TY - JOUR A1 - Lazuras, Lambros A1 - Barkoukis, Vassilis A1 - Loukovitis, Andreas A1 - Brand, Ralf A1 - Hudson, Andy A1 - Mallia, Luca A1 - Michaelides, Michalis A1 - Muzi, Milena A1 - Petroczi, Andrea A1 - Zelli, Arnaldo T1 - "I Want It All, and I Want It Now": Lifetime Prevalence and Reasons for Using and Abstaining from Controlled Performance and Appearance Enhancing Substances (PAES) among Young Exercisers and Amateur Athletes in Five European Countries JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Doping use in recreational sports is an emerging issue that has received limited attention so far in the psychological literature. The present study assessed the lifetime prevalence of controlled performance and appearance enhancing substances ( PAES), and used behavioral reasoning theory to identify the reasons for using and for avoiding using controlled PAES in young exercisers across five European countries, in the context of the "SAFE YOU" Project. Participants were 915 young amateur athletes and exercisers (M = 21.62; SD = 2.62) from Cyprus, Germany, Greece, Italy, and UK who completed an anonymous questionnaire that included measures of self-reported use of controlled PAES, as well as reasons for using and not using controlled PAES. The results of the descriptive analyses demonstrated that almost one out five exercisers in the sample had a previous experience with controlled PAES. Higher prevalence rates were found in Greece and Cyprus and lower in Italy. The most frequently reported reasons for using controlled PAES included achieving the desired results faster; pushing the self to the (physical) limits; and recovering faster after exercise/training. Furthermore, the most frequently reported reasons for not using controlled PAES involved worry about any possible adverse health effects; not feeling the need for using them; and wanting to see what can be achieved naturally without using any controlled PAES. The findings of the present study indicate that the use of controlled PAES is fast becoming a crisis in amateur sports and exercise settings and highlight the need for preventive action and concerted anti-doping education efforts. KW - doping KW - behavioral reasoning KW - exercise KW - fitness KW - recreational sport KW - young adults Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00717 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 8 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Moser, Othmar A1 - Mader, Julia K. A1 - Tschakert, Gerhard A1 - Mueller, Alexander A1 - Groeschl, Werner A1 - Pieber, Thomas R. A1 - Koehler, Gerd A1 - Messerschmidt, Janin A1 - Hofmann, Peter T1 - Accuracy of Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) during Continuous and High-Intensity Interval Exercise in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus JF - Nutrients N2 - Continuous exercise (CON) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) can be safely performed with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Additionally, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems may serve as a tool to reduce the risk of exercise-induced hypoglycemia. It is unclear if CGM is accurate during CON and HIIE at different mean workloads. Seven T1DM patients performed CON and HIIE at 5% below (L) and above (M) the first lactate turn point (LTP1), and 5% below the second lactate turn point (LTP2) (H) on a cycle ergometer. Glucose was measured via CGM and in capillary blood (BG). Differences were found in comparison of CGM vs. BG in three out of the six tests (p < 0.05). In CON, bias and levels of agreement for L, M, and H were found at: 0.85 (-3.44, 5.15) mmol.L-1, -0.45 (-3.95, 3.05) mmol.L-1, -0.31 (-8.83, 8.20) mmol.L-1 and at 1.17 (-2.06, 4.40) mmol.L-1, 0.11 (-5.79, 6.01) mmol.L-1, 1.48 (-2.60, 5.57) mmol.L-1 in HIIE for the same intensities. Clinically-acceptable results (except for CON H) were found. CGM estimated BG to be clinically acceptable, except for CON H. Additionally, using CGM may increase avoidance of exercise-induced hypoglycemia, but usual BG control should be performed during intense exercise. KW - continuous glucose monitoring KW - exercise KW - diabetes KW - blood glucose Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080489 SN - 2072-6643 VL - 8 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - GEN A1 - Moser, Othmar A1 - Mader, Julia K. A1 - Tschakert, Gerhard A1 - Mueller, Alexander A1 - Groeschl, Werner A1 - Pieber, Thomas R. A1 - Koehler, Gerd A1 - Messerschmidt, Janin A1 - Hofmann, Peter T1 - Accuracy of Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) during continuous and high-intensity interval exercise in patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus N2 - Continuous exercise (CON) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) can be safely performed with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Additionally, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems may serve as a tool to reduce the risk of exercise-induced hypoglycemia. It is unclear if CGM is accurate during CON and HIIE at different mean workloads. Seven T1DM patients performed CON and HIIE at 5% below (L) and above (M) the first lactate turn point (LTP1), and 5% below the second lactate turn point (LTP2) (H) on a cycle ergometer. Glucose was measured via CGM and in capillary blood (BG). Differences were found in comparison of CGM vs. BG in three out of the six tests (p < 0.05). In CON, bias and levels of agreement for L, M, and H were found at: 0.85 (−3.44, 5.15) mmol·L−1, −0.45 (−3.95, 3.05) mmol·L−1, −0.31 (−8.83, 8.20) mmol·L−1 and at 1.17 (−2.06, 4.40) mmol·L−1, 0.11 (−5.79, 6.01) mmol·L−1, 1.48 (−2.60, 5.57) mmol·L−1 in HIIE for the same intensities. Clinically-acceptable results (except for CON H) were found. CGM estimated BG to be clinically acceptable, except for CON H. Additionally, using CGM may increase avoidance of exercise-induced hypoglycemia, but usual BG control should be performed during intense exercise. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 338 KW - continuous glucose monitoring KW - exercise KW - diabetes KW - blood glucose Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-400470 ER - TY - THES A1 - Timme, Sinika T1 - Affective responses during exercise and situated exercise-related decision-making T1 - Affektives Erleben beim Sport und bewegungsbezogenes situiertes Entscheidungsverhalten BT - theoretical and methodological advancements towards a better understanding of exercise behavior N2 - The field of exercise psychology has established robust evidence on the health benefits of physical activity. However, interventions to promote sustained exercise behavior have often proven ineffective. This dissertation addresses challenges in the field, particularly the neglect of situated and affective processes in understanding and changing exercise behavior. Dual process models, considering both rational and affective processes, have gained recognition. The Affective Reflective Theory of Physical Inactivity and Exercise (ART) is a notable model in this context, positing that situated processes in-the-moment of choice influence exercise decisions and subsequent exercise behavior. The dissertation identifies current challenges within exercise psychology and proposes methodological and theoretical advancements. It emphasizes the importance of momentary affective states and situated processes, offering alternatives to self-reported measures and advocating for a more comprehensive modeling of individual variability. The focus is on the affective processes during exercise, theorized to reappear in momentary decision-making, shaping overall exercise behavior. The first publication introduces a new method by using automated facial action analysis to measure variable affective responses during exercise. It explores how these behavioral indicators covary with self-reported measures of affective valence and perceived exertion. The second publication delves into situated processes at the moment of choice between exercise and non-exercise options, revealing that intraindividual factors play a crucial role in explaining exercise-related choices. The third publication presents an open-source research tool, the Decisional Preferences in Exercising Test (DPEX), designed to capture repeated situated decisions and predict exercise behavior based on past experiences. The findings challenge previous assumptions and provide insights into the complex interplay of affective responses, situated processes, and exercise choices. The dissertation underscores the need for individualized interventions that manipulate affective responses during exercise and calls for systematic testing to establish causal links to automatic affective processes and subsequent exercise behavior. This dissertation highlights the necessity for methodological and conceptual refinements in understanding and promoting exercise behavior, ultimately contributing to the broader goal of combating increasing inactivity trends. N2 - Das Gebiet der „exercise psychology“ hat in vergangenen Jahren robuste Evidenz für die gesundheitlichen Vorteile körperlicher Aktivität hervorgebracht. Interventionen zur Erhöhung nachhaltigen Bewegungsverhaltens haben sich jedoch oft als unwirksam erwiesen. Diese Dissertation adressiert Herausforderungen auf diesem Gebiet, insbesondere die Vernachlässigung von situierten und affektiven Prozessen beim Verständnis und der Veränderung von Bewegungsverhalten. In den letzten Jahren haben Zwei-Prozess Modelle, die sowohl überlegt-rationale als auch automatisch-affektive Prozesse berücksichtigen, an Bedeutung gewonnen. Die Affective Reflective Theory of Physical Inactivity and Exercise (ART) ist eine dieser Theorien und postuliert, dass situierte Prozesse im Moment der Entscheidung das Bewegungsverhalten beeinflussen. Die Dissertation identifiziert aktuelle Herausforderungen im Bereich der „Exercise Psychology“ und bringt methodische und theoretische Neuerungen hervor. Dabei wird die Bedeutung von momentanen affektiven Zuständen und situativen Prozessen betont, Alternativen zu selbstberichteten Maßnahmen untersucht und für eine umfassendere Modellierung individueller Variabilität plädiert. Der Fokus liegt auf den affektiven Prozessen während des Sporttreibens, die theoretisch konzeptualisiert sind, im Moment der Entscheidung reaktiviert und das zukünftige Bewegungsverhalten zu beeinflussen. Die erste Veröffentlichung führt eine neue Methode ein, indem automatisierte Gesichtsausrucksanalyse verwendet wird, um variable affektive Reaktionen während Sporttreiben zu messen. Sie untersucht, wie diese Verhaltensindikatoren mit selbstberichteten Maßen der affektiven Wertigkeit und wahrgenommenen Anstrengung kovariieren. Die zweite Veröffentlichung geht auf situative Prozesse im Moment der Entscheidung zwischen Bewegungs- und Nicht-Bewegungsoptionen ein und zeigt, dass intraindividuelle Faktoren eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Erklärung von bewegungsbezogenen Entscheidungen spielen. Die dritte Veröffentlichung stellt ein Open-Source-Forschungstool vor, den Decisional Preferences in Exercising Test (DPEX), der darauf abzielt, wiederholte situierte Entscheidungen zu erfassen und Bewegungsverhalten basierend auf vergangenen Erfahrungen vorherzusagen. Die Ergebnisse erweitern bisherige Erkenntnisse und geben Einblicke in das komplexe Zusammenspiel von affektiven Reaktionen, situierten Prozessen und Bewegungsentscheidungen. Die Dissertation betont die Notwendigkeit individualisierter Interventionen, die affektive Reaktionen während des Sporttreibens manipulieren, und fordert systematische Untersuchungen, um kausale Verbindungen zu automatischen affektiven Prozessen und anschließendem Bewegungsverhalten herzustellen. Diese Dissertation hebt die Notwendigkeit methodischer und konzeptueller Erweiterungen beim Verständnis und der Förderung von Bewegungsverhalten hervor und trägt letztendlich zum übergeordneten Ziel bei, dem steigenden Trend der Inaktivität entgegenzuwirken. KW - exercise KW - Bewegungsverhalten KW - motivation KW - psychology KW - situated processes KW - dual process models KW - Zwei-Prozess Modelle KW - Sport und Bewegung KW - Motivation KW - Psychologie KW - situierte Prozesse Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-614323 ER - TY - THES A1 - Schinköth, Michaela T1 - Automatic affective reactions to exercise-related stimuli BT - towards a better understanding of exercise motivation BT - für ein besseres Verständnis der Sportmotivation N2 - Even though the majority of individuals know that exercising is healthy, a high percentage struggle to achieve the recommended amount of exercise. The (social-cognitive) theories that are commonly applied to explain exercise motivation refer to the assumption that people base their decisions mainly on rational reasoning. However, behavior is not only bound to reflection. In recent years, the role of automaticity and affect for exercise motivation has been increasingly discussed. In this dissertation, central assumptions of the affective–reflective theory of physical inactivity and exercise (ART; Brand & Ekkekakis, 2018), an exercise-specific dual-process theory that emphasizes the role of a momentary automatic affective reaction for exercise-decisions, were examined. The central aim of this dissertation was to investigate exercisers and non-exercisers automatic affective reactions to exercise-related stimuli (i.e., type-1 process). In particular, the two components of the ART’s type-1 process, that are, automatic associations with exercise and the automatic affective valuation to exercise, were under study. In the first publication (Schinkoeth & Antoniewicz, 2017), research on automatic (evaluative) associations with exercise was summarized and evaluated in a systematic review. The results indicated that automatic associations with exercise appeared to be relevant predictors for exercise behavior and other exercise-related variables, providing evidence for a central assumption of the ART’s type-1 process. Furthermore, indirect methods seem to be suitable to assess automatic associations. The aim of the second publication (Schinkoeth, Weymar, & Brand, 2019) was to approach the somato-affective core of the automatic valuation of exercise using analysis of reactivity in vagal HRV while viewing exercise-related pictures. Results revealed that differences in exercise volume could be regressed on HRV reactivity. In light of the ART, these findings were interpreted as evidence of an inter-individual affective reaction elicited at the thought of exercise and triggered by exercise-stimuli. In the third publication (Schinkoeth & Brand, 2019, subm.), it was sought to disentangle and relate to each other the ART’s type-1 process components—automatic associations and the affective valuation of exercise. Automatic associations to exercise were assessed with a recoding-free variant of an implicit association test (IAT). Analysis of HRV reactivity was applied to approach a somatic component of the affective valuation, and facial reactions in a facial expression (FE) task served as indicators of the automatic affective reaction’s valence. Exercise behavior was assessed via self-report. The measurement of the affective valuation’s valence with the FE task did not work well in this study. HRV reactivity was predicted by the IAT score and did also statistically predict exercise behavior. These results thus confirm and expand upon the results of publication two and provide empirical evidence for the type-1 process, as defined in the ART. This dissertation advances the field of exercise psychology concerning the influence of automaticity and affect on exercise motivation. Moreover, both methodical implications and theoretical extensions for the ART can be derived from the results. N2 - Obwohl die meisten Menschen wissen, dass Sport gesund ist, hat ein hoher Prozentsatz Mühe, die empfohlenen Bewegungsumfänge zu erreichen. Sozial-kognitive Theorien, die üblicherweise zur Erklärung von Sportmotivation angewendet werden, stützen sich auf die Annahme, dass Menschen ihre Entscheidungen hauptsächlich auf Grund rationaler Überlegungen treffen. Unser Verhalten ist jedoch nicht immer rational. In den letzten Jahren ist die Rolle von Automatizität und Affekt für die Sportmotivation daher zunehmend diskutiert worden. In dieser Dissertation wurden zentrale Annahmen der affective–reflective theory zur Erklärung von körperlicher Inaktivität und Sporttreiben (ART; Brand & Ekkekakis, 2018), einer sportspezifischen Zwei-Prozesstheorie, die die Rolle einer momentanen automatischen affektiven Reaktion für Sportentscheidungen betont, überprüft. Das zentrale Ziel dieser Dissertation war die Untersuchung automatisch affektiver Reaktionen von Sportlern und Nicht-Sportlern auf sportbezogene Stimuli (i.e., Typ-1-Prozess). Insbesondere wurden die beiden in der ART beschrieben Komponenten dieser automatisch affektiven Reaktion, d.h. die automatischen Assoziationen zu Sport und die automatische affektive Valuation von Sport, untersucht. In der ersten Publikation (Schinkoeth & Antoniewicz, 2017) wurde die Forschung zu automatischen Assoziationen zu Sport in einem systematischen Review zusammengefasst und evaluiert. Die Ergebnisse deuteten darauf hin, dass automatische Assoziationen relevante Prädiktoren für das Sportverhalten und andere sportbezogene Variablen zu sein scheinen, was den Beweis für eine zentrale Annahme des Typ-1-Prozesses der ART lieferte. Darüber hinaus scheinen indirekte Methoden geeignet zu sein um automatische Assoziationen zu messen. Das Ziel der zweiten Publikation (Schinkoeth, Weymar, & Brand, 2019) war es, sich dem somato-affektiven Kern der automatischen Valuation von Sport mittels Analyse der Reaktivität der vagalen HRV bei Betrachtung von Sportbildern zu nähern. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die HRV-Reaktivität Unterschiede im Sportumfang hervorsagen konnte. Im Licht der ART wurden diese Befunde als Hinweis auf eine interindividuelle affektive Reaktion interpretiert, die beim bloßen Gedanken an Sport hervorgerufen und durch die Sportbilder ausgelöst wurde. In der dritten Publikation (Schinkoeth & Brand, 2019, subm.) wurde versucht, die Typ-1-Prozesskomponenten der ART - automatische Assoziationen und die affektive Valuation von Sport - zu trennen und in Beziehung zueinander zu setzen. Automatische Assoziationen zu Sport wurden mit einer rekodierungsfreien Variante eines impliziten Assoziationstests (IAT) gemessen. Die Analyse der HRV-Reaktivität wurde genutzt, um sich einer somatischen Komponente der affektiven Valuation zu nähern, und Gesichtsreaktionen in einer Mimikaufgabe (GR) dienten als Indikatoren für die Valenz der automatischen affektiven Reaktion. Das Bewegungsverhalten wurde mittels Selbstbericht bewertet. Die Messung der Valenz der affektiven Valuation mit der GR-Aufgabe funktionierte in dieser Studie nicht. Es konnte aber gezeigt werden, dass die HRV-Reaktivität durch den IAT-Score hervorgesagt werden konnte und wiederum das selbstberichtete Sportverhalten statistisch vorhersagen konnte. Diese Ergebnisse bestätigen und erweitern somit die Ergebnisse der Publikation zwei und liefern empirische Evidenz für den Typ-1-Prozess, wie er in der ART definiert ist. Die Ergbenisse dieser Dissertation tragen dazu bei die Forschung Rund um den Einfluss von Automatizität und Affekt auf die Sportmotivation entscheidend voran zu treiben. Darüber hinaus lassen sich aus den Ergebnissen sowohl methodische Implikationen als auch theoretische Erweiterungen für die ART ableiten. T2 - Automatisch affektive Reaktionen auf Sportstimuli KW - exercise KW - motivation KW - affect KW - automatic KW - dual-process KW - Sport KW - Motivation KW - Affekt KW - Automatizität KW - Zwei-Prozess Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-471115 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Antoniewicz, Franziska A1 - Brand, Ralf T1 - Automatic evaluations and exercise setting preference in frequent exercisers JF - Journal of sport & exercise psychology N2 - The goals of this study were to test whether exercise-related stimuli can elicit automatic evaluative responses and whether automatic evaluations reflect exercise setting preference in highly active exercisers. An adapted version of the Affect Misattribution Procedure was employed. Seventy-two highly active exercisers (26 years +/- 9.03; 43% female) were subliminally primed (7 ms) with pictures depicting typical fitness center scenarios or gray rectangles (control primes). After each prime, participants consciously evaluated the "pleasantness" of a Chinese symbol. Controlled evaluations were measured with a questionnaire and were more positive in participants who regularly visited fitness centers than in those who reported avoiding this exercise setting. Only center exercisers gave automatic positive evaluations of the fitness center setting (partial eta squared = .08). It is proposed that a subliminal Affect Misattribution Procedure paradigm can detect automatic evaluations to exercising and that, in highly active exercisers, these evaluations play a role in decisions about the exercise setting rather than the amounts of physical exercise. Findings are interpreted in terms of a dual systems theory of social information processing and behavior. KW - exercise KW - health KW - affect misattribution procedure Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2014-0033 SN - 0895-2779 SN - 1543-2904 VL - 36 IS - 6 SP - 631 EP - 636 PB - Human Kinetics Publ. CY - Champaign ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schinkoeth, Michaela A1 - Antoniewicz, Franziska T1 - Automatic Evaluations and Exercising BT - Systematic Review and Implications for Future Research JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - The general purpose of this systematic review was to summarize, structure and evaluate the findings on automatic evaluations of exercising. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they reported measuring automatic evaluations of exercising with an implicit measure and assessed some kind of exercise variable. Fourteen nonexperimental and six experimental studies (out of a total N = 1,928) were identified and rated by two independent reviewers. The main study characteristics were extracted and the grade of evidence for each study evaluated. First, results revealed a large heterogeneity in the applied measures to assess automatic evaluations of exercising and the exercise variables. Generally, small to large-sized significant relations between automatic evaluations of exercising and exercise variables were identified in the vast majority of studies. The review offers a systematization of the various examined exercise variables and prompts to differentiate more carefully between actually observed exercise behavior (proximal exercise indicator) and associated physiological or psychological variables (distal exercise indicator). Second, a lack of transparent reported reflections on the differing theoretical basis leading to the use of specific implicit measures was observed. Implicit measures should be applied purposefully, taking into consideration the individual advantages or disadvantages of the measures. Third, 12 studies were rated as providing first-grade evidence (lowest grade of evidence), five represent second-grade and three were rated as third-grade evidence. There is a dramatic lack of experimental studies, which are essential for illustrating the cause-effect relation between automatic evaluations of exercising and exercise and investigating under which conditions automatic evaluations of exercising influence behavior. Conclusions about the necessity of exercise interventions targeted at the alteration of automatic evaluations of exercising should therefore not be drawn too hastily. KW - automatic evaluation KW - exercise KW - associative KW - dual-process KW - implicit attitude KW - affective Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02103 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 8 SP - 1 EP - 19 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schinkoeth, Michaela A1 - Antoniewicz, Franziska T1 - Automatic Evaluations and Exercising BT - Systematic Review and Implications for Future Research N2 - The general purpose of this systematic review was to summarize, structure and evaluate the findings on automatic evaluations of exercising. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they reported measuring automatic evaluations of exercising with an implicit measure and assessed some kind of exercise variable. Fourteen nonexperimental and six experimental studies (out of a total N = 1,928) were identified and rated by two independent reviewers. The main study characteristics were extracted and the grade of evidence for each study evaluated. First, results revealed a large heterogeneity in the applied measures to assess automatic evaluations of exercising and the exercise variables. Generally, small to large-sized significant relations between automatic evaluations of exercising and exercise variables were identified in the vast majority of studies. The review offers a systematization of the various examined exercise variables and prompts to differentiate more carefully between actually observed exercise behavior (proximal exercise indicator) and associated physiological or psychological variables (distal exercise indicator). Second, a lack of transparent reported reflections on the differing theoretical basis leading to the use of specific implicit measures was observed. Implicit measures should be applied purposefully, taking into consideration the individual advantages or disadvantages of the measures. Third, 12 studies were rated as providing first-grade evidence (lowest grade of evidence), five represent second-grade and three were rated as third-grade evidence. There is a dramatic lack of experimental studies, which are essential for illustrating the cause-effect relation between automatic evaluations of exercising and exercise and investigating under which conditions automatic evaluations of exercising influence behavior. Conclusions about the necessity of exercise interventions targeted at the alteration of automatic evaluations of exercising should therefore not be drawn too hastily. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 372 KW - affective KW - associative KW - automatic evaluation KW - dual-process KW - exercise KW - implicit attitude Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-405410 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schinkoeth, Michaela A1 - Antoniewicz, Franziska T1 - Automatic Evaluations and Exercising: Systematic Review and Implications for Future Research JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - The general purpose of this systematic review was to summarize, structure and evaluate the findings on automatic evaluations of exercising. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they reported measuring automatic evaluations of exercising with an implicit measure and assessed some kind of exercise variable. Fourteen nonexperimental and six experimental studies (out of a total N = 1,928) were identified and rated by two independent reviewers. The main study characteristics were extracted and the grade of evidence for each study evaluated. First, results revealed a large heterogeneity in the applied measures to assess automatic evaluations of exercising and the exercise variables. Generally, small to large-sized significant relations between automatic evaluations of exercising and exercise variables were identified in the vast majority of studies. The review offers a systematization of the various examined exercise variables and prompts to differentiate more carefully between actually observed exercise behavior (proximal exercise indicator) and associated physiological or psychological variables (distal exercise indicator). Second, a lack of transparent reported reflections on the differing theoretical basis leading to the use of specific implicit measures was observed. Implicit measures should be applied purposefully, taking into consideration the individual advantages or disadvantages of the measures. Third, 12 studies were rated as providing first-grade evidence (lowest grade of evidence), five represent second-grade and three were rated as third-grade evidence. There is a dramatic lack of experimental studies, which are essential for illustrating the cause-effect relation between automatic evaluations of exercising and exercise and investigating under which conditions automatic evaluations of exercising influence behavior. Conclusions about the necessity of exercise interventions targeted at the alteration of automatic evaluations of exercising should therefore not be drawn too hastily. KW - automatic evaluation KW - exercise KW - associative KW - dual-process KW - implicitattitude KW - affective Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02103 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 8 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - THES A1 - Antoniewicz, Franziska T1 - Automatic evaluations of exercising T1 - Automatische Evaluationen von Sport N2 - Changing the perspective sometimes offers completely new insights to an already well-known phenomenon. Exercising behavior, defined as planned, structured and repeated bodily movements with the intention to maintain or increase the physical fitness (Caspersen, Powell, & Christenson, 1985), can be thought of as such a well-known phenomenon that has been in the scientific focus for many decades (Dishman & O’Connor, 2005). Within these decades a perspective that assumes rational and controlled evaluations as the basis for decision making, was predominantly used to understand why some people engage in physical activity and others do not (Ekkekakis & Zenko, 2015). Dual-process theories (Ekkekakis & Zenko, 2015; Payne & Gawronski, 2010) provide another perspective, that is not exclusively influenced by rational reasoning. These theories differentiate two different processes that guide behavior “depending on whether they operate automatically or in a controlled fashion“ (Gawronski & Creighton, 2012, p. 282). Following this line of thought, exercise behavior is not solely influenced by thoughtful deliberations (e.g. concluding that exercising is healthy) but also by spontaneous affective reactions (e.g. disliking being sweaty while exercising). The theoretical frameworks of dual-process models are not new in psychology (Chaiken & Trope, 1999) and have already been used for the explanation of numerous behaviors (e.g. Hofmann, Friese, & Wiers, 2008; Huijding, de Jong, Wiers, & Verkooijen, 2005). However, they have only rarely been used for the explanation of exercise behavior (e.g. Bluemke, Brand, Schweizer, & Kahlert, 2010; Conroy, Hyde, Doerksen, & Ribeiro, 2010; Hyde, Doerksen, Ribeiro, & Conroy, 2010). The assumption of two dissimilar behavior influencing processes, differs fundamentally from previous theories and thus from the research that has been conducted in the last decades in exercise psychology. Research mainly concentrated on predictors of the controlled processes and addressed the identified predictors in exercise interventions (Ekkekakis & Zenko, 2015; Hagger, Chatzisarantis, & Biddle, 2002). Predictors arising from the described automatic processes, for example automatic evaluations for exercising (AEE), have been neglected in exercise psychology for many years. Until now, only a few researchers investigated the influence of these AEE for exercising behavior (Bluemke et al., 2010; Brand & Schweizer, 2015; Markland, Hall, Duncan, & Simatovic, 2015). Marginally more researchers focused on the impact of AEE for physical activity behavior (Calitri, Lowe, Eves, & Bennett, 2009; Conroy et al., 2010; Hyde et al., 2010; Hyde, Elavsky, Doerksen, & Conroy, 2012). The extant studies mainly focused on the quality of AEE and the associated quantity of exercise (exercise much or little; Bluemke et al., 2010; Calitri et al., 2009; Conroy et al., 2010; Hyde et al., 2012). In sum, there is still a dramatic lack of empirical knowledge, when applying dual-process theories to exercising behavior, even though these theories have proven to be successful in explaining behavior in many other health-relevant domains like eating, drinking or smoking behavior (e.g. Hofmann et al., 2008). The main goal of the present dissertation was to collect empirical evidence for the influence of AEE on exercise behavior and to expand the so far exclusively correlational studies by experimentally controlled studies. By doing so, the ongoing debate on a paradigm shift from controlled and deliberative influences of exercise behavior towards approaches that consider automatic and affective influences (Ekkekakis & Zenko, 2015) should be encouraged. All three conducted publications are embedded in dual-process theorizing (Gawronski & Bodenhausen, 2006, 2014; Strack & Deutsch, 2004). These theories offer a theoretical framework that could integrate the established controlled variables of exercise behavior explanation and additionally consider automatic factors for exercise behavior like AEE. Taken together, the empirical findings collected suggest that AEE play an important and diverse role for exercise behavior. They represent exercise setting preferences, are a cause for short-term exercise decisions and are decisive for long-term exercise adherence. Adding to the few already present studies in this field, the influence of (positive) AEE for exercise behavior was confirmed in all three presented publications. Even though the available set of studies needs to be extended in prospectively studies, first steps towards a more complete picture have been taken. Closing with the beginning of the synopsis: I think that time is right for a change of perspectives! This means a careful extension of the present theories with controlled evaluations explaining exercise behavior. Dual-process theories including controlled and automatic evaluations could provide such a basis for future research endeavors in exercise psychology. N2 - Ein anderer Blickwinkel eröffnet manchmal komplett neue Erkenntnisse in so manches bekanntes Phänomen. Sporttreiben, definiert als geplante, strukturierte und wiederholt ablaufende Körperbewegungen mit der Intention die körperliche Fitness aufrecht zu erhalten oder zu verbessern (Caspersen, Powell & Christenson, 1985), kann als ein solches bekanntes Phänomen angesehen werden, welches seit vielen Dekaden im wissenschaftlichen Fokus steht (Dishman & O’Connor, 2005). Um zu verstehen warum manche Menschen körperlich aktiv sind und andere nicht, wurde in den letzten Dekaden meist angenommen, dass rationale und kontrollierte Bewertungen Entscheidungen beeinflussen (Ekkekakis & Zenko, 2015). Zwei-Prozess Theorien (Payne & Garwonski, 2010) bieten eine andere Perspektive, welche nicht nur durch rationales Überlegen beeinflusst ist. Diese Theorien unterscheiden zwei unterschiedliche Prozesse welche Verhalten beeinflussen „depending on whether they operate automatically or in a controlled fashion“ (Gawronski & Creighton, 2012, S. 282). Sportprädiktoren mit dem Ursprung in automatischen Prozessen, z.B. automatische Evaluationen von Sport (AES), wurden in der sportpsychologischen Forschung seit vielen Jahren vernachlässigt. Bisher haben nur wenige Wissenschaftler die Rolle von AES untersucht (Brand & Schweizer, 2015; Markland, Hall, Duncan, & Simatovic, 2015). Das Hauptziel der vorliegenden Dissertation ist es, empirische Belege für den Einfluss von AES auf Sportverhalten zu sammeln und die bisher ausschließlich korrelativen Studien um experimentelle zu erweitern. Meine erste Publikation adressierte eine Kernannahme von AES, die Eigenschaft der Automatizität der erfassten affektiven Evaluationen. Der methodische Ansatz der Studie über ein subliminales AMP (Murphy & Zajonc, 1993; Payne, Cheng, Govorun, & Stewart, 2005) ermöglichte die Schlussfolgerung, dass automatische affektive Evaluationen nach der Stimulusdarstellung ausgelöst wurden. Der Einfluss von AES auf qualitative Sportcharakteristika, die Präferenz eines bestimmten Sportsettings, wurde aufgezeigt. Meine zweite Publikation beabsichtigte notwendige Informationen für die Implementation von Sportinterventionen zu liefern, welche die automatische Komponente von Sportverhalten fokussieren. Das Adressieren automatischer Komponenten in Sportintervention wurde erst kürzlich gefordert (Marteau, Hollands, & Fletcher, 2012). In einer Abfolge von drei Studien wurde die experimentelle Zugänglichkeit, die sinnvolle Manipulation in eine gesundheitsrelevante Richtung und die damit verbundenen Verhaltenskonsequenzen von veränderten AES untersucht. Positive AES wurden durch Evaluatives Konditionieren (EK; Hofmann, De Houwer, Perugini, Baeyens, & Crombez, 2010) induziert. Dabei werden systematisch Bilder von Sporttreiben mit Bildern welche angenehme Empfindungen wecken kombiniert. Nicht-sportassoziierte Bilder werden hingegen konsequent von Bildern gefolgt, die unangenehme Emotionen hervorrufen. Die experimentelle Manipulation führte zur Wahl höherer Sportintensitäten in einer nachfolgenden Sportaufgabe. Darüber hinaus deuteten die Analysen darauf hin, dass das assoziative Erlernen positiver AES nicht in gleichen Anteilen durch den Erwerb positiver Assoziationen zu Sport und negativer Assoziationen mit Nicht-Sport gesteuert wurde. Meine dritte Publikation adressierte unterschiedlichen Anteile von AES im Hinblick auf langfristiges Sportverhalten, speziell die Sportkursadhärenz in einem 14-wöchigen Sportprogramm. Sportverhalten, wie das Besuchen eines Aerobickurses, kann mit positiven affektiven Assoziationen (PAA; z.B. Sport mit Musik ist angenehm) und negativen affektiven Assoziationen (NAA; z.B. Muskelkater ist unangenehm) gleichermaßen verbunden sein. Wissen über den individuellen Einfluss der einzelnen Komponenten auf Sportverhalten würde das Verständnis von AES erleichtern. Die bisher dominierenden Befunde von AES als Prädiktor für kurzfristiges Sportverhalten (z.B.Hyde et al., 2012) wurden erweitert und der Einfluss der AES für sportspezifische Entscheidungen (Brand & Schweizer, 2015) auf eine langfristige Perspektive erweitert. Da Adhärenz in Sportkursen ein gewaltiges Problem in aktuellen Gesundheitsprogrammen (Marcus et al., 2000) darstellt, ist zusätzliches Wissen über Prädiktoren der Sportadhärenz (wie AES) wertvoll für die erfolgreiche Implementation von Sportinterventionen. Die vorgestellten Studien meiner Dissertation hatten das Ziel empirische Belege für die Bedeutung von AES für Sportverhalten zu bieten. Zusammengefasst legen die gesammelten Befunde nahe, dass AES eine wichtige und vielfältige Rolle für Sportverhalten. Diese repräsentieren Präferenzen für Sportsettings, stellen eine Ursache für kurzfristige Sportentscheidungen dar und sind entscheidend für langfristige Sportadhärenz. In Ergänzung zu den wenigen bisher existierenden Studien in dem Feld, wurde der Einfluss von (positiven) AES für Sportverhalten in allen drei beschriebenen Studien bestätigt. KW - automaticity KW - dual-processes KW - exercise KW - health KW - implicit KW - automatisch KW - Zwei-Prozess Modelle KW - Sport KW - Gesundheit KW - implizit Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-92280 ER - TY - THES A1 - Pietrek, Anou F. T1 - Basic psychological needs and depression in the context of health and exercise N2 - Depressive Erkrankungen gehen mit verminderter Lebenszufriedenheit und reduzierter Arbeitsfähigkeit einher. Die Wartezeit für eine Psychotherapie beträgt in Deutschland derzeit zwischen drei und sechs Monaten. Demnach besteht Bedarf an alternativen, gleichwertigen evidenzbasierten Behandlungsmöglichkeiten, die den Betroffenen niedrigschwellig zugänglich gemacht werden. Eine Vielzahl an empirischen Studien belegt die Wirksamkeit von Sport bei leichten und mittelschweren Depressionen. Zur weiterführenden Konzeption und Qualitätssicherung von Sport als Behandlungsoption ist es notwendig die konkreten Wirkmechanismen zu verstehen. Neben physiologischen spielen auch psychologische Faktoren eine Rolle im Wirkungsgeschehen. Als Metatheorie menschlichen Erlebens und Verhaltens bietet die Selbstbestimmungstheorie (engl.: Self-Determination Theory; SDT) einen nützlichen Bezugsrahmen zum Verständnis psychologischer Wirkmechanismen mit konkreten Ableitungen für die Behandlungspraktik. Die konzeptionelle Erweiterung der SDT um die Frustration psychologischer Grundbedürfnisse erweist sich neben der Bedürfnisbefriedigung zunehmend als hilfreich bei der Untersuchung von psychischen Erkrankungen. Der erste Teil dieser Dissertation besteht aus zwei Publikationen, die relevante Messinstrumente in dem genannten Kontext validieren. Der erste Fragebogen misst das Ausmaß an allgemein erlebter Befriedigung und Frustration der psychologischen Grundbedürfnisse nach Autonomie, Kompetenz und sozialer Eingebundenheit. Der zweite Fragebogen erhebt die erlebte Bedürfnisbefriedigung durch die anleitende Person (hier: Sporttherapeut*in). Der zweite Teil der Dissertation umfasst zwei Publikationen, welche die Befriedigung und Frustration der psychologischen Grundbedürfnisse bei depressiven Symptomen untersuchen und einordnen. Es werden die Unterschiede im Ausmaß an Bedürfnisbefriedigung und Bedürfnisfrustration zwischen einer Stichprobe mit Depression mit einer Stichprobe ohne depressive Symptome untersucht. Der Zusammenhang zwischen Bedürfnisfrustration und depressiven Symptomen wird im Kontext etablierter pathologischer Prozesse (Emotionsdysregulation, Rumination) eingeordnet. Die Hauptergebnisse dieser Arbeiten zeigen, dass die SDT durch die Erweiterung der Basic Psychological Needs Theory um die Dimension der Bedürfnisfrustration ein nun breiteres Spektrum auf dem Gesundheit-Krankheit-Kontinuum abbildet. Dabei fokussiert die SDT auf die psychologische Wirkung von sozialen Umwelten. Neben der Nichterfüllung der psychologischen Grundbedürfnisse ist es vor allem die Bedürfnisfrustration, die einen allgemeinen Vulnerabilitätsfaktor für das Vorkommen psychologischer Erkrankungen darstellt. Zudem weist die unausgewogene Befriedigung der psychologischen Grundbedürfnisse möglicherweise auf ein konflikthaftes Erleben zwischen den Bedürfnissen hin. Für die Behandlungspraktik abzuleiten ist, dass eine autonomieunterstützende Atmosphäre, die die ausgewogene Befriedigung aller drei Bedürfnisse ermöglicht, zentral für den Behandlungserfolg ist. N2 - Depressive disorders are associated with reduced life satisfaction and ability to work. The waiting time for psychotherapy in Germany is currently between three and six months. Accordingly, there is a need for alternative, evidence-based treatment options that are made accessible to patients at a low threshold. A large number of empirical studies prove the effectiveness of exercise in mild and moderate depression. For further conceptualization and quality assurance of exercise as a treatment option, it is necessary to understand the concrete mechanisms of action. In addition to physiological factors, psychological factors also play a role in the effect. As a meta-theory of human experience and behavior, Self-Determination Theory (SDT) provides a useful frame for understanding psychological mechanisms of action with concrete implications for treatment practice. The conceptual extension of SDT to include the frustration of basic psychological needs in addition to need satisfaction is proving useful in the study of mental illness. The first part of this dissertation consists of two publications that validate relevant measurement instruments in this context. The first questionnaire measures the extent of generally experienced satisfaction and frustration of the basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. The second questionnaire measures the experienced satisfaction of needs by the instructor (here: exercise therapist). The second part of the dissertation includes two publications that examine and classify the satisfaction and frustration of basic psychological needs in depressive symptoms. Differences in the extent of need satisfaction and need frustration between a sample with depression and a sample without depressive symptoms are examined. Further, the relationship between need frustration and depressive symptoms is placed in the context of established pathological processes (emotional dysregulation, rumination). The main findings of this work show that by adding the dimension of need frustration to Basic Psychological Needs Theory, SDT now covers a broader spectrum on the health-disease continuum. In doing so, SDT focuses on the psychological impact of social environments. In addition to the nonfulfillment of basic psychological needs, it is primarily experienced need frustration that is a general vulnerability factor for the occurrence of psychological illness. Moreover, the unbalanced satisfaction of basic psychological needs possibly indicates a conflicting experience between the needs. For the treatment practice it can be deduced that an autonomy-supporting atmosphere, which enables the balanced satisfaction of all three needs, is central for the treatment success. T2 - Psychologische Grundbedürfnisse und Depression im Kontext von Gesundheit und Sport KW - basic psychological needs KW - depression KW - exercise KW - autonomy support KW - treatment KW - psychologische Grundbedürfnisse KW - Depression KW - Sport KW - Autonomieunterstützung KW - Behandlung Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Lazuras, Lambros A1 - Barkoukis, Vassilis A1 - Loukovitis, Andreas A1 - Brand, Ralf A1 - Hudson, Andy A1 - Mallia, Luca A1 - Michaelides, Michalis A1 - Muzi, Milena A1 - Petroczi, Andrea A1 - Zelli, Arnaldo T1 - Corrigendum: "I Want It All, and I Want It Now": Lifetime Prevalence and Reasons for Using and Abstaining from Controlled Performance and Appearance Enhancing Substances (PAES) among Young Exercisers and Amateur Athletes in Five European Countries (Frontiers in psychology. - 8 (2017), 717.) T2 - Frontiers in psychology KW - doping KW - behavioral reasoning KW - exercise KW - fitness KW - recreational sport KW - young adults Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01162 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 9 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stroehle, Andreas A1 - Schmidt, Dietlinde K. A1 - Schultz, Florian A1 - Fricke, Nina A1 - Staden, Theresa A1 - Hellweg, Rainer A1 - Priller, Josef A1 - Rapp, Michael Armin A1 - Rieckmann, Nina T1 - Drug and Exercise Treatment of Alzheimer Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Effects on Cognition in Randomized Controlled Trials JF - The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry N2 - Objective: Demographic changes are increasing the pressure to improve therapeutic strategies against cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Besides drug treatment, physical activity seems to be a promising intervention target as epidemiological and clinical studies suggest beneficial effects of exercise training on cognition. Using comparable inclusion and exclusion criteria, we analyzed the efficacy of drug therapy (cholinesterase inhibitors, memantine, and Ginkgo biloba) and exercise interventions for improving cognition in AD and MCI populations. Methods: We searched The Cochrane Library, EBSCO, OVID, Web of Science, and U.S Food and Drug Administration data from inception through October 30, 2013. Randomized controlled trials in which at least one treatment arm consisted of an exercise or a pharmacological intervention for AD or MCI patients, and which had either a non-exposed control condition or a control condition that received another intervention. Treatment discontinuation rates and Standardized Mean Change score using Raw score standardization (SMCR) of cognitive performance were calculated. Results: Discontinuation rates varied substantially and ranged between 0% and 49% with a median of 18%. Significantly increased discontinuation rates were found for galantamine and rivastigmine as compared to placebo in AD studies. Drug treatments resulted in a small pooled effect on cognition (SMCR: 0.23, 95% CI: 0.20 to 0.25) in AD studies (N = 45, 18,434 patients) and no effect in any of the MCI studies (N = 5, 3,693 patients; SMCR: 0.03, 95% CI: 0.00 to 0.005). Exercise interventions had a moderate to strong pooled effect size (SMCR: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.59 to 1.07) in AD studies (N = 4, 119 patients), and a small effect size (SMCR: 0.20, 95% CI: 0.11 to 0.28) in MCI (N = 6, 443 patients). Conclusions: Drug treatments have a small but significant impact on cognitive functioning in AD and exercise has the potential to improve cognition in AD and MCI. Head-to-head trials with sufficient statistical power are necessary to directly compare efficacy, safety, and acceptability. Combining these two approaches might further increase the efficacy of each individual intervention. Identifier: PROSPERO (2013:CRD42013003910). KW - Alzheimer dementia KW - mild cognitive impairment KW - drug KW - exercise Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2015.07.007 SN - 1064-7481 SN - 1545-7214 VL - 23 IS - 12 SP - 1234 EP - 1249 PB - Elsevier CY - New York ER - TY - GEN A1 - Jekauc, Darko A1 - Brand, Ralf T1 - Editorial: How do Emotions and Feelings Regulate Physical Activity? T2 - Frontiers in psychology KW - physical activity KW - exercise KW - emotions KW - feelings KW - affect KW - regulation KW - implicit KW - enjoyment Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01145 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 8 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Davies, Michael J. A1 - Drury, Benjamin A1 - Ramirez-Campillo, Rodrigo A1 - Chaabene, Helmi A1 - Moran, Jason T1 - Effect of plyometric training and biological maturation on jump and change of direction ability in female youth JF - Journal of strength and conditioning research : the research journal of the NSCA / National Strength & Conditioning Association N2 - Biological maturation has been shown to affect male youths' responses to plyometric training (PT). However, to date, no researcher has examined the effect of maturation on the effects of PT in female youth. We undertook the first controlled intervention study to examine this, focusing on adaptive responses to countermovement jump (CMJ), reactive strength index (RSI), and change of direction (COD) performance in groups of female youth divided by maturation status (years from peak height velocity [PHV]). The training program lasted 7 weeks with subjects undertaking 2 sessions of PT per week. In the mid-PHV group, there was a small increase (effect size; 90% confidence interval = 0.40; -0.23 to 1.03) in CMJ performance. No changes were observed in the post-PHV group (0.02; -0.68 to 0.72). For RSI, there was a moderate increase in the mid-PHV group (0.94; 0.29-1.59) with only a trivial increase in the post-PHV group (0.06; -0.65 to 0.76). The intervention exerted no positive effect on COD performance in any group. Plyometric training seems to enhance CMJ and RSI in female youth, although the magnitude of adaptation could be affected by maturation status. A twice-per-week program of multidirectional jumping and hopping, with bilateral and unilateral components, can be used as a preparatory precursor to physical education classes or recreational sport. KW - girls KW - exercise KW - sport KW - athlete Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003216 SN - 1064-8011 SN - 1533-4287 VL - 35 IS - 10 SP - 2690 EP - 2697 PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins CY - Philadelphia ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mueller, Steffen A1 - Mueller, Juliane A1 - Stoll, Josefine A1 - Mayer, Frank T1 - Effect of six-week resistance and sensorimotor training on trunk strength and stability in elite adolescent athletes BT - a randomized controlled pilot trial JF - Frontiers in physiology N2 - Intervention in the form of core-specific stability exercises is evident to improve trunk stability. The purpose was to assess the effect of an additional 6 weeks sensorimotor or resistance training on maximum isokinetic trunk strength and response to sudden dynamic trunk loading (STL) in highly trained adolescent athletes. The study was conducted as a single-blind, 3-armed randomized controlled trial. Twenty-four adolescent athletes (14f/10 m, 16 +/- 1 yrs.;178 +/- 10 cm; 67 +/- 11 kg; training sessions/week 15 +/- 5; training h/week 22 +/- 8) were randomized into resistance training (RT; n = 7), sensorimotor training (SMT; n = 10), and control group (CG; n = 7). Athletes were instructed to perform standardized, center-based training for 6 weeks, two times per week, with a duration of 1 h each session. SMT consisted of four different core-specific sensorimotor exercises using instable surfaces. RT consisted of four trunk strength exercises using strength training machines, as well as an isokinetic dynamometer. All participants in the CG received an unspecific heart frequency controlled, ergometer-based endurance training (50 min at max. heart frequency of 130HF). For each athlete, each training session was documented in an individual training diary (e.g., level of SMT exercise; 1RM for strength exercise, pain). At baseline (M1) and after 6 weeks of intervention (M2), participants' maximum strength in trunk rotation (ROM:63 degrees) and flexion/extension (ROM:55 degrees) was tested on an isokinetic dynamometer (concentric/eccentric 30 degrees/s). STL was assessed in eccentric (30 degrees/s) mode with additional dynamometer-induced perturbation as a marker of core stability. Peak torque [Nm] was calculated as the main outcome. The primary outcome measurements (trunk rotation/extension peak torque: con, ecc, STL) were statistically analyzed by means of the two-factor repeated measures analysis of variance (alpha = 0.05). Out of 12 possible sessions, athletes participated between 8 and 9 sessions (SMT: 9 +/- 3; RT: 8 +/- 3; CG: 8 +/- 4). Regarding main outcomes of trunk performance, experimental groups showed no significant pre-post difference for maximum trunk strength testing as well as for perturbation compensation (p > 0.05). It is concluded, that future interventions should exceed 6 weeks duration with at least 2 sessions per week to induce enhanced trunk strength or compensatory response to sudden, high-intensity trunk loading in already highly trained adolescent athletes, regardless of training regime. KW - core KW - training intervention KW - trunk stability KW - exercise KW - perturbation Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.802315 SN - 1664-042X VL - 13 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - GEN A1 - Saidi, Karim A1 - Zouhal, Hassane A1 - Rhibi, Fatma A1 - Tijani, Jed M. A1 - Boullosa, Daniel A1 - Chebbi, Amel A1 - Hackney, Anthony C. A1 - Granacher, Urs A1 - Bideau, Benoit A1 - Ben Abderrahman, Abderraouf T1 - Effects of a six-week period of congested match play on plasma volume variations, hematological parameters, training workload and physical fitness in elite soccer players T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Objectives The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of a six-week in-season period of soccer training and games (congested period) on plasma volume variations (PV), hematological parameters, and physical fitness in elite players. In addition, we analyzed relationships between training load, hematological parameters and players’ physical fitness. Methods Eighteen elite players were evaluated before (T1) and after (T2) a six-week in-season period interspersed with 10 soccer matches. At T1 and T2, players performed the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (YYIR1), the repeated shuttle sprint ability test (RSSA), the countermovement jump test (CMJ), and the squat jump test (SJ). In addition, PV and hematological parameters (erythrocytes [M/mm3], hematocrit [%], hemoglobin [g/dl], mean corpuscular volume [fl], mean corpuscular hemoglobin content [pg], and mean hemoglobin concentration [%]) were assessed. Daily ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were monitored in order to quantify the internal training load. Results From T1 to T2, significant performance declines were found for the YYIR1 (p<0.001, effect size [ES] = 0.5), RSSA (p<0.01, ES = 0.6) and SJ tests (p< 0.046, ES = 0.7). However, no significant changes were found for the CMJ (p = 0.86, ES = 0.1). Post-exercise, RSSA blood lactate (p<0.012, ES = 0.2) and PV (p<0.01, ES = 0.7) increased significantly from T1 to T2. A significant decrease was found from T1 to T2 for the erythrocyte value (p<0.002, ES = 0.5) and the hemoglobin concentration (p<0.018, ES = 0.8). The hematocrit percentage rate was also significantly lower (p<0.001, ES = 0.6) at T2. The mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin content and the mean hemoglobin content values were not statistically different from T1 to T2. No significant relationships were detected between training load parameters and percentage changes of hematological parameters. However, a significant relationship was observed between training load and changes in RSSA performance (r = -0.60; p<0.003). Conclusions An intensive period of “congested match play” over 6 weeks significantly compromised players’ physical fitness. These changes were not related to hematological parameters, even though significant alterations were detected for selected measures. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 572 KW - body density KW - performance KW - exercise KW - blood KW - hematocrit KW - responses KW - physiology KW - schedule KW - recovery KW - fatigue Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-437166 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 572 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Saidi, Karim A1 - Zouhal, Hassane A1 - Rhibi, Fatma A1 - Tijani, Jed M. A1 - Boullosa, Daniel A1 - Chebbi, Amel A1 - Hackney, Anthony C. A1 - Granacher, Urs A1 - Bideau, Benoit A1 - Ben Abderrahman, Abderraouf T1 - Effects of a six-week period of congested match play on plasma volume variations, hematological parameters, training workload and physical fitness in elite soccer players JF - PLOS ONE N2 - Objectives The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of a six-week in-season period of soccer training and games (congested period) on plasma volume variations (PV), hematological parameters, and physical fitness in elite players. In addition, we analyzed relationships between training load, hematological parameters and players’ physical fitness. Methods Eighteen elite players were evaluated before (T1) and after (T2) a six-week in-season period interspersed with 10 soccer matches. At T1 and T2, players performed the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (YYIR1), the repeated shuttle sprint ability test (RSSA), the countermovement jump test (CMJ), and the squat jump test (SJ). In addition, PV and hematological parameters (erythrocytes [M/mm3], hematocrit [%], hemoglobin [g/dl], mean corpuscular volume [fl], mean corpuscular hemoglobin content [pg], and mean hemoglobin concentration [%]) were assessed. Daily ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were monitored in order to quantify the internal training load. Results From T1 to T2, significant performance declines were found for the YYIR1 (p<0.001, effect size [ES] = 0.5), RSSA (p<0.01, ES = 0.6) and SJ tests (p< 0.046, ES = 0.7). However, no significant changes were found for the CMJ (p = 0.86, ES = 0.1). Post-exercise, RSSA blood lactate (p<0.012, ES = 0.2) and PV (p<0.01, ES = 0.7) increased significantly from T1 to T2. A significant decrease was found from T1 to T2 for the erythrocyte value (p<0.002, ES = 0.5) and the hemoglobin concentration (p<0.018, ES = 0.8). The hematocrit percentage rate was also significantly lower (p<0.001, ES = 0.6) at T2. The mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin content and the mean hemoglobin content values were not statistically different from T1 to T2. No significant relationships were detected between training load parameters and percentage changes of hematological parameters. However, a significant relationship was observed between training load and changes in RSSA performance (r = -0.60; p<0.003). Conclusions An intensive period of “congested match play” over 6 weeks significantly compromised players’ physical fitness. These changes were not related to hematological parameters, even though significant alterations were detected for selected measures. KW - body density KW - performance KW - exercise KW - blood KW - hematocrit KW - responses KW - physiology KW - schedule KW - recovery KW - fatigue Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219692 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 14 IS - 7 PB - Public Library of Science CY - San Francisco ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zouita, Sghaier A1 - Zouhal, Hassane A1 - Ferchichi, Habiba A1 - Paillard, Thierry A1 - Dziri, Catherine A1 - Hackney, Anthony C. A1 - Laher, Ismail A1 - Granacher, Urs A1 - Ben Moussa Zouita, Amira T1 - Effects of Combined Balance and Strength Training on Measures of Balance and Muscle Strength in Older Women With a History of Falls T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Objective: We investigated the effects of combined balance and strength training on measures of balance and muscle strength in older women with a history of falls. Methods: Twenty-seven older women aged 70.4 ± 4.1 years (age range: 65 to 75 years) were randomly allocated to either an intervention (IG, n = 12) or an active control (CG, n = 15) group. The IG completed 8 weeks combined balance and strength training program with three sessions per week including visual biofeedback using force plates. The CG received physical therapy and gait training at a rehabilitation center. Training volumes were similar between the groups. Pre and post training, tests were applied for the assessment of muscle strength (weight-bearing squat [WBS] by measuring the percentage of body mass borne by each leg at different knee flexions [0°, 30°, 60°, and 90°], sit-to-stand test [STS]), and balance. Balance tests used the modified clinical test of sensory interaction (mCTSIB) with eyes closed (EC) and opened (EO), on stable (firm) and unstable (foam) surfaces as well as spatial parameters of gait such as step width and length (cm) and walking speed (cm/s). Results: Significant group × time interactions were found for different degrees of knee flexion during WBS (0.0001 < p < 0.013, 0.441 < d < 0.762). Post hoc tests revealed significant pre-to-post improvements for both legs and for all degrees of flexion (0.0001 < p < 0.002, 0.697 < d < 1.875) for IG compared to CG. Significant group × time interactions were found for firm EO, foam EO, firm EC, and foam EC (0.006 < p < 0.029; 0.302 < d < 0.518). Post hoc tests showed significant pre-to-post improvements for both legs and for all degrees of oscillations (0.0001 < p < 0.004, 0.753 < d < 2.097) for IG compared to CG. This study indicates that combined balance and strength training improved percentage distribution of body weight between legs at different conditions of knee flexion (0°, 30°, 60°, and 90°) and also decreased the sway oscillation on a firm surface with eyes closed, and on foam surface (with eyes opened or closed) in the IG. Conclusion: The higher positive effects of training seen in standing balance tests, compared with dynamic tests, suggests that balance training exercises including lateral, forward, and backward exercises improved static balance to a greater extent in older women. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 699 KW - aging KW - exercise KW - postural sway KW - force KW - tasks Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-490932 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 699 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zouita, Sghaier A1 - Zouhal, Hassane A1 - Ferchichi, Habiba A1 - Paillard, Thierry A1 - Dziri, Catherine A1 - Hackney, Anthony C. A1 - Laher, Ismail A1 - Granacher, Urs A1 - Ben Moussa Zouita, Amira T1 - Effects of Combined Balance and Strength Training on Measures of Balance and Muscle Strength in Older Women With a History of Falls JF - Frontiers in Physiology N2 - Objective: We investigated the effects of combined balance and strength training on measures of balance and muscle strength in older women with a history of falls. Methods: Twenty-seven older women aged 70.4 ± 4.1 years (age range: 65 to 75 years) were randomly allocated to either an intervention (IG, n = 12) or an active control (CG, n = 15) group. The IG completed 8 weeks combined balance and strength training program with three sessions per week including visual biofeedback using force plates. The CG received physical therapy and gait training at a rehabilitation center. Training volumes were similar between the groups. Pre and post training, tests were applied for the assessment of muscle strength (weight-bearing squat [WBS] by measuring the percentage of body mass borne by each leg at different knee flexions [0°, 30°, 60°, and 90°], sit-to-stand test [STS]), and balance. Balance tests used the modified clinical test of sensory interaction (mCTSIB) with eyes closed (EC) and opened (EO), on stable (firm) and unstable (foam) surfaces as well as spatial parameters of gait such as step width and length (cm) and walking speed (cm/s). Results: Significant group × time interactions were found for different degrees of knee flexion during WBS (0.0001 < p < 0.013, 0.441 < d < 0.762). Post hoc tests revealed significant pre-to-post improvements for both legs and for all degrees of flexion (0.0001 < p < 0.002, 0.697 < d < 1.875) for IG compared to CG. Significant group × time interactions were found for firm EO, foam EO, firm EC, and foam EC (0.006 < p < 0.029; 0.302 < d < 0.518). Post hoc tests showed significant pre-to-post improvements for both legs and for all degrees of oscillations (0.0001 < p < 0.004, 0.753 < d < 2.097) for IG compared to CG. This study indicates that combined balance and strength training improved percentage distribution of body weight between legs at different conditions of knee flexion (0°, 30°, 60°, and 90°) and also decreased the sway oscillation on a firm surface with eyes closed, and on foam surface (with eyes opened or closed) in the IG. Conclusion: The higher positive effects of training seen in standing balance tests, compared with dynamic tests, suggests that balance training exercises including lateral, forward, and backward exercises improved static balance to a greater extent in older women. KW - aging KW - exercise KW - postural sway KW - force KW - tasks Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.619016 SN - 1664-042X VL - 11 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER -