TY - GEN A1 - Barth-Weingarten, Dagmar A1 - Ogden, Richard T1 - “Chunking” spoken language BT - Introducing weak cesuras T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Philosophische Reihe N2 - In this introductory paper to the special issue on “Weak cesuras in talk-in-interaction”, we aim to guide the reader into current work on the “chunking” of naturally occurring talk. It is conducted in the methodological frameworks of Conversation Analysis and Interactional Linguistics – two approaches that consider the interactional aspect of humans talking with each other to be a crucial starting point for its analysis. In doing so, we will (1) lay out the background of this special issue (what is problematic about “chunking” talk-in-interaction, the characteristics of the methodological approach chosen by the contributors, the cesura model), (2) highlight what can be gained from such a revised understanding of “chunking” in talk-in-interaction by referring to previous work with this model as well as the findings of the contributions to this special issue, and (3) indicate further directions such work could take starting from papers in this special issue. We hope to induce a fruitful exchange on the phenomena discussed, across methodological divides. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Philosophische Reihe - 174 KW - Conversation Analysis KW - Interactional Linguistics KW - prosody KW - phonetics KW - intonation units KW - talk-in-interaction KW - syntax KW - kinetics Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-536259 SN - 1866-8380 SP - 531 EP - 548 PB - Universität Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Barth-Weingarten, Dagmar A1 - Ogden, Richard T1 - “Chunking” spoken language BT - Introducing weak cesuras JF - Open linguistics N2 - In this introductory paper to the special issue on “Weak cesuras in talk-in-interaction”, we aim to guide the reader into current work on the “chunking” of naturally occurring talk. It is conducted in the methodological frameworks of Conversation Analysis and Interactional Linguistics – two approaches that consider the interactional aspect of humans talking with each other to be a crucial starting point for its analysis. In doing so, we will (1) lay out the background of this special issue (what is problematic about “chunking” talk-in-interaction, the characteristics of the methodological approach chosen by the contributors, the cesura model), (2) highlight what can be gained from such a revised understanding of “chunking” in talk-in-interaction by referring to previous work with this model as well as the findings of the contributions to this special issue, and (3) indicate further directions such work could take starting from papers in this special issue. We hope to induce a fruitful exchange on the phenomena discussed, across methodological divides. KW - Conversation Analysis KW - Interactional Linguistics KW - prosody KW - phonetics KW - intonation units KW - talk-in-interaction KW - syntax KW - kinetics Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/opli-2020-0173 SN - 2300-9969 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 531 EP - 548 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bauch, Marcel A1 - Krtitschka, Angela A1 - Linker, Torsten T1 - Photooxygenation of oxygen-substituted naphthalenes JF - Journal of physical organic chemistry N2 - The reaction of oxygen-substituted naphthalenes with singlet oxygen (O-1(2)) has been investigated, and labile endoperoxides have been isolated and characterized at -78 degrees C for the first time. Low-temperature kinetics by UV spectroscopy revealed that alkoxy and silyloxy substituents remarkably increase the rate of photooxygenations compared to 1,4-dimethylnaphthalene, whereas acyloxy-substituted acenes are inert towards O-1(2). The reactivities nicely correlate with HOMO energies and free activation energies, which we determined by density functional theory calculations. The lability of the isolated endoperoxides is due to their very fast back reaction to the corresponding naphthalenes even at -20 degrees C under release of O-1(2), making them to superior sources of this reactive species under very mild conditions. Finally, a carbohydrate-substituted naphthalene has been synthesized, which reacts reversibly with O-1(2) and might be applied for enantioselective oxidations in future work. KW - kinetics KW - labile peroxides KW - low-temperature experiments KW - naphthalenes KW - singlet oxygen Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/poc.3734 SN - 0894-3230 SN - 1099-1395 VL - 30 SP - 6803 EP - 6813 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - THES A1 - Sharma, Anjali T1 - Optical manipulation of multi-responsive microgels N2 - This dissertation focuses on the understanding of the optical manipulation of microgels dispersed in aqueous solution of azobenzene containing surfactant. The work consists of three parts where each part is a systematic investigation of the (1) photo-isomerization kinetics of the surfactant in complex with the microgel polymer matrix, (2) light driven diffusiosmosis (LDDO) in microgels and (3) photo-responsivity of microgel on complexation with spiropyran. The first part comprises three publications where the first one [P1] investigates the photo-isomerization kinetics and corresponding isomer composition at a photo-stationary state of the photo-sensitive surfactant conjugated with charged polymers or micro sized polymer networks to understand the structural response of such photo-sensitive complexes. We report that the photo-isomerization of the azobenzene-containing cationic surfactant is slower in a polymer complex compared to being purely dissolved in an aqueous solution. The surfactant aggregates near the polyelectrolyte chains at concentrations much lower than the bulk critical micelle concentration. This, along with the inhibition of the photo-isomerization kinetics due to steric hindrance within the densely packed aggregates, pushes the isomer-ratio to a higher trans-isomer concentration for all irradiation wavelengths. The second publication [P2] combines experimental results and non-adiabatic dynamic simulations for the same surfactant molecules embedded in the micelles with absorption spectroscopy measurements of micellar solutions to uncover the reasons responsible for the slowdown in photo induced trans → cis azobenzene isomerization at concentrations higher than the critical micelle concentration (CMC). The simulations reveal a decrease of isomerization quantum yields for molecules inside the micelles and observes a reduction of extinction coefficients upon micellization. These findings explain the deceleration of the trans → cis switching in micelles of the azobenzene-containing surfactants. Finally, the third publication [P3] focusses on the kinetics of adsorption and desorption of the same surfactant within anionic microgels in the dark and under continuous irradiation. Experimental data demonstrate, that microgels can serve as a selective absorber of the trans isomers. The interaction of the isomers with the gel matrix induces a remotely controllable collapse or swelling on appropriate irradiation wavelengths. Measuring the kinetics of the microgel size response and knowing the exact isomer composition under light exposure, we calculate the adsorption rate of the trans-isomers. The second part comprises two publications. The first publication [P4] reports on the phenomenon of light-driven diffusioosmotic (DO) long-range attractive and repulsive interactions between micro-sized objects, whose range extends several times the size of microparticles and can be adjusted to point towards or away from the particle by varying irradiation parameters such as intensity or wavelength of light. The phenomenon is fueled by the aforementioned photosensitive surfactant. The complex interaction of dynamic exchange of isomers and photo-isomerization rate yields to relative concentrations gradients of the isomers in the vicinity of micro-sized object inducing a local diffusioosmotic (DO) flow thereby making a surface act as a micropump. The second publication [P5] exclusively aims the visualization and investigation of the DO flows generated from microgels by using small tracer particles. Similar to micro sized objects, the flow is able to push adjacent tracers over distances several times larger than microgel size. Here we report that the direction and the strength of the l-LDDO depends on the intensity, irradiation wavelength and the amount of surfactant adsorbed by the microgel. For example, the flow pattern around a microgel is directed radially outward and can be maintained quasi-indefinitely under exposure at 455 nm when the trans:cis ratio is 2:1, whereas irradiation at 365 nm, generates a radially transient flow pattern, which inverts at lower intensities. Lastly, the third part consists of one publication [P6] which, unlike the previous works, reports on the study of the kinetics of photo- and thermo-switching of a new surfactant namely, spiropyran, upon exposure with light of different wavelengths and its interaction with p(NIPAM-AA) microgels. The surfactant being an amphiphile, switches between its ring closed spiropyran (SP) form and ring open merocyanine (MC) form which results in a change in the hydrophilic–hydrophobic balance of the surfactant as MC being a zwitterionic form along with the charged head group, generates three charges on the molecule. Therefore, the MC form of the surfactant is more hydrophilic than in the case of the neutral SP state. Here, we investigate the initial shrinkage of the gel particles via charge compensation on first exposure to SP molecules which results from the complex formation of the molecules with the gel matrix, triggering them to become photo responsive. The size and VPTT of the microgels during irradiation is shown to be a combination of heating up of the solution during light absorption by the surfactant (more pronounced in the case of UV irradiation) and the change in the hydrophobicity of the surfactant. N2 - Diese Dissertation befasst sich mit dem Verständnis der optischen Manipulation von Mikrogelen, die in einer wässrigen Lösung eines azobenzol-haltigen Tensides mit einer kationischen Kopfgruppe, welches licht-sensitiv ist, dispergiert sind. Die Arbeit besteht aus drei Teilen, wobei jeder Teil eine systematische Untersuchung der (1) Photoisomerisierungskinetik des Tensids im Komplex mit der Mikrogel-Polymermatrix, (2) einer daraus induzierten lokalen lichtinduzierten Diffusiosmose (eng. local light driven diffusio osmosis, l-LDDO) in der Nähe von Mikrogelen und (3) der photo-responsivität von Mikrogelen bei Komplexierung mit Spiropyran darstellt. Der erste Teil umfasst drei Veröffentlichungen, von denen die erste [P1] die Photoisomerisierungskinetik und die entsprechende Isomerenzusammensetzung im photostationären Zustand dieses Tensids in Komplex mit Polyelektrolyten oder mikroskopisch kleinen Polymernetzwerken untersucht. Dabei verläuft die trans-cis-Kinetik in einem Polymerkomplex langsamer als in reinen wässrigen Lösungen, da innerhalb der Polyelektrolytnetzwerken eine erhöhte Mizellisierungstendez des licht-schaltbare Tensides vorliegt. In einer Mizelle ist die geometrische Molekülstrukturänderung vom trans- zum cis-Isomer kinetisch durch sterische Hindernisse von dicht gepackten benachbarten Tensiden gehemmt und führt dazu, dass das Isomerverhältnis bei allen Bestrahlungswellenlängen zu höheren trans-Isomerkonzentration im photostationären Zustand verschoben sind. Diese experimentellen Ergebnisse werden in der zweiten Veröffentlichung [P2] mittels nicht-adiabatische dynamische Simulationen unterstützt, wobei die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Moleküle, welche einer Mizelle aggregiert sind, eine Abnahme der Isomerisierungsquantenausbeute mit einer gleichzeitigen Verringerung der Extinktionskoeffizienten die Verlangsamung der Kinetik bestätigen. Die dritte Veröffentlichung [P3] befasst sich mit der Kinetik des dynamischen Austauschverhalten desselben Tensids in anionischen Mikrogelen im Dunkeln aber auch unter kontinuierlicher Beleuchtung. Dabei kann die Größe des Mikrogeles bei geeigneten Beleuchtungswellenlängen zu einem lichtgesteuerten Kollaps oder Schwellen des Mikrogeles vollständig reversible induziert werden. Möglich ist dies, weil die Mikrogele als selektiver Absorber für die trans-Isomere dienen. Durch die Messung der Kinetik der Größenänderung des Mikrogels und die Kenntnis der kinetischen Daten aus den vorigen Publikationen wurde die Adsorptionsrate des trans-Isomere zum Mikrogel berechnet. Der zweite Teil umfasst zwei Veröffentlichungen. Der erste [P4] berichtet über das tiefere Verständnis der lokalen lichtinduzierten Diffusioosmose (l-LDDO) an verschiedenen Mikroobjekten, die abstoßende oder anziehende Ströme induzieren. Triebkraft dieses Mechanismus ist eine Verschiebung des cis-Isomerengleichgewichtes bei Beleuchtung und dessen resultierenden Konzentrationsgradienten der Isomere in der Nähe dieser Objekte, welche durch eine komplexe Wechselwirkung zwischen dem dynamischen Austausch von beiden Isomeren und einer unterschiedlichen Photo-Isomerisierungsrate an der Grenzfläche im Vergleich zum Kontinuum vorliegen. Stärke des l-LDDO hängt von typischen Lichtparameter (Intensität und Wellenlänge) und der Größe und Oberfläche der Mikropartikels ab. Unter geeigneten Bedingungen (hohe Lichtintensität) kann fast jede Oberfläche als Mikropumpe wirken. Die zweite Publikation [P5] befasst sich mit der Visualisierung und Untersuchung des l-LDDO von Mikrogelen unter Verwendung von kleinen Tracerpartikel. Ähnlich wie bei mikroskopisch kleinen Objekten können auch hier benachbarte Tracer über Entfernungen um ein Vielfaches größer als die Größe des Mikrogels bewegt werden. Die Richtung und die Stärke des l-LDDO hängt von der Intensität, der Wellenlänge der Bestrahlung und der Menge des vom Mikrogel adsorbierten Tensids ab. So ist beispielsweise das Strömungsmuster um ein Mikrogel radial nach außen gerichtet und kann bei einer Bestrahlung mit blauem Licht (455 nm) quasi unbegrenzt aufrechterhalten werden, während eine Bestrahlung mit UV-Licht (365 nm) mit niedrigen Intensitäten ein temporäres radial verlaufendes Strömungsmuster zum Mikrogel erzeugt. Schließlich besteht der dritte und letzte Teil dieser Dissertation aus einer Veröffentlichung [P6], die im Gegensatz zu den vorangegangenen Arbeiten über die Untersuchung der Kinetik des Photo- und Thermoschaltens eines Spiropyran basierten Tensides mit einer kationischen Kopfgruppe bei der Bestrahlung mit Licht verschiedener Wellenlängen und seiner Wechselwirkung mit Mikrogelen berichtet. Das Tensid wechselt zwischen seiner ringgeschlossenen Spiropyranform (SP) und seiner ringoffenen Merocyaninform (MC), was zu einer Änderung des hydrophilen/hydrophoben Gleichgewichts des Tensids führt. Die anfängliche Schrumpfung der Mikrogele bei der ersten Exposition gegenüber SP-Molekülen wurde untersucht, die auf einen Ladungsausgleich durch die Komplexierung der Moleküle mit der Gelmatrix zurückzuführen ist, wodurch das Mikrogel lichtempfindlich wird. Darüber hinaus wird gezeigt, dass die Temperatur des Größen- und Volumenphasenübergangs der Mikrogele unter Beleuchtung eine Kombination aus dem lichtinduzierten Austauschverhalten und der Erwärmung der Lösung durch die Lichtabsorption des Tensids ist, die unter UV-Bestrahlung besonders ausgeprägt ist. KW - optical manipulation KW - microgel KW - kinetics KW - surfactant KW - photo-isomerization KW - polymer KW - azobenzene KW - spectroscopy KW - microscopy Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - THES A1 - Albers, Nicole T1 - On the relevance of adhesion : applications to Saturn's rings T1 - Zur Relevanz von Teilchenadhäsion : Anwendung auf die Ringe des Saturn N2 - Since their discovery in 1610 by Galileo Galilei, Saturn's rings continue to fascinate both experts and amateurs. Countless numbers of icy grains in almost Keplerian orbits reveal a wealth of structures such as ringlets, voids and gaps, wakes and waves, and many more. Grains are found to increase in size with increasing radial distance to Saturn. Recently discovered "propeller" structures in the Cassini spacecraft data, provide evidence for the existence of embedded moonlets. In the wake of these findings, the discussion resumes about origin and evolution of planetary rings, and growth processes in tidal environments. In this thesis, a contact model for binary adhesive, viscoelastic collisions is developed that accounts for agglomeration as well as restitution. Collisional outcomes are crucially determined by the impact speed and masses of the collision partners and yield a maximal impact velocity at which agglomeration still occurs. Based on the latter, a self-consistent kinetic concept is proposed. The model considers all possible collisional outcomes as there are coagulation, restitution, and fragmentation. Emphasizing the evolution of the mass spectrum and furthermore concentrating on coagulation alone, a coagulation equation, including a restricted sticking probability is derived. The otherwise phenomenological Smoluchowski equation is reproduced from basic principles and denotes a limit case to the derived coagulation equation. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the relevance of adhesion to force-free granular gases and to those under the influence of Keplerian shear is investigated. Capture probability, agglomerate stability, and the mass spectrum evolution are investigated in the context of adhesive interactions. A size dependent radial limit distance from the central planet is obtained refining the Roche criterion. Furthermore, capture probability in the presence of adhesion is generally different compared to the case of pure gravitational capture. In contrast to a Smoluchowski-type evolution of the mass spectrum, numerical simulations of the obtained coagulation equation revealed, that a transition from smaller grains to larger bodies cannot occur via a collisional cascade alone. For parameters used in this study, effective growth ceases at an average size of centimeters. N2 - Seit ihrer Entdeckung im Jahre 1610 durch Galileo Galilei faszinieren die Ringe des Saturn sowohl Laien als auch Experten. Planetare Ringe finden sich in der Äquatorialebene aller vier Riesenplaneten unseres Sonnensystems und sind eines der eindruckvollsten Beispiele granularer Gase. Darunter gehören die Saturnringe zu den Bekanntesten. Sie bergen eine Vielzahl von Strukturen und erstrecken sich über mehr als 240 000 Kilometer, wobei sie weit weniger als 100 Meter dick sind. Unzählige kleinerer Körper bewegen sich auf leicht exzentrischen Kepler-ähnlichen Bahnen um den Zentralplaneten und bestehen dabei vorwiegend aus Eis. Die seit Juli 2004 im Orbit um den Saturn befindliche Raumsonde Cassini liefert atemberaubende Bilder und Daten, die nicht nur neue Erkenntnisse liefern, sondern auch alte Fragestellungen neu aufleben lassen. Dazu gehört z.B. die Frage nach dem Ursprung und den Entwicklungsstufen planetarer Ringe. Kürzlich, im äusseren A-Ring entdeckte Kleinmonde, deren Existenz schon viel früher postuliert wurde, weisen auf eventuell stattfindende Wachstumsprozesse hin. Da sich planetare Ringe jedoch hauptsächlich innerhalb der sogenannten Roche-Zone des jeweiligen Planeten befinden, ist ein effektives, allein auf gravitativen Wechselwirkungen beruhendes Größenwachstum nicht zu erwarten. Der Einfluß von Teilchenadhäsion auf diese Prozesse ist bis dato fraglich. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation ist ein Kontaktmodell für adhäsive, viskoelastische Binärstöße granularer Teilchen entwickelt worden, welches sowohl deren Agglomeration als auch Restitution gestattet. Chakateristisch für granulare Materie ist die dissipative Wechselwirkung der einzelnen Teilchen untereinander. Dieser Energieverlust wird gewöhnlich mittels des Restitutionskoeffizienten erfaßt, der das Verhältnis von Relativgeschwindigkeiten nach zu vor dem Stoß darstellt. Dieser Parameter ermöglicht es, Agglomeration und Restitution nicht nur qualitativ sondern auch quantitativ voneinander zu unterscheiden. Ferner ergibt sich eine maximale Impaktgeschwindigkeit, bei der eine Agglomeration noch immer möglich ist. Basierend auf der Existenz derartiger Grenzgeschwindigkeiten für Agglomeration und Fragmentation, wurde in dieser Dissertation ein selbstkonsistentes, kinetisches Strukturbildungsmodell vorgestellt und im Hinblick auf die Koagulation von Teilchen weitergehend untersucht. Eine Koagulationsgleichung, die einer eingeschränkten Haftwahrscheinlichkeit Rechnung trägt, ist analytisch hergeleitet worden. Aus ihr läßt sich die allgemein bekannte, aber ansonsten phenomenologische Smoluchowski Gleichung als ein Grenzfall ableiten, bei dem jeder mögliche Kontakt zur Koagulation führt. Qualitative und quantitative Untersuchungen der Relevanz von Adhäsion in kräftefreien und Kepler-gescherten Systemen beziehen sich auf die Stabilität von Zwei-Teilchen-Agglomeraten, die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines gegenseitigen "Einfangens" beider Teilchen, und die zeitliche Entwicklung der Größenverteilung unter Berücksichtigung der im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit eingeführten Kollisionsdynamik. Dabei ergab sich ein kritischer Abstand zum Zentralkörper, der das ansonsten in diesem Rahmen benutzte Roche Kriterium erweitert. Numerische Simulationen der vorgestellten Koagulationsgleichung zeigen deutlich, daß im Vergleich zu Smoluchowski-ähnlichem Verhalten, ein kollisionsbasiertes Wachstum von kleineren zu größeren Körpern nicht notwendigerweise auftritt. Lediglich Größen von Zentimetern konnten an dieser Stelle erreicht werden. Die Relevanz von adhäsiven Teilchenwechselwirkungen konnte damit nachgewiesen werden. Vermögen diese auch nicht für ein effektives Wachstum aufzukommen, so sind sie dennoch von Bedeutung für die kollektive Dynamik planetarer Ringe. KW - Saturn KW - Cassini KW - Adhäsion KW - Kinetik KW - Planetare Ringe KW - Roche Limit KW - Roche KW - Agglomeration KW - Kollisionsdynamik KW - planetary rings KW - Saturn KW - collision dynamics KW - adhesion KW - kinetics KW - kinetic Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-10848 ER - TY - THES A1 - Vacogne, Charlotte D. T1 - New synthetic routes towards well-defined polypeptides, morphologies and hydrogels T1 - Neue Syntheserouten zu wohldefinierten Polypeptiden, Morphologien und Hydrogelen N2 - Proteins are natural polypeptides produced by cells; they can be found in both animals and plants, and possess a variety of functions. One of these functions is to provide structural support to the surrounding cells and tissues. For example, collagen (which is found in skin, cartilage, tendons and bones) and keratin (which is found in hair and nails) are structural proteins. When a tissue is damaged, however, the supporting matrix formed by structural proteins cannot always spontaneously regenerate. Tailor-made synthetic polypeptides can be used to help heal and restore tissue formation. Synthetic polypeptides are typically synthesized by the so-called ring opening polymerization (ROP) of α-amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides (NCA). Such synthetic polypeptides are generally non-sequence-controlled and thus less complex than proteins. As such, synthetic polypeptides are rarely as efficient as proteins in their ability to self-assemble and form hierarchical or structural supramolecular assemblies in water, and thus, often require rational designing. In this doctoral work, two types of amino acids, γ-benzyl-L/D-glutamate (BLG / BDG) and allylglycine (AG), were selected to synthesize a series of (co)polypeptides of different compositions and molar masses. A new and versatile synthetic route to prepare polypeptides was developed, and its mechanism and kinetics were investigated. The polypeptide properties were thoroughly studied and new materials were developed from them. In particular, these polypeptides were able to aggregate (or self-assemble) in solution into microscopic fibres, very similar to those formed by collagen. By doing so, they formed robust physical networks and organogels which could be processed into high water-content, pH-responsive hydrogels. Particles with highly regular and chiral spiral morphologies were also obtained by emulsifying these polypeptides. Such polypeptides and the materials derived from them are, therefore, promising candidates for biomedical applications. N2 - Proteine, auch Polypeptide genannt, sind große Biomoleküle, die aus kleineren Aminosäuren bestehen. Diese sind zu langen Ketten miteinander verbunden, wie die Perlen auf einer Perlenkette. Sie werden in Zellen produziert, können in Tieren und Pflanzen gefunden werden und haben vielfältige Funktionen. Eine dieser Funktionen ist es, die umgebenen Zellen und Gewebe wie ein Gerüst zu stützen. Kollagen (welches in Haut, Knorpel, Sehnen und Knochen zu finden ist) und Keratin (welches in Haaren und Nägeln vorkommt) gehören zu diesen Strukturproteinen. Jedoch wenn ein Gewebe beschädigt ist, beispielsweise als Folge eines Unfalls, kann sich das Grundgerüst aus diesen Strukturproteinen manchmal nicht mehr selbst regenerieren. Maßgefertigte synthetische Polypeptide, können dafür verwendet werden, die Heilung und Wiederherstellung des Gewebes zu Unterstützen. Diese Polypeptide werden mit einer Reihe an chemischen Reaktionen synthetisiert, welche hauptsächlich darauf abzielen Aminosäuren miteinander zu verknüpfen. Synthetische Polypeptide sind weniger Komplex als die von Zellen hergestellten, natürlichen Polypeptide (Proteine). Während in den natürlichen Polypeptiden die Aminosäuren in einer von der DNA definierten Reihenfolge, welche als Sequenz bezeichnet wird, angeordnet sind, sind sie in synthetischen Polypeptiden zumeist zufällig verteilt. Die Konsequenz daraus ist, dass synthetische Polypeptide nicht immer so Leistungsfähig sind wie natürliche Proteine und ein durchdachtes Design benötigen. Zwei Aminosäuren wurden in dieser Dissertation sorgfältig ausgewählt und verwendet um eine Serie an Polypeptiden mit unterschiedlicher Zusammensetzung und Länge zu synthetisieren. Ein neuer und vielseitiger Syntheseweg wurde ebenfalls entwickelt und der zugrundeliegende Mechanismus untersucht. Die Polypeptide wurden gründlich analysiert und neue Materialien wurden aus ihnen entwickelt. In Lösung gebracht formten diese Fasern, ähnlich denen von Kollagen, welche sich wiederum zu robusten Netzwerken anordneten. Aus diesen Netzwerken ließen sich Hydrogele herstellen, welche in der Lage waren große Mengen an Wasser aufzunehmen. Diese Hydrogele wiederum stellen vielversprechende Kandidaten für biomedizinische Anwendungen dar. KW - polymer KW - chemistry KW - biomaterial KW - polymerization KW - kinetics KW - polypeptide KW - colloid KW - gelation KW - hydrogel KW - organogel KW - secondary structure KW - physical KW - NCA KW - N-carboxyanhydride KW - Polymer KW - Chemie KW - Biomaterial KW - Polymerisation KW - Kinetik KW - Polypeptid KW - Kolloid KW - Gelieren KW - Hydrogel KW - Organogel KW - Sekundärstruktur KW - physikalisch KW - NCA KW - N-carboxyanhydrid Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-396366 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gu, Sasa A1 - Risse, Sebastian A1 - Lu, Yan A1 - Ballauff, Matthias T1 - Mechanism of the oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine catalyzed by peroxidase-like Pt nanoparticles immobilized in spherical polyelectrolyte brushes BT - a kinetic study JF - ChemPhysChem N2 - Experimental and kinetic modelling studies are presented to investigate the mechanism of 3,3 ',5,5 '-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) oxidation by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) catalyzed by peroxidase-like Pt nanoparticles immobilized in spherical polyelectrolyte brushes (SPB-Pt). Due to the high stability of SPB-Pt colloidal, this reaction can be monitored precisely in situ by UV/VIS spectroscopy. The time-dependent concentration of the blue-colored oxidation product of TMB expressed by different kinetic models was used to simulate the experimental data by a genetic fitting algorithm. After falsifying the models with abundant experimental data, it is found that both H2O2 and TMB adsorb on the surface of Pt nanoparticles to react, indicating that the reaction follows the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism. A true rate constant k, characterizing the rate-determining step of the reaction and which is independent on the amount of catalysts used, is obtained for the first time. Furthermore, it is found that the product adsorbes strongly on the surface of nanoparticles, thus inhibiting the reaction. The entire analysis provides a new perspective to study the catalytic mechanism and evaluate the catalytic activity of the peroxidase-like nanoparticles. KW - kinetics KW - nanoparticles KW - reaction mechanisms KW - spherical polyelectrolyte KW - brushes KW - UV KW - vis spectroscopy Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.201901087 SN - 1439-4235 SN - 1439-7641 VL - 21 IS - 5 SP - 450 EP - 458 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Khajooei, Mina A1 - Wochatz, Monique A1 - Baritello, Omar A1 - Mayer, Frank T1 - Effects of shoes on children’s fundamental motor skills performance JF - Footwear science : official journal of the Footwear Biomechanics Group N2 - Progression or impediment of fundamental motor skills performance (FMSP) in children depends on internal and environmental factors. Shoes as an environmental constraint are believed to affect these movements as children showed to perform qualitatively better with sports shoes than flip-flop sandals. However, locomotor performance assessments based on biomechanical variables are limited. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to assess the biomechanical effects of wearing shoes while performing fundamental motor skills in children. Barefoot and shod conditions were tested in healthy children between the age of 4 and 7 years. They were asked to perform basic and advanced motor skills including double-leg stance, horizontal jumps, walking as well as counter-movement jumps, single-leg stance and sprinting. Postural control and ground reaction data were measured with two embedded force plates. A 3D motion capture system was used to analyse the spatiotemporal parameters of walking and sprinting. Findings showed that the parameters of single- and double-leg stance, horizontal and counter-movement jump did not differ between barefoot and shod conditions. Most of the spatiotemporal variables including cadence, stride length, stride time, and contact time of walking and sprinting were statistically different between the barefoot and shod conditions. Consequently, tested shoes did not change performance and biomechanics of postural control and jumping tasks; however, the spatiotemporal gait parameters indicate changes in walking and sprinting characteristics with shoes in children. KW - Spatiotemporal KW - kinetics KW - jumping KW - stability KW - gait Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/19424280.2019.1696895 SN - 1942-4280 SN - 1942-4299 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 55 EP - 62 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - Abingdon ER - TY - THES A1 - Partosch, Falko T1 - Computergestützte Analysen in der Toxikologie T1 - Computer-assisted analyses in toxicology BT - Anwendung von In-silico-Modellen und Nutzen in der Risikobewertung BT - application of in silico models and their use in risk assessment N2 - Im Rahmen der EU-weiten REACH-Verordnung haben Alternativmethoden zum Tierversuch in der Toxikologie an Bedeutung gewonnen. Die Alternativmethoden gliedern sich auf in In-vitro- und In-silico-Methoden. In dieser Dissertation wurden verschiedene Konzepte der In-silico-Toxikologie behandelt. Die bearbeiteten Themen reichen von quantitativen Strukturaktivitätsbeziehungen (QSAR) über eine neue Herangehensweise an das gängige Konzept zur Festlegung von Grenzwerten bis hin zu computerbasierten Modellierungen zum Alkohol- und Bisphenol-A-Stoffwechsel. Das Kapitel über QSAR befasst sich im Wesentlichen mit der Erstellung und Analyse einer Datenbank mit 878 Substanzen, die sich aus Tierversuchsstudien aus dem Archiv des Bundesinstituts für Risikobewertung zusammensetzt. Das Design wurde dabei an eine bereits bestehende Datenbank angepasst, um so einen möglichst großen Datenpool zu generieren. In der Analyse konnte u.a. gezeigt werden, dass Stoffe mit niedrigerem Molekulargewicht ein erhöhtes Potential für toxikologische Schäden aufwiesen als größere Moleküle. Mit Hilfe des sogenannten TTC-Konzepts können Grenzwerte für Stoffe geringer Exposition festgelegt werden, zu denen keine toxikologischen Daten zur Verfügung stehen. In dieser Arbeit wurden für die Stoffe dreier Datenbanken entsprechende Grenzwerte festgelegt. Es erfolgte zunächst eine gängige strukturbasierte Aufteilung der Substanzen in die Kategorien "nicht toxisch", "möglicherweise toxisch" und "eindeutig toxisch". Substanzen, die aufgrund ihrer Struktur in eine der drei Klassen eingeordnet werden, erhalten den entsprechenden Grenzwert. Da in die dritte Klasse auch Stoffe eingeordnet werden, deren Toxizität nicht bestimmbar ist, ist sie sehr groß. Daher wurden in dieser Arbeit die ersten beiden Klassen zusammengelgt, um einen größeren Datenpool zu ermöglichen. Eine weitere Neuerung umfasst die Erstellung eines internen Grenzwerts. Diese Vorgehensweise hat den Vorteil, dass der Expositionsweg herausgerechnet wird und somit beispielsweise Studien mit oraler Verabreichung mit Studien dermaler Verabreichung verglichen werden können. Mittels physiologisch basiertem kinetischem Modelling ist es möglich, Vorgänge im menschlichen Körper mit Hilfe spezieller Software nachzuvollziehen. Durch diese Vorgehensweise können Expositionen von Chemikalien simuliert werden. In einem Teil der Arbeit wurden Alkoholexpositionen von gestillten Neugeborenen simuliert, deren Mütter unmittelbar zuvor alkoholische Getränke konsumiert hatten. Mit dem Modell konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Expositionen des Kindes durchweg gering waren. Nach einem Glas Wein wurden Spitzenkonzentrationen im Blut von Neugeborenen von 0,0034 Promille ermittelt. Zum Vergleich wurde die Exposition durch ein für Säuglinge zugelassenes alkoholhaltiges pflanzliches Arzneimittel simuliert. Hier wurden Spitzenkonzentrationen von 0,0141 Promille erreicht. Daher scheinen Empfehlungen wie gelegentlicher Konsum ohne schädigende Wirkung auf das Kind wissenschaftlich fundiert zu sein. Ein weiteres Kinetik-Modell befasste sich mit dem Stoffwechsel von Bisphenol A. Teils widersprüchliche Daten zur Belastung mit BPA in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur führen wiederholt zu Anregungen, den Grenzwert der Chemikalie anzupassen. Die Funktionalität der am Metabolismus beteiligten Enzyme kann je nach Individuum unterschiedlich ausgeprägt sein. Mittels Modellings konnte hier gezeigt werden, dass dies maßgeblich dazu führt, dass sich berechnete Plasmaspiegel von Individuen bis zu 4,7-fach unterscheiden. Die Arbeit konnte somit einen Beitrag zur Nutzung und Weiterentwicklung von In-silico-Modellen für diverse toxikologische Fragestellungen leisten. N2 - In the last few years alternative methods to animal testing have gained in importance, particularly in the context of EU wide REACH legislation. The alternative methods are divided into in vitro and in silico methods. In this work, different concepts of in silico toxicology are discussed. The topics in this dissertation range from quantitative structure-activity relation- ships (QSAR) via a new approach to the common TTC concept to modeling of alcohol and bisphenol A metabolism. The chapter on QSAR is essentially concerned with the creation and analysis of a database of the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR). The design of the database has been adapted to the design of an existing database to gain a relative large pool of data. It was found for example that substances with lower molecular weight have increased potential for toxicologically relevant damage compared to larger molecules. The TTC concept allows the user to set thresholds for substances of low level exposure when no experimental toxicological data is available. In this work, thresholds were determined for the substances of three different databases. At first substances were identified by their structure and assigned to the categories “nontoxic”, “possibly toxic” and “significantly toxic”. Depending on the category in which an unknown substance is classified, the corresponding threshold applies for it. Since the allocation to com- mon Cramer classes is done very conservatively, substances are rarely assigned to the second class. For this reason, the chemicals of the second and the third class were merged here. A further new approach was the determination of an internal threshold. This allows to subtract out the route of exposure and to apply established thresholds of oral exposure to substances that are absorbed through the skin for example. Physiologically based kinetic modeling is used to simulate physiological processes in the human body and therefore allows to understand kinetic processes. As a result, exposures to chemicals after intake into the body can be simulated. In the first part it was tried to simulate alcohol exposure of breast-fed babies, if the nursing mother had previously consumed various alcoholic beverages. In the model, it was shown that exposure of the child was consistently low. Peak concentrations were 0.0034 per mill in a newborn after consuming of a glass of wine. For comparison the exposure by an approved alcoholic herbal medicine for the treatment of flatulence in infants was simulated. Here, the peak concentrations reached 0.0141 per mill. Therefore, the findings appear to prove recommendations like “occasional consumption without damaging effect on the child” to be scientifically justified. Another kinetics model focused on polymorphisms of bisphenol A metabolizing enzymes. Conflicting evidence in the scientific literature on measured BPA concentrations in the blood led to consideration whether the TDI of 0.05 mg/kg bw/day imposed by the EFSA has to be corrected. There are known polymorphisms of the primary metabolizing enzyme. Via modeling it could be shown that these polymorphisms lead to individual plasma levels which vary by the factors of 4.7. Thus, this work contributes to the development and use of in silico models for various toxicological problems. KW - QSAR KW - Toxikokinetik KW - TTC KW - PBTK KW - Modelling KW - in silico KW - QSAR KW - toxicology KW - TTC KW - PBTK KW - in silico KW - kinetics KW - alcohol KW - BPA KW - Bisphenol A KW - polymorphism KW - PBPK KW - Kinetik KW - Alkohol KW - BPA KW - Bisphenol A KW - Polymorphismus Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-82334 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Quarmby, Andrew A1 - Mönnig, Jamal A1 - Mugele, Hendrik A1 - Henschke, Jakob A1 - Kim, MyoungHwee A1 - Cassel, Michael A1 - Engel, Tilman T1 - Biomechanics and lower limb function are altered in athletes and runners with achilles tendinopathy compared with healthy controls: A systematic review T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Achilles tendinopathy (AT) is a debilitating injury in athletes, especially for those engaged in repetitive stretch-shortening cycle activities. Clinical risk factors are numerous, but it has been suggested that altered biomechanics might be associated with AT. No systematic review has been conducted investigating these biomechanical alterations in specifically athletic populations. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to compare the lower-limb biomechanics of athletes with AT to athletically matched asymptomatic controls. Databases were searched for relevant studies investigating biomechanics during gait activities and other motor tasks such as hopping, isolated strength tasks, and reflex responses. Inclusion criteria for studies were an AT diagnosis in at least one group, cross-sectional or prospective data, at least one outcome comparing biomechanical data between an AT and healthy group, and athletic populations. Studies were excluded if patients had Achilles tendon rupture/surgery, participants reported injuries other than AT, and when only within-subject data was available.. Effect sizes (Cohen's d) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for relevant outcomes. The initial search yielded 4,442 studies. After screening, twenty studies (775 total participants) were synthesised, reporting on a wide range of biomechanical outcomes. Females were under-represented and patients in the AT group were three years older on average. Biomechanical alterations were identified in some studies during running, hopping, jumping, strength tasks and reflex activity. Equally, several biomechanical variables studied were not associated with AT in included studies, indicating a conflicting picture. Kinematics in AT patients appeared to be altered in the lower limb, potentially indicating a pattern of “medial collapse”. Muscular activity of the calf and hips was different between groups, whereby AT patients exhibited greater calf electromyographic amplitudes despite lower plantar flexor strength. Overall, dynamic maximal strength of the plantar flexors, and isometric strength of the hips might be reduced in the AT group. This systematic review reports on several biomechanical alterations in athletes with AT. With further research, these factors could potentially form treatment targets for clinicians, although clinical approaches should take other contributing health factors into account. The studies included were of low quality, and currently no solid conclusions can be drawn. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 830 KW - achilles tendinopathy KW - biomechanics KW - neuromuscular KW - kinetics KW - electromyography KW - athletes KW - runners KW - kinematics Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-587603 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 830 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Quarmby, Andrew A1 - Mönnig, Jamal A1 - Mugele, Hendrik A1 - Henschke, Jakob A1 - Kim, MyoungHwee A1 - Cassel, Michael A1 - Engel, Tilman T1 - Biomechanics and lower limb function are altered in athletes and runners with achilles tendinopathy compared with healthy controls: A systematic review JF - Frontiers in Sports and Active Living N2 - Achilles tendinopathy (AT) is a debilitating injury in athletes, especially for those engaged in repetitive stretch-shortening cycle activities. Clinical risk factors are numerous, but it has been suggested that altered biomechanics might be associated with AT. No systematic review has been conducted investigating these biomechanical alterations in specifically athletic populations. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to compare the lower-limb biomechanics of athletes with AT to athletically matched asymptomatic controls. Databases were searched for relevant studies investigating biomechanics during gait activities and other motor tasks such as hopping, isolated strength tasks, and reflex responses. Inclusion criteria for studies were an AT diagnosis in at least one group, cross-sectional or prospective data, at least one outcome comparing biomechanical data between an AT and healthy group, and athletic populations. Studies were excluded if patients had Achilles tendon rupture/surgery, participants reported injuries other than AT, and when only within-subject data was available.. Effect sizes (Cohen's d) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for relevant outcomes. The initial search yielded 4,442 studies. After screening, twenty studies (775 total participants) were synthesised, reporting on a wide range of biomechanical outcomes. Females were under-represented and patients in the AT group were three years older on average. Biomechanical alterations were identified in some studies during running, hopping, jumping, strength tasks and reflex activity. Equally, several biomechanical variables studied were not associated with AT in included studies, indicating a conflicting picture. Kinematics in AT patients appeared to be altered in the lower limb, potentially indicating a pattern of “medial collapse”. Muscular activity of the calf and hips was different between groups, whereby AT patients exhibited greater calf electromyographic amplitudes despite lower plantar flexor strength. Overall, dynamic maximal strength of the plantar flexors, and isometric strength of the hips might be reduced in the AT group. This systematic review reports on several biomechanical alterations in athletes with AT. With further research, these factors could potentially form treatment targets for clinicians, although clinical approaches should take other contributing health factors into account. The studies included were of low quality, and currently no solid conclusions can be drawn. KW - achilles tendinopathy KW - biomechanics KW - neuromuscular KW - kinetics KW - electromyography KW - athletes KW - runners KW - kinematics Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2022.1012471 SN - 2624-9367 PB - Frontiers CY - Lausanne, Schweiz ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jararnezhadgero, AmirAli A1 - Mamashli, Elaheh A1 - Granacher, Urs T1 - An Endurance-Dominated Exercise Program Improves Maximum Oxygen Consumption, Ground Reaction Forces, and Muscle Activities in Patients With Moderate Diabetic Neuropathy JF - Frontiers in physiology / Frontiers Research Foundation N2 - Background: The prevalence of diabetes worldwide is predicted to increase from 2.8% in 2000 to 4.4% in 2030. Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is associated with damage to nerve glial cells, their axons, and endothelial cells leading to impaired function and mobility. Objective: We aimed to examine the effects of an endurance-dominated exercise program on maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), ground reaction forces, and muscle activities during walking in patients with moderate DN. Methods: Sixty male and female individuals aged 45–65 years with DN were randomly assigned to an intervention (IG, n = 30) or a waiting control (CON, n = 30) group. The research protocol of this study was registered with the Local Clinical Trial Organization (IRCT20200201046326N1). IG conducted an endurance-dominated exercise program including exercises on a bike ergometer and gait therapy. The progressive intervention program lasted 12 weeks with three sessions per week, each 40–55 min. CON received the same treatment as IG after the post-tests. Pre- and post-training, VO2max was tested during a graded exercise test using spiroergometry. In addition, ground reaction forces and lower limbs muscle activities were recorded while walking at a constant speed of ∼1 m/s. Results: No statistically significant baseline between group differences was observed for all analyzed variables. Significant group-by-time interactions were found for VO2max (p < 0.001; d = 1.22). The post-hoc test revealed a significant increase in IG (p < 0.001; d = 1.88) but not CON. Significant group-by-time interactions were observed for peak lateral and vertical ground reaction forces during heel contact and peak vertical ground reaction force during push-off (p = 0.001–0.037; d = 0.56–1.53). For IG, post-hoc analyses showed decreases in peak lateral (p < 0.001; d = 1.33) and vertical (p = 0.004; d = 0.55) ground reaction forces during heel contact and increases in peak vertical ground reaction force during push-off (p < 0.001; d = 0.92). In terms of muscle activity, significant group-by-time interactions were found for vastus lateralis and gluteus medius during the loading phase and for vastus medialis during the mid-stance phase, and gastrocnemius medialis during the push-off phase (p = 0.001–0.044; d = 0.54–0.81). Post-hoc tests indicated significant intervention-related increases in vastus lateralis (p = 0.001; d = 1.08) and gluteus medius (p = 0.008; d = 0.67) during the loading phase and vastus medialis activity during mid-stance (p = 0.001; d = 0.86). In addition, post-hoc tests showed decreases in gastrocnemius medialis during the push-off phase in IG only (p < 0.001; d = 1.28). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that an endurance-dominated exercise program has the potential to improve VO2max and diabetes-related abnormal gait in patients with DN. The observed decreases in peak vertical ground reaction force during the heel contact of walking could be due to increased vastus lateralis and gluteus medius activities during the loading phase. Accordingly, we recommend to implement endurance-dominated exercise programs in type 2 diabetic patients because it is feasible, safe and effective by improving aerobic capacity and gait characteristics. KW - oxygen consumption KW - kinetics KW - electromyography KW - diabetic KW - gait Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.654755 SN - 1664-042X VL - 12 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne, Schweiz ER - TY - GEN A1 - Jararnezhadgero, AmirAli A1 - Mamashli, Elaheh A1 - Granacher, Urs T1 - An Endurance-Dominated Exercise Program Improves Maximum Oxygen Consumption, Ground Reaction Forces, and Muscle Activities in Patients With Moderate Diabetic Neuropathy T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Background: The prevalence of diabetes worldwide is predicted to increase from 2.8% in 2000 to 4.4% in 2030. Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is associated with damage to nerve glial cells, their axons, and endothelial cells leading to impaired function and mobility. Objective: We aimed to examine the effects of an endurance-dominated exercise program on maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), ground reaction forces, and muscle activities during walking in patients with moderate DN. Methods: Sixty male and female individuals aged 45–65 years with DN were randomly assigned to an intervention (IG, n = 30) or a waiting control (CON, n = 30) group. The research protocol of this study was registered with the Local Clinical Trial Organization (IRCT20200201046326N1). IG conducted an endurance-dominated exercise program including exercises on a bike ergometer and gait therapy. The progressive intervention program lasted 12 weeks with three sessions per week, each 40–55 min. CON received the same treatment as IG after the post-tests. Pre- and post-training, VO2max was tested during a graded exercise test using spiroergometry. In addition, ground reaction forces and lower limbs muscle activities were recorded while walking at a constant speed of ∼1 m/s. Results: No statistically significant baseline between group differences was observed for all analyzed variables. Significant group-by-time interactions were found for VO2max (p < 0.001; d = 1.22). The post-hoc test revealed a significant increase in IG (p < 0.001; d = 1.88) but not CON. Significant group-by-time interactions were observed for peak lateral and vertical ground reaction forces during heel contact and peak vertical ground reaction force during push-off (p = 0.001–0.037; d = 0.56–1.53). For IG, post-hoc analyses showed decreases in peak lateral (p < 0.001; d = 1.33) and vertical (p = 0.004; d = 0.55) ground reaction forces during heel contact and increases in peak vertical ground reaction force during push-off (p < 0.001; d = 0.92). In terms of muscle activity, significant group-by-time interactions were found for vastus lateralis and gluteus medius during the loading phase and for vastus medialis during the mid-stance phase, and gastrocnemius medialis during the push-off phase (p = 0.001–0.044; d = 0.54–0.81). Post-hoc tests indicated significant intervention-related increases in vastus lateralis (p = 0.001; d = 1.08) and gluteus medius (p = 0.008; d = 0.67) during the loading phase and vastus medialis activity during mid-stance (p = 0.001; d = 0.86). In addition, post-hoc tests showed decreases in gastrocnemius medialis during the push-off phase in IG only (p < 0.001; d = 1.28). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that an endurance-dominated exercise program has the potential to improve VO2max and diabetes-related abnormal gait in patients with DN. The observed decreases in peak vertical ground reaction force during the heel contact of walking could be due to increased vastus lateralis and gluteus medius activities during the loading phase. Accordingly, we recommend to implement endurance-dominated exercise programs in type 2 diabetic patients because it is feasible, safe and effective by improving aerobic capacity and gait characteristics. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 743 KW - oxygen consumption KW - kinetics KW - electromyography KW - diabetic KW - gait Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-541182 SN - 1866-8364 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER -