - Yiddish culturism KW - Jewish networking Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-435064 IS - 571 ER - TY - THES A1 - Schuster, Isabell T1 - Prevalence and Predictors of Sexual Aggression Victimization and Perpetration in Chile and Turkey T1 - Prävalenz und Prädiktoren sexueller Viktimisierung und Ausübung sexueller Aggression in Chile und der Türkei BT - A Cross-Cultural Analysis BT - Eine kulturübergreifende Analyse N2 - Background: Although sexual aggression is recognized as a serious issue worldwide, the current knowledge base is primarily built on evidence from Western countries, particularly the U.S. For the present doctoral research, Chile and Turkey were selected based on theoretical considerations to examine the prevalence as well as predictors of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration. The first aim of this research project was to systematically review the available evidence provided by past studies on this topic within each country. The second aim was to empirically study the prevalence of experiencing and engaging in sexual aggression since the age of consent among college students in Chile and Turkey. The third aim was to conduct cross-cultural analyses examining pathways to victimization and perpetration based on a two-wave longitudinal design. Methods: This research adopted a gender-inclusive approach by considering men and women in both victim and perpetrator roles. For the systematic reviews, multiple-stage literature searches were performed, and based on a predefined set of eligibility criteria, 28 studies in Chile and 56 studies in Turkey were identified for inclusion. A two-wave longitudinal study was conducted to examine the prevalence and predictors of sexual aggression among male and female college students in Chile and Turkey. Self-reports of victimization and perpetration were assessed with a Chilean Spanish or Turkish version of the Sexual Aggression and Victimization Scale. Two path models were conceptualized in which participants’ risky sexual scripts for consensual sex, risky sexual behavior, sexual self-esteem, sexual assertiveness, and religiosity were assessed at T1 and used as predictors of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration at T2 in the following 12 months, mediated through past victimization or perpetration, respectively. The models differed in that sexual assertiveness was expected to serve different functions for victimization (refusal assertiveness negatively linked to victimization) and perpetration (initiation assertiveness positively linked to perpetration). Results: Both systematic reviews revealed that victimization was addressed by all included studies, but data on perpetration was severely limited. A great heterogeneity not only in victimization rates but also in predictors was found, which may be attributed to a lack of conceptual and methodological consistency across studies. The empirical analysis of the prevalence of sexual aggression in Chile revealed a victimization rate of 51.9% for women and 48.0% for men, and a perpetration rate of 26.8% for men and 16.5% for women. In the Turkish original data, victimization was reported by 77.6% of women and 65.5% of men, whereas, again, lower rates were found for perpetration, with 28.9% of men and 14.2% of women reporting at least one incident. The cross-cultural analyses showed, as expected, that risky sexual scripts informed risky sexual behavior, and thereby indirectly increased the likelihood of victimization and perpetration at T2 in both samples. More risky sexual scripts were also linked to lower levels of refusal assertiveness in both samples, indirectly increasing the vulnerability to victimization at T2. High sexual self-esteem decreased the probability of victimization at T2 through higher refusal assertiveness as well as through less risky sexual behavior also in both samples, whereas it increased the odds of perpetration at T2 via higher initiation assertiveness in the Turkish sample only. Furthermore, high religiosity decreased the odds of perpetration and victimization at T2 through less risky sexual scripts and less risky sexual behavior in both samples. It reduced the vulnerability to victimization through less risky sexual scripts and higher refusal assertiveness in the Chilean sample only. In the Turkish sample only, it increased the odds of perpetration and victimization through lower sexual self-esteem. Conclusions: The findings showed that sexual aggression is a widespread problem in both Chile and Turkey, contributing cross-cultural evidence to the international knowledge base and indicating the clear need for implementing policy measures and prevention strategies in each country. Based on the results of the prospective analyses, concrete implications for intervention efforts are discussed. N2 - Hintergrund: Obwohl sexuelle Aggression als ein ernstzunehmendes Problem weltweit angesehen wird, stützt sich die gegenwärtige Datenlage in erster Linie auf Evidenz westlicher Staaten. Für die vorliegende Arbeit wurden die Länder Chile und Türkei anhand theoretischer Überlegungen ausgewählt, um sowohl die Prävalenz als auch Prädiktoren sexueller Aggression zu untersuchen. Das erste Ziel bestand darin, die Ergebnisse früherer Studien zu sexueller Aggression in jedem Land systematisch zu betrachten. Das zweite Ziel war, die Prävalenz von Viktimisierung und Ausübung sexueller Aggression seit dem Schutzalter unter Studierenden in Chile und der Türkei empirisch zu untersuchen. Das dritte Ziel war schließlich die Durchführung von interkulturellen Analysen, um Pfade zu Viktimisierung und Ausübung anhand eines längsschnittlichen Designs zu überprüfen. Methode: Es wurde ein geschlechterinklusiver Ansatz verfolgt, wobei Männer und Frauen sowohl als potentielle Opfer als auch Täter*innen betrachtet wurden. Für die systematischen Reviews wurden mehrstufige Literaturrecherchen durchgeführt. Basierend auf einem vordefinierten Satz an Auswahlkriterien wurden insgesamt 28 Studien für Chile und 56 Studien für die Türkei identifiziert. Weiterhin wurde eine Längsschnittstudie mit zwei Messzeitpunkten durchgeführt, um sowohl die Prävalenz als auch Prädiktoren sexueller Aggression unter Studierenden in Chile und der Türkei zu untersuchen. Selbstberichte über Viktimisierung und Ausübung sexueller Aggression wurden mittels einer spanischen bzw. türkischen Version der Sexual Aggression and Victimization Scale erhoben. Zwei Pfadmodelle wurden konzipiert, in denen riskante Skripts für konsensuelle Sexualkontakte, riskantes Sexualverhalten, sexuelles Selbstwertgefühl, sexuelle Assertivität und Religiosität zu T1 erfasst wurden und als Prädiktoren für Viktimisierung und Ausübung sexueller Aggression in den folgenden 12 Monaten (T2) verwendet wurden, jeweils mediiert durch vergangene Viktimisierung bzw. Ausübung sexueller Aggression. Die Modelle unterschieden sich darin, dass für sexuelle Assertivität unterschiedliche Funktionen für Viktimisierung (Ablehnungsassertivität negativ mit Viktimisierung assoziiert) und Ausübung sexueller Aggression (Initiierungsassertivität positiv mit Ausübung assoziiert) angenommen wurden. Ergebnisse: Die beiden Reviews zeigten, dass Viktimisierung von allen berücksichtigten Studien untersucht wurde, wohingegen kaum Daten zur Ausübung von sexueller Aggression vorlagen. Eine große Heterogenität wurde bei den Viktimisierungsraten, aber auch bei den Prädiktoren festgestellt, was vor allem auf mangelnde konzeptionelle und methodische Konsistenz zwischen den Studien zurückgeführt werden kann. In Bezug auf die Originaldaten zur Prävalenz in Chile zeigte sich, dass 51.9% der Frauen und 48.0% der Männer Viktimisierung angaben. Die Prävalenzraten zur Ausübung lagen bei 26.8% unter Männern und 16.5% unter Frauen. In den türkischen Originaldaten wurde Viktimisierung von 77.6% der Frauen und 65.5% der Männer berichtet. Niedigere Raten wurden erneut für die Ausübung gefunden: 28.9% der Männer und 14.2% der Frauen in der Türkei gaben mindestens einen sexuell aggressiven Übergriff an. Die interkulturellen Analysen zeigten, dass riskante sexuelle Skripts mit einem riskanteren Sexualverhalten assoziiert waren und dadurch indirekt die Wahrscheinlichkeit von Viktimisierung und Ausübung zu T2 in beiden Stichproben erhöhten. Riskantere sexuelle Skripts waren weiterhin mit einer geringeren Ablehnungsassertivität in beiden Stichproben assoziiert, was die Vulnerabilität für Viktimisierung zu T2 indirekt erhöhte. Höheres sexuelles Selbstwertgefühl verringerte die Wahrscheinlichkeit sexueller Viktimisierung zu T2 durch eine höhere Ablehnungsassertivität sowie durch weniger riskantes Sexualverhalten in beiden Stichproben, wohingegen die Wahrscheinlichkeit für Ausübung zu T2 durch eine höhere Initiierungsassertivität größer wurde, allerdings nur in der türkischen Stichprobe. Darüber hinaus verminderte höhere Religiosität die Wahrscheinlichkeit von Viktimisierung und Ausübung zu T2 über weniger riskante sexuelle Skripts und weniger riskantes Sexualverhalten in beiden Stichproben. In der chilenischen Stichprobe wurde die Vulnerabilität für Viktimisierung durch weniger riskante sexuelle Skripts und höhere Ablehnungsassertivität verringert. Hingegen erhöhte sich in der türkischen Stichprobe die Wahrscheinlichkeit für Viktimisierung und Ausübung durch ein niedrigeres sexuelles Selbstwertgefühl. Konklusion: Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sexuelle Aggression sowohl in Chile als auch in der Türkei ein weit verbreitetes Problem darstellt. Sie bereichern die internationale Wissensbasis mit interkultureller Evidenz und weisen auf die Notwendigkeit hin, politische Maßnahmen und Präventionsstrategien zu implementieren. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen der prospektiven Analysen werden konkrete Implikationen für Interventionsstrategien diskutiert. KW - Sexual Aggression KW - Prevalence KW - Risk and Vulnerability Factors KW - Chile KW - Turkey KW - Sexuelle Aggression KW - Prävalenz KW - Risiko- und Vulnerabilitätsfaktoren KW - Chile KW - Türkei Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-413897 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Moreno, Marcelo Spegiorin A1 - Melnick, Daniel A1 - Rosenau, M. A1 - Bolte, John A1 - Klotz, Jan A1 - Echtler, Helmut Peter A1 - Báez, Juan Carlos A1 - Bataille, Klaus A1 - Chen, J. A1 - Bevis, M. A1 - Hase, H. A1 - Oncken, Onno T1 - Heterogeneous plate locking in the South-Central Chile subduction zone building up the next great earthquake JF - Earth & planetary science letters N2 - We use Global Positioning System (GPS) velocities and kinematic Finite Element models (FE-models) to infer the state of locking between the converging Nazca and South America plates in South-Central Chile (36 degrees S -46 degrees S) and to evaluate its spatial and temporal variability. GPS velocities provide information on earthquake-cycle deformation over the last decade in areas affected by the megathrust events of 1960 (M-w = 9.5) and 2010 (M-w = 8.8). Our data confirm that a change in surface velocity patterns of these two seismotectonic segments can be related to their different stages in the seismic cycle: Accordingly, the northern (2010) segment was in a final stage of interseismic loading whereas the southern (1960) segment is still in a postseismic stage and undergoes a prolonged viscoelastic mantle relaxation. After correcting the signals for mantle relaxation, the residual GPS velocity pattern suggests that the plate interface accumulates slip deficit in a spatially and presumably temporally variable way towards the next great event. Though some similarity exist between locking and 1960 coseismic slip, extrapolating the current, decadal scale slip deficit accumulation towards the similar to 300-yr recurrence times of giant events here does neither yield the slip distribution nor the moment magnitude of the 1960 earthquake. This suggests that either the locking pattern is evolving in time (to reconcile a slip deficit distribution similar to the 1960 earthquake) or that some asperities are not persistent over multiple events. The accumulated moment deficit since 1960 suggests that highly locked patches in the 1960 segment are already capable of producing a M similar to 8 event if triggered to fail by stress transfer from the 2010 event. KW - GPS KW - Chile KW - Maule KW - locking degree KW - postseismic deformation KW - earthquake cycle Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.03.025 SN - 0012-821X VL - 305 IS - 3-4 SP - 413 EP - 424 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Moreno, Marcelo Spegiorin A1 - Melnick, Daniel A1 - Rosenau, M. A1 - Báez, Juan Carlos A1 - Klotz, Jan A1 - Oncken, Onno A1 - Tassara, Andres A1 - Chen, J. A1 - Bataille, Klaus A1 - Bevis, M. A1 - Socquet, Anne A1 - Bolte, John A1 - Vigny, C. A1 - Brooks, B. A1 - Ryder, I. A1 - Grund, Volker A1 - Smalley, B. A1 - Carrizo, Daniel A1 - Bartsch, M. A1 - Hase, H. T1 - Toward understanding tectonic control on the M-w 8.8 2010 Maule Chile earthquake JF - Earth & planetary science letters N2 - The Maule earthquake of 27th February 2010 (M-w = 8.8) affected similar to 500 km of the Nazca-South America plate boundary in south-central Chile producing spectacular crustal deformation. Here, we present a detailed estimate of static coseismic surface offsets as measured by survey and continuous GPS, both in near- and far-field regions. Earthquake slip along the megathrust has been inferred from a Joint inversion of our new data together with published GPS, InSAR, and land-level changes data using Green's functions generated by a spherical finite-element model with realistic subduction zone geometry. The combination of the data sets provided a good resolution, indicating that most of the slip was well resolved. Coseismic slip was concentrated north of the epicenter with up to 16 m of slip, whereas to the south it reached over 10 m within two minor patches. A comparison of coseismic slip with the slip deficit accumulated since the last great earthquake in 1835 suggests that the 2010 event closed a mature seismic gap. Slip deficit distribution shows an apparent local overshoot that highlight cycle-to-cycle variability, which has to be taken into account when anticipating future events from interseismic observations. Rupture propagation was obviously not affected by bathymetric features of the incoming plate. Instead, splay faults in the upper plate seem to have limited rupture propagation in the updip and along-strike directions. Additionally, we found that along-strike gradients in slip are spatially correlated with geometrical inflections of the megathrust. Our study suggests that persistent tectonic features may control strain accumulation and release along subduction megathrusts. KW - GPS KW - Chile KW - Maule KW - slip model KW - FEM Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.01.006 SN - 0012-821X VL - 321 IS - 3 SP - 152 EP - 165 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Melnick, Daniel A1 - Cisternas, Marco A1 - Moreno, Marcos A1 - Norambuena, Ricardo T1 - Estimating coseismic coastal uplift with an intertidal mussel calibration for the 2010 Maule Chile earthquake (M-w=8.8) JF - Quaternary science reviews : the international multidisciplinary research and review journal N2 - Coseismic coastal uplift has been quantified using sessile intertidal organisms after several great earthquakes following FitzRoy's pioneer measurements in 1835. A dense survey of such markers may complement space geodetic data to obtain an accurate distribution of fault slip and earthquake segmentation. However, uplift estimates based on diverse intertidal organisms tend to differ, because of few methodological and comparative studies. Here, we calibrate and estimate coastal uplift in the southern segment of the 2010 Maule, Chile earthquake (M-w = 8.8) using > 1100 post-earthquake elevation measurements of the sessile mussel Perumytilus purpuratus. This mussel is the predominant competitor for rocky shores all along the Pacific coast of South America, where it forms fringes or belts distinctively in the middle intertidal zone. These belts are centered at mean sea level and their width should equal one third of the tidal range. We measured belt widths close to this value at 40% of the sites, but overall widths are highly variable due to the unevenness in belt tops; belt bases, in turn, are rather regular. Belt top unevenness apparently results from locally-enhanced wave splash, whereas belt base evenness is controlled by predation. According to our measurements made beyond the earthquake rupture, the belt base is at the bottom of the middle intertidal zone, and thus we propose to estimate coastal uplift using the belt base mean elevation plus one sixth of the tidal range to reach mean sea level. Within errors our estimates agree with GPS displacements but differ from other methods. Comparisons of joint inversions for megathrust slip suggest combining space geodetic data with estimates from intertidal organisms may locally increase the detail of slip distributions. KW - Coastal uplift KW - Maule earthquake KW - Chile KW - Intertidal organisms KW - Perumytilus mussels KW - Slip distribution Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.03.012 SN - 0277-3791 VL - 42 IS - 5 SP - 29 EP - 42 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER -