TY - JOUR A1 - Reifegerste, Jana T1 - The effects of aging on bilingual language BT - what changes, what doesn't, and why JF - Bilingualism : language and cognition N2 - Substantial research has examined cognition in aging bilinguals. However, less work has investigated the effects of aging on language itself in bilingualism. In this article I comprehensively review prior research on this topic, and interpret the evidence in light of current theories of aging and theories of bilingualism. First, aging indeed appears to affect bilinguals' language performance, though there is considerable variability in the trajectory across adulthood (declines, age-invariance, and improvements) and in the extent to which these trajectories resemble those found in monolinguals. I argue that these age effects are likely explained by the key opposing forces of increasing experience and cognitive declines in aging. Second, consistent with some theoretical work on bilingual language processing, the grammatical processing mechanisms do not seem to change between younger and older bilingual adults, even after decades of immersion. I conclude by discussing how future research can further advance the field. KW - aging KW - bilingualism KW - second language KW - lexical processing KW - grammatical KW - processing Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728920000413 SN - 1366-7289 SN - 1469-1841 VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 17 PB - Cambridge Univ. Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - THES A1 - Farhy, Yael T1 - Universals and particulars in morphology T1 - Universalien und Einzelheiten in der Morphologie BT - processing and generalization in native and non-native speakers of Hebrew BT - Verarbeitung und Generalisierung bei hebräischen Muttersprachlern und Nicht-Muttersprachlern N2 - For many years, psycholinguistic evidence has been predominantly based on findings from native speakers of Indo-European languages, primarily English, thus providing a rather limited perspective into the human language system. In recent years a growing body of experimental research has been devoted to broadening this picture, testing a wide range of speakers and languages, aiming to understanding the factors that lead to variability in linguistic performance. The present dissertation investigates sources of variability within the morphological domain, examining how and to what extent morphological processes and representations are shaped by specific properties of languages and speakers. Firstly, the present work focuses on a less explored language, Hebrew, to investigate how the unique non-concatenative morphological structure of Hebrew, namely a non-linear combination of consonantal roots and vowel patterns to form lexical entries (L-M-D + CiCeC = limed ‘teach’), affects morphological processes and representations in the Hebrew lexicon. Secondly, a less investigated population was tested: late learners of a second language. We directly compare native (L1) and non-native (L2) speakers, specifically highly proficient and immersed late learners of Hebrew. Throughout all publications, we have focused on a morphological phenomenon of inflectional classes (called binyanim; singular: binyan), comparing productive (class Piel, e.g., limed ‘teach’) and unproductive (class Paal, e.g., lamad ‘learn’) verbal inflectional classes. By using this test case, two psycholinguistic aspects of morphology were examined: (i) how morphological structure affects online recognition of complex words, using masked priming (Publications I and II) and cross-modal priming (Publication III) techniques, and (ii) what type of cues are used when extending morpho-phonological patterns to novel complex forms, a process referred to as morphological generalization, using an elicited production task (Publication IV). The findings obtained in the four manuscripts, either published or under review, provide significant insights into the role of productivity in Hebrew morphological processing and generalization in L1 and L2 speakers. Firstly, the present L1 data revealed a close relationship between productivity of Hebrew verbal classes and recognition process, as revealed in both priming techniques. The consonantal root was accessed only in the productive class (Piel) but not the unproductive class (Paal). Another dissociation between the two classes was revealed in the cross-modal priming, yielding a semantic relatedness effect only for Paal but not Piel primes. These findings are taken to reflect that the Hebrew mental representations display a balance between stored undecomposable unstructured stems (Paal) and decomposed structured stems (Piel), in a similar manner to a typical dual-route architecture, showing that the Hebrew mental lexicon is less unique than previously claimed in psycholinguistic research. The results of the generalization study, however, indicate that there are still substantial differences between inflectional classes of Hebrew and other Indo-European classes, particularly in the type of information they rely on in generalization to novel forms. Hebrew binyan generalization relies more on cues of argument structure and less on phonological cues. Secondly, clear L1/L2 differences were observed in the sensitivity to abstract morphological and morpho-syntactic information during complex word recognition and generalization. While L1 Hebrew speakers were sensitive to the binyan information during recognition, expressed by the contrast in root priming, L2 speakers showed similar root priming effects for both classes, but only when the primes were presented in an infinitive form. A root priming effect was not obtained for primes in a finite form. These patterns are interpreted as evidence for a reduced sensitivity of L2 speakers to morphological information, such as information about inflectional classes, and evidence for processing costs in recognition of forms carrying complex morpho-syntactic information. Reduced reliance on structural information cues was found in production of novel verbal forms, when the L2 group displayed a weaker effect of argument structure for Piel responses, in comparison to the L1 group. Given the L2 results, we suggest that morphological and morphosyntactic information remains challenging for late bilinguals, even at high proficiency levels. N2 - Diese Dissertation untersucht, wie die morphologische Verarbeitung und Generalisierung von der Sprache und den Sprechern beeinflusst werden. Die Arbeit fokussiert sich auf die hebräische Sprache und analysiert, wie ihre ungewöhnliche, nicht-verkettende morphologische Struktur, die die Kombination von Wurzelkonsonanten und Vokalmustern umfasst (z. B. L-M-D + CiCeC = limed ‚beibringen‘), die Organisation von komplexen Repräsentationen im mentalen Lexikon beeinflusst. Dieser Aspekt wird im Hinblick auf zwei Sprechergruppen betrachtet: hebräische Muttersprachler und Nicht-Muttersprachler, die aber ein hohes Sprachniveau erworben haben. Alle vier Publikationen der Dissertation behandeln das morphologische Phänomen von Flexionsklassen in Verben (auf Hebräisch: binyanim) und vergleichen eine produktive Klasse und eine unproduktive Klasse mithilfe von empirischen Methoden wie Worterkennung mit Priming und Produktion von neuartigen Wörtern. Die Ergebnisse zeigten erstens eine enge Verbindung zwischen der Produktivität einer Klasse und Worterkennungsprozessen, wie dies auch in anderen indoeuropäischen Sprachen der Fall ist, in denen die Erkennung von produktiven morphologischen Schemata (z. B. gefragt) durch eine Dekomposition von Wortbestandteilen ausgeführt wird. Die Erkennung von unproduktiven morphologischen Schemata (z. B., geschlafen) wird jedoch nicht durch eine Dekomposition ausgeführt. In Bezug darauf ergaben die Ergebnisse der Produktionsstudie jedoch, dass es einen Unterschied zwischen dem hebräischen und indoeuropäischen Sprachen gibt, besonders in der Art der Information, auf die die Sprecher sich verlassen, wenn sie neue Wörter formulieren. In einem zweiten Ergebnis wurden bedeutende Unterschiede zwischen Muttersprachlern und Nicht-Muttersprachlern hinsichtlich Worterkennung und Produktion beobachtet. Beide Experimente wiesen eine eingeschränkte Sensitivität der Nicht-Muttersprachler für abstrakte morphologische und morpho-syntaktische Informationen nach. KW - psycholinguistics KW - morphology KW - Hebrew KW - second language KW - Psycholinguistik KW - Morphologie KW - Hebräisch KW - Nicht-Muttersprachler Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-470033 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kühne, Katharina A1 - Gianelli, Claudia T1 - Is Embodied Cognition Bilingual? BT - current evidence and perspectives of the embodied cognition approach to bilingual language processing JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Accumulating behavioral and neurophysiological evidence supports the idea of language being grounded in sensorimotor processes, with indications of a functional role of motor, sensory and emotional systems in processing both concrete and abstract linguistic concepts. However, most of the available studies focused on native language speakers (L1), with only a limited number of investigations testing embodied language processing in the case of a second language (L2). In this paper we review the available evidence on embodied effects in L2 and discuss their possible integration into existing models of linguistic processing in L1 and L2. Finally, we discuss possible avenues for future research towards an integrated model of L1 and L2 sensorimotor and emotional grounding. KW - embodied language KW - grounding KW - sensorimotor KW - native language KW - second language Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00108 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 10 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Schroeder, Christoph A1 - Schellhardt, Christin A1 - Akinci, Mehmet-Ali A1 - Dollnick, Meral A1 - Dux, Ginesa A1 - Gülbeyaz, Esin Işıl A1 - Jähnert, Anne A1 - Koç-Gültürk, Ceren A1 - Kühmstedt, Patrick A1 - Kuhn, Florian A1 - Mezger, Verena A1 - Pfaff, Carol A1 - Ürkmez, Betül Sena ED - Schroeder, Christoph ED - Schellhardt, Christin T1 - MULTILIT BT - manual, criteria of transcription and analysis for German, Turkish and English N2 - This paper presents an overview of the linguistic analyses developed in the MULTILIT project and the processing of the oral and written texts collected. The project investigates the language abilities of multilingual children and adolescents, in particular, those who have Turkish and/or Kurdish as a mother tongue. A further aim of the project is to examine from a psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic perspective the extent to which competence in academic registers is achieved on the basis of the languages spoken by the children, including the language(s) spoken at the home, the language of the country of residence and the first foreign language. To be able to examine these questions using corpus linguistic parameters, we created categories of analysis in MULTILIT. The data collection comprises texts from bilingual and monolingual children and adolescents in Germany in their first language Turkish, their second language German und their foreign language English. Pupils aged between nine and twenty years of age produced monologue oral and written texts in the two genres of narrative and discursive. On the basis of these samples, we examine linguistic features such as lexical expression (lexical density, lexical diversity), syntactic complexity (syntactic and discursive packaging) as well as phonology in the oral texts and orthography in the written texts, with the aim of investigating the pupils’ growing mastery of these features in academic and informal registers. To this end the raw data have been transcribed by the use of transcription conventions developed especially for the needs of the MULTILIT data. They are based on the commonly used HIAT and GAT transcription conventions and supplemented with conventions that provide additional information such as features at the graphic level. The categories of analysis comprise a large number of linguistic categories such as word classes, syntax, noun phrase complexity, complex verbal morphology, direct speech and text structures. We also annotate errors and norm deviations at a wide range of levels (orthographic, morphological, lexical, syntactic and textual). In view of the different language systems, these criteria are considered separately for all languages investigated in the project. N2 - Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt eine Übersicht der linguistischen Analysen dar, die im Rahmen des MULTILIT Projektes entwickelt wurden. Darüber hinaus wird die Aufbereitung der erhobenen mündlichen und schriftlichen Texte vorgestellt. Das Projekt betrachtet die sprachlichen Fähigkeiten multilingualer Kinder und Jugendlicher, insbesondere mit der Muttersprache Türkisch und/oder Kurdisch. Ein weiteres Ziel des Projektes ist die Untersuchung der Entwicklung eines akademischen Registers der Sprachen der Kinder, d.h. der zu Hause gesprochenen Sprache(n), der Sprache des Aufenthaltslandes und der ersten Fremdsprache unter psycholinguistischen und soziolinguistischen Gesichtspunkten. Zur Untersuchung dieser Forschungsfragen unter korpuslinguistischen Parametern wurden in MULTILIT Analysekriterien entwickelt. Die Datenerhebung umfasst Texte bilingualer und monolingualer Kinder und Jugendlicher in ihrer Erstsprache Türkisch, ihrer Zweitsprache Deutsch sowie ihrer ersten Fremdsprache Englisch. Schüler im Alter von 9 bis 20 Jahren haben sowohl mündliche als auch schriftliche monologische Texte in zwei Genres produziert – erzählend und erörternd. Basierend auf diese Daten untersuchen wir linguistische Bereiche wie lexikalischer Ausdruck (lexikalische Dichte, lexikalische Vielfalt), syntaktische Komplexität (syntaktische und diskursive Verdichtung) sowie Phonologie in den mündlichen Texten und Orthographie in den schriftlichen Texten mit dem Ziel, die wachsende Beherrschung dieser Bereiche in akademischen und informellen Registern durch die Schüler zu untersuchen. Dafür wurden die Rohdaten mit Transkriptionskonventionen verarbeitet, die speziell auf die Bedürfnisse des MULTILIT Projektes zugeschnitten sind. Sie basieren auf den weit verbreiteten Transkriptionskonventionen HIAT und GAT und wurden durch Konventionen erweitert, die zusätzliche Informationen, beispielsweise auf graphischer Ebene, festhalten. Die Analysekategorien umfassen zahlreiche linguistische Kategorien, wie Wortarten, Syntax, Nominalphrasenkomplexität, komplexe Verbalmorphologie, direkte Rede und Textstrukturen. Außerdem annotieren wir Fehler und Normabweichungen auf allen zahlreichen Ebenen (orthographisch, morphologisch, lexikalisch, syntaktisch und textuell). Aufgrund der verschiedenen Sprachsysteme werden diese Analysekategorien für alle im Projekt untersuchten Sprachen gesondert betrachtet. KW - bilingualism KW - child KW - German KW - German lessons KW - migration KW - multilingualism KW - second language KW - Turkish KW - writing ability KW - written language acquisition KW - DaZ KW - Deutsch KW - Deutschunterricht KW - Kind KW - Mehrsprachigkeit KW - Schreiben KW - Schreibfähigkeit KW - Schriftsprache KW - Schriftspracherwerb KW - Sprachförderung KW - Türkisch KW - Zweitsprache Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-80390 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Clahsen, Harald A1 - Gerth, Sabrina A1 - Heyer, Vera A1 - Schott, Esther T1 - Morphology constrains native and non-native word formation in different ways Evidence from plurals inside compounds JF - The mental lexicon N2 - The role of morphological and syntactic information in non-native second language (L2) comprehension is controversial. Some have argued that late bilinguals rapidly integrate grammatical cues with other information sources during reading or listening in the same way as native speakers. Others claim that structural cues are underused in L2 processing. We examined different kinds of modifiers inside compounds (e.g. singulars vs. plurals, *rat eater vs. rats eater) with respect to this controversy which are subject to both structural and nonstructural constraints. Two offline and two online (eye-movement) experiments were performed examining the role of these constraints in spoken language comprehension of English and German, testing 77 advanced L2 learners. We also compared the L2 groups to corresponding groups of native speakers. Our results suggest that despite native-like sensitivity to the compounding constraints, late bilinguals rely more on non-structural constraints and are less able to revise their initial interpretations than L1 comprehenders. KW - morphological processing KW - compounding KW - visual world paradigm KW - eye movement KW - bilingualism KW - second language Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1075/ml.10.1.03cla SN - 1871-1340 SN - 1871-1375 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 53 EP - 87 PB - Benjamins CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - GEN A1 - Pan, Hui-Yu A1 - Schimke, Sarah A1 - Felser, Claudia T1 - Referential context effects in non-native relative clause ambiguity resolution T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - We report the results from two experiments investigating how referential context information affects native and non-native readers’ interpretation of ambiguous relative clauses in sentences such as The journalist interviewed the assistant of the inspector who was looking very serious. The preceding discourse context was manipulated such that it provided two potential referents for either the first (the assistant) or the second (the inspector) of the two noun phrases that could potentially host the relative clause, thus biasing towards either an NP1 or an NP2 modification reading. The results from an offline comprehension task indicate that both native English speakers’ and German and Chinese-speaking ESL learners’ ultimate interpretation preferences were reliably influenced by the type of referential context. In contrast, in a corresponding self-paced-reading task we found that referential context information modulated only the non-native participants’ disambiguation preferences but not the native speakers’. Our results corroborate and extend previous findings suggesting that non-native comprehenders’ initial analysis of structurally ambiguous input is strongly influenced by biasing discourse information. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 398 KW - second language KW - sentence processing KW - ambiguity resolution KW - referential context KW - relative clause KW - self-paced reading Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-404785 IS - 398 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kirkici, Bilal A1 - Clahsen, Harald T1 - Inflection and derivation in native and non-native language processing - masked priming experiments on Turkish JF - Bilingualism : language and cognition N2 - Much previous experimental research on morphological processing has focused on surface and meaning-level properties of morphologically complex words, without paying much attention to the morphological differences between inflectional and derivational processes. Realization-based theories of morphology, for example, assume specific morpholexical representations for derived words that distinguish them from the products of inflectional or paradigmatic processes. The present study reports results from a series of masked priming experiments investigating the processing of inflectional and derivational phenomena in native (L1) and non-native (L2) speakers in a non-Indo-European language, Turkish. We specifically compared regular (Aorist) verb inflection with deadjectival nominalization, both of which are highly frequent, productive and transparent in Turkish. The experiments demonstrated different priming patterns for inflection and derivation, specifically within the L2 group. Implications of these findings are discussed both for accounts of L2 morphological processing and for the controversial linguistic distinction between inflection and derivation. KW - morphological processing KW - second language KW - late bilinguals Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728912000648 SN - 1366-7289 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - 776 EP - 791 PB - Cambridge Univ. Press CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jacob, Gunnar A1 - Fleischhauer, Elisabeth A1 - Clahsen, Harald T1 - Allomorphy and affixation in morphological processing - a cross-modal priming study with late bilinguals JF - Bilingualism : language and cognition. N2 - This study presents results from a cross-modal priming experiment investigating inflected verb forms of German. A group of late learners of German with Russian as their native language (L1) was compared to a control group of German L1 speakers. The experiment showed different priming patterns for the two participant groups. The L1 German data yielded a stem-priming effect for inflected forms involving regular affixation and a partial priming effect for irregular forms irrespective of stem allomorphy. By contrast, the data from the late bilinguals showed reduced priming effects for both regular and irregular forms. We argue that late learners rely more on lexically stored inflected word forms during word recognition and less on morphological parsing than native speakers. KW - bilingual processing KW - morphological priming KW - second language KW - German morphology Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728913000291 SN - 1366-7289 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - 924 EP - 933 PB - Cambridge Univ. Press CY - New York ER - TY - GEN A1 - Jacob, Gunnar A1 - Fleischhauer, Elisabeth A1 - Clahsen, Harald T1 - Allomorphy and affixation in morphological processing BT - a cross-modal priming study with late bilinguals T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - This study presents results from a cross-modal priming experiment investigating inflected verb forms of German. A group of late learners of German with Russian as their native language (L1) was compared to a control group of German L1 speakers. The experiment showed different priming patterns for the two participant groups. The L1 German data yielded a stem-priming effect for inflected forms involving regular affixation and a partial priming effect for irregular forms irrespective of stem allomorphy. By contrast, the data from the late bilinguals showed reduced priming effects for both regular and irregular forms. We argue that late learners rely more on lexically stored inflected word forms during word recognition and less on morphological parsing than native speakers. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 532 KW - bilingual processing KW - morphological priming KW - second language KW - German morphology Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-415408 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 532 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kirkici, Bilal A1 - Clahsen, Harald T1 - Inflection and derivation in native and non-native language processing BT - masked priming experiments on Turkish T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Much previous experimental research on morphological processing has focused on surface and meaning-level properties of morphologically complex words, without paying much attention to the morphological differences between inflectional and derivational processes. Realization-based theories of morphology, for example, assume specific morpholexical representations for derived words that distinguish them from the products of inflectional or paradigmatic processes. The present study reports results from a series of masked priming experiments investigating the processing of inflectional and derivational phenomena in native (L1) and non-native (L2) speakers in a non-Indo-European language, Turkish. We specifically compared regular (Aorist) verb inflection with deadjectival nominalization, both of which are highly frequent, productive and transparent in Turkish. The experiments demonstrated different priming patterns for inflection and derivation, specifically within the L2 group. Implications of these findings are discussed both for accounts of L2 morphological processing and for the controversial linguistic distinction between inflection and derivation. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 512 KW - morphological processing KW - second language KW - late bilinguals Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-415664 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 512 ER -