TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wollny, Anna
A1  - Fay, Doris
A1  - Urbach, Tina
T1  - Personal initiative in middle childhood: Conceptualization and measurement development
JF  - Learning and individual differences
N2  - Drawing on research on personal initiative in adults, this paper present the conceptualization of personal initiative in the middle childhood, and the development and validation of an eight-item teacher and parent rating scale of children's and adolescents' personal initiative. The psychometric properties and construct validity of the measure were tested in two samples of children in middle childhood (N = 1069–1657) and middle childhood to adolescence (N = 1533). Both the teacher and parent rating scale showed good item characteristics. Results of confirmatory factor analyses supported their hypothesized factorial structure. The agreement of teacher and parent ratings was satisfactory. Evidence on the construct validity of the scale was further derived from a nomological network comprising control cognitions, motivational orientations, and cognitive ability. The measures proved to be invariant across school years and raters. We discuss several avenues for future research on personal initiative in the fields of development and education.
KW  - Personal initiative
KW  - Proactivity
KW  - Childhood and adolescence
KW  - Scale development
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2016.05.004
SN  - 1041-6080
SN  - 1873-3425
VL  - 49
SP  - 59
EP  - 73
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Fay, Doris
A1  - Urbach, Tina
A1  - Scheithauer, Linda
T1  - What motivates you right now?
BT  - Development of a measure of momentary-chronic regulatory focus
JF  - Measurement Instruments for the Social Sciences
N2  - Regulatory focus is a motivational construct that describes humans’ motivational orientation during goal pursuit. It is conceptualized as a chronic, trait-like, as well as a momentary, state-like orientation. Whereas there is a large number of measures to capture chronic regulatory focus, measures for its momentary assessment are only just emerging. This paper presents the development and validation of a measure of Momentary–Chronic Regulatory Focus. Our development incorporates the distinction between self-guide and reference-point definitions of regulatory focus. Ideals and ought striving are the promotion and prevention dimension in the self-guide system; gain and non-loss regulatory focus are the respective dimensions within the reference-point system. Three-survey-based studies test the structure, psychometric properties, and validity of the measure in its version to assess chronic regulatory focus (two samples of working participants, N = 389, N = 672; one student sample [time 1, N = 105; time 2, n = 91]). In two further studies, an experience sampling study with students (N = 84, k = 1649) and a daily-diary study with working individuals (N = 129, k = 1766), the measure was applied to assess momentary regulatory focus. Multilevel analyses test the momentary measure’s factorial structure, provide support for its sensitivity to capture within-person fluctuations, and provide evidence for concurrent construct validity.
KW  - Regulatory focus
KW  - State and trait measurement
KW  - Scale development
KW  - Diary study
KW  - Experience sampling method
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1186/s42409-019-0007-7
SN  - 2523-8930
VL  - 2
IS  - 5
PB  - BioMed Central
CY  - London
ER  -