TY - THES A1 - Ünsal, Feyzan T1 - Politische und religiöse Symbole im Betrieb : eine rechtsvergleichende Studie zum deutschen und türkischen Recht T2 - Europäische Hochschulschriften : Reihe 2, Rechtswissenschaft Y1 - 2009 SN - 978-3-631-59241-0 VL - 4926 PB - Lang CY - Frankfurt am Main ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zurell, Damaris A1 - Jeltsch, Florian A1 - Dormann, Carsten F. A1 - Schröder-Esselbach, Boris T1 - Static species distribution models in dynamically changing systems : how good can predictions really be? N2 - SDM performance varied for different range dynamics. Prediction accuracies decreased when abrupt range shifts occurred as species were outpaced by the rate of climate change, and increased again when a new equilibrium situation was realised. When ranges contracted, prediction accuracies increased as the absences were predicted well. Far- dispersing species were faster in tracking climate change, and were predicted more accurately by SDMs than short- dispersing species. BRTs mostly outperformed GLMs. The presence of a predator, and the inclusion of its incidence as an environmental predictor, made BRTs and GLMs perform similarly. Results are discussed in light of other studies dealing with effects of ecological traits and processes on SDM performance. Perspectives are given on further advancements of SDMs and for possible interfaces with more mechanistic approaches in order to improve predictions under environmental change. Y1 - 2009 UR - http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/117966123/home?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.05810.x SN - 0906-7590 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zolotova, Nadezhda V. A1 - Ponyavin, Dmitri I. A1 - Marwan, Norbert A1 - Kurths, Jürgen T1 - Long-term asymmetry in the wings of the butterfly diagram N2 - Aims. Sunspot distribution in the northern and southern solar hemispheres exibit striking synchronous behaviour on the scale of a Schwabe cycle. However, sometimes the bilateral symmetry of the Butterfly diagram relative to the solar equatorial plane breaks down. The investigation of this phenomenon is important to explaining the almost-periodic behaviour of solar cycles. Methods. We use cross-recurrence plots for the study of the time-varying phase asymmetry of the northern and southern hemisphere and compare our results with the latitudinal distribution of the sunspots. Results. We observe a long-term persistence of phase leading in one of the hemispheres, which lasts almost 4 solar cycles and probably corresponds to the Gleissberg cycle. Long-term variations in the hemispheric-leading do not demonstrate clear periodicity but are strongly anti-correlated with the long-term variations in the magnetic equator. Y1 - 2009 UR - http://www.aanda.org/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/200811430 SN - 0004-6361 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zischke, Tanja T1 - Liktoren BT - Polizei im alten Rom? JF - Beiträge zu einer vergleichenden Soziologie der Polizei N2 - Inhalt: Wie lässt sich Polizei definieren? - Eine Reise in die Antike – Eingliederung der Thematik in den historischen Kontext Das römische Staatswesen - Die Republikanische „Magistratur“ - Das Imperium - Das Apparitorenwesen – die Dienerschaft der Magistrate Liktoren – Insignien der Magistrate? - Liktoren - Das außergewöhnliche Verhältnis des Liktors zu seinem Beamten - Der Aufgabenbereich der Liktoren - Ausdruck staatlicher Gewalt – die Fasces Zusammenfassung KW - Polizei KW - Polizeisoziologie KW - Liktor KW - Police KW - Sociology KW - Lictor Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-29424 SP - 55 EP - 69 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - THES A1 - Zinck, Richard T1 - Diversity, criticality and disturbance in wildfire ecosystems Y1 - 2009 CY - Potsdam ER - TY - THES A1 - Zimmermann, Julia T1 - Population ecology of a dominant perennial grass : recruitment, growth and mortality in semi-arid savanna T2 - PhD dissertation / Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, UFZ Y1 - 2009 VL - 2009,4 PB - UFZ CY - Leipzig ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Beate A1 - Elsenbeer, Helmut T1 - The near-surface hydrological consequences of disturbance and recovery : a simulation study N2 - Changes in soil hydraulic properties following ecosystem disturbances can become relevant for regional water cycles depending on the prevailing rainfall regime. In a tropical montane rainforest ecosystem in southern Ecuador, plot- scale investigations revealed that man-made disturbances were accompanied by a decrease in mean saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), whereas mean Ks of two different aged landslides was undistinguishable from the reference forest. Ks spatial structure weakened after disturbances in the topsoil. We used this spatial-temporal information combined with local rain intensities to assess the probability of impermeable soil layers under undisturbed, disturbed, and regenerating land-cover types. We furthermore compared the Ecuadorian man-made disturbance cycle with a similar land-use sequence in a tropical lowland rainforest region in Brazil. The studied montane rainforest is characterized by prevailing vertical flowpaths in the topsoil, whereas larger rainstorms in the study area potentially result in impermeable layers below 20 cm depth. In spite of the low frequency of such higher-intensity events, they transport a high portion of the annual runoff and may therefore significant for the regional water cycle. Hydrological flowpaths under two studied landslides are similar to the natural forest except for a somewhat higher probability of impermeable layer formation in the topsoil of the 2-year-old landslide. In contrast, human disturbances likely affect near-surface hydrology. Under a pasture and a young fallow, impermeable layers potentially develop already in the topsoil for larger rain events. A 10-year-old fallow indicates regeneration towards the original vertical flowpaths, though the land-use signal was still detectable. The consequences of land-cover change on near-surface hydrological behaviour are of similar magnitude in the tropical montane and the lowland rainforest region. This similarity can be explained by a more pronounced drop of soil permeability after pasture establishment in the montane rainforest region in spite of the prevailing much lower rain intensities. Y1 - 2009 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00221694 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.10.016 SN - 0022-1694 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Alexander A1 - Zimmermann, Beate A1 - Elsenbeer, Helmut T1 - Rainfall redistribution in a tropical forest : spatial and temporal patterns N2 - The investigation of throughfall patterns has received considerable interest over the last decades. And yet, the geographical bias of pertinent previous studies and their methodologies and approaches to data analysis cast a doubt on the general validity of claims regarding spatial and temporal patterns of throughfall. We employed 220 collectors in a 1-ha plot of semideciduous tropical rain forest in Panama and sampled throughfall during a period of 14 months. Our analysis of spatial patterns is based on 60 data sets, whereas the temporal analysis comprises 91 events. Both data sets show skewed frequency distributions. When skewness arises from large outliers, the classical, nonrobust variogram estimator overestimates the sill variance and, in some cases, even induces spurious autocorrelation structures. In these situations, robust variogram estimation techniques offer a solution. Throughfall in our plot typically displayed no or only weak spatial autocorrelations. In contrast, temporal correlations were strong, that is, wet and dry locations persisted over consecutive wet seasons. Interestingly, seasonality and hence deciduousness had no influence on spatial and temporal patterns. We argue that if throughfall patterns are to have any explanatory power with respect to patterns of near-surface processes, data analytical artifacts must be ruled out lest spurious correlation be confounded with causality; furthermore, temporal stability over the domain of interest is essential. Y1 - 2009 UR - http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2009/2008WR007470.shtml U6 - https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR007470 SN - 0043-1397 ER - TY - THES A1 - Zimmermann, Alexander T1 - Rainfall redistribution and change of water quality in tropical forest canopies : patterns and persistence T1 - Umverteilung von Regenwasser und Änderung der Wasserqualität in Kronendächern Tropischer Wälder : Muster und Persistenz N2 - Motivations and research objectives: During the passage of rain water through a forest canopy two main processes take place. First, water is redistributed; and second, its chemical properties change substantially. The rain water redistribution and the brief contact with plant surfaces results in a large variability of both throughfall and its chemical composition. Since throughfall and its chemistry influence a range of physical, chemical and biological processes at or below the forest floor the understanding of throughfall variability and the prediction of throughfall patterns potentially improves the understanding of near-surface processes in forest ecosystems. This thesis comprises three main research objectives. The first objective is to determine the variability of throughfall and its chemistry, and to investigate some of the controlling factors. Second, I explored throughfall spatial patterns. Finally, I attempted to assess the temporal persistence of throughfall and its chemical composition. Research sites and methods: The thesis is based on investigations in a tropical montane rain forest in Ecuador, and lowland rain forest ecosystems in Brazil and Panama. The first two studies investigate both throughfall and throughfall chemistry following a deterministic approach. The third study investigates throughfall patterns with geostatistical methods, and hence, relies on a stochastic approach. Results and Conclusions: Throughfall is highly variable. The variability of throughfall in tropical forests seems to exceed that of many temperate forests. These differences, however, do not solely reflect ecosystem-inherent characteristics, more likely they also mirror management practices. Apart from biotic factors that influence throughfall variability, rainfall magnitude is an important control. Throughfall solute concentrations and solute deposition are even more variable than throughfall. In contrast to throughfall volumes, the variability of solute deposition shows no clear differences between tropical and temperate forests, hence, biodiversity is not a strong predictor of solute deposition heterogeneity. Many other factors control solute deposition patterns, for instance, solute concentration in rainfall and antecedent dry period. The temporal variability of the latter factors partly accounts for the low temporal persistence of solute deposition. In contrast, measurements of throughfall volume are quite stable over time. Results from the Panamanian research site indicate that wet and dry areas outlast consecutive wet seasons. At this research site, throughfall exhibited only weak or pure nugget autocorrelation structures over the studies lag distances. A close look at the geostatistical tools at hand provided evidence that throughfall datasets, in particular those of large events, require robust variogram estimation if one wants to avoid outlier removal. This finding is important because all geostatistical throughfall studies that have been published so far analyzed their data using the classical, non-robust variogram estimator. N2 - Motivation und Zielsetzung: Wenn Regen durch ein Kronendach fällt lassen sich zwei Prozesse beobachten: das Regenwasser wird umverteilt und die chemische Qualität des Wassers verändert sich erheblich. Die Prozesse im Kronenraum resultieren in einer hohen Variabilität des Bestandsniederschlags und dessen chemischer Zusammensetzung. Bestandsniederschlag beeinflusst eine Reihe von physikalischen, chemischen und biologischen Prozessen am Waldboden. Daher können Untersuchungen zur Variabilität und zu Mustern im Bestandsniederschlag helfen, bodennahe Prozesse besser zu verstehen. Diese Dissertation behandelt hauptsächlich drei Aspekte. Erstens, die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Erfassung der Variabilität im Bestandsniederschlag und dessen chemischer Zusammensetzung, zudem werden Einflussfaktoren dieser Variabilität untersucht. Des Weiteren beschäftigt sich die Arbeit mit räumlichen Mustern des Bestandsniederschlagswassers, und drittens wird die zeitliche Stabilität des Bestandsniederschlags und dessen chemischer Zusammensetzung betrachtet. Untersuchungsgebiete und Methoden: Diese Dissertation basiert auf Untersuchungen in einem tropischen Bergregenwald in Ecuador, sowie Studien in tropischen Tieflandregenwäldern in Brasilien und Panama. Die ersten zwei Studien untersuchen Bestandsniederschlag und dessen chemische Zusammensetzung mit Hilfe deterministischer Methoden. Die Arbeit in Panama nutzt geostatistische Methoden zur Beschreibung von Bestandsniederschlagsmustern und verfolgt somit einen stochastischen Ansatz. Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerungen: Die Variabilität des Bestandsniederschlages ist hoch; das heißt, die Menge des auf den Waldboden tropfenden Wassers kann sich je nach Standort stark unterscheiden. Diese räumliche Variabilität des Bestandsniederschlags ist in tropischen Wäldern höher als in vielen gemäßigten Waldökosystemen, was nicht allein auf verschiedenen Eigenschaften der Ökosysteme zurückzuführen ist. Vielmehr erklären sich die Unterschiede auch aus verschiedenen Waldnutzungen. Abgesehen von biologischen Faktoren beeinflusst die Regenmenge die Variabilität des Bestandsniederschlags erheblich. Die chemische Zusammensetzung des Bestandsniederschlags weist eine noch höhere Variabilität als der Bestandsniederschlag selbst auf. Unterschiede zwischen tropischen und gemäßigten Wäldern lassen sich hier allerdings nicht erkennen, weshalb die hohe Diversität tropischer Ökosysteme die Heterogenität der chemischen Zusammensetzung des Bestandsniederschlags nicht ausreichend erklärt. Eine Vielzahl anderer Faktoren kontrolliert deshalb die Variabilität der Bestandsniederschlagschemie, beispielsweise die Konzentration gelöster Stoffe im Regenwasser oder die Dauer von Trockenperioden. Deren hohe temporale Variabilität ist verantwortlich für die geringe zeitliche Stabilität von Depositionsmessungen. Im Gegensatz dazu ist die temporale Persistenz von Messungen der Bestandsniederschlagsmenge hoch. Insbesondere die Ergebnisse aus Panama zeigen, dass feuchte und trockene Messpunkte über einen Zeitraum von zwei Regenzeiten fortbestehen. Die räumlichen Bestandsniederschlagsmuster im letztgenannten Untersuchungsgebiet sind schwach bzw. weisen die Struktur eines reinen Nugget-Models auf. Die geostatistische Analyse zeigt, dass vor allem die Daten großer Regenereignisse eine robuste Modellierung des Variogramms erfordern, wenn die willkürliche Entfernung von Fernpunkten in den Daten vermieden werden soll. Dieses Resultat ist insbesondere deshalb von Bedeutung, da alle bisherigen Bestandsniederschlagsstudien den klassischen, nicht-robusten Schätzer benutzen, obwohl das Auftreten von Extremwerten in Bestandsniederschlagsdaten für viele Ökosysteme zu erwarten ist. KW - Bestandsniederschlag KW - Stoffdeposition KW - tropische Waldökosysteme KW - Geostatistik KW - throughfall KW - solute deposition KW - tropical forests KW - geostatistics Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-32556 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zielke, Olaf A1 - Strecker, Manfred T1 - Recurrence of large earthquakes in magmatic continental rifts : insights from a paleoseismic study along the Laikipia-Marmanet Fault, Subukia Valley, Kenya Rift N2 - The seismicity of the Kenya rift is characterized by high-frequency low-magnitude events concentrated along the rift axis. Its seismic character is typical for magmatically active continental rifts, where igneous material at a shallow depth causes extensive grid faulting and geothermal activity. Thermal overprinting and dike intrusion prohibit the buildup of large elastic strains, therefore prohibiting the generation of large-magnitude earthquakes. On 6 January 1928, the M-S 6.9 Subukia earthquake occurred on the Laikipia-Marmanet fault, the eastern rift-bounding structure of the central Kenya rift. It is the largest instrumentally recorded seismic event in the Kenya rift, standing in contrast to the current model of the rift's seismic character in which large earthquakes are not anticipated. Furthermore, the proximity of the ruptured fault and the rift axis is intriguing: The rift-bounding structure that ruptured in 1928 remains seismically active, capable of generating large-magnitude earthquakes, even though thermally weakened crust and better oriented structures are present along the rift axis nearby, prohibiting any significant buildup of elastic strain. We excavated the surface rupture of the 1928 Subukia earthquake to find evidence for preceding ground-rupturing earthquakes. We also made a total station survey of the site topography and mapped the site geology. We show that the Laikipia-Marmanet fault was repeatedly activated during the late Quaternary. We found evidence for six ground-rupturing earthquakes, including the 1928 earthquake. The topographic survey around the trench site revealed a degraded fault scarp of approximate to 7.5 m in height, offsetting a small debris slide. Using scarp-diffusion modeling, we estimated an uplift rate of U = 0.09-0.15 mm/yr, constraining the scarp age to 50-85 ka. Assuming an average fault dip of 55 degrees-75 degrees, the preferred uplift rate (0.15 mm/yr) accommodates approximately 10%-20% of the recent rate of extension (0.5 mm/yr) across the Kenya rift. Y1 - 2009 UR - http://bssa.geoscienceworld.org/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.1785/0120080015 SN - 0037-1106 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziegler, Matthias A1 - Ehrlenspiel, Felix A1 - Brand, Ralf T1 - Latent state-trait theory : an application in sport psychology N2 - Objective: Questionnaires are often applied in sports psychology to measure a person's trait or state. However, the extent to which the questionnaire captures differences because of trait or state influences is often unclear. The latent state-trait (LST) theory offers the opportunity to separate both variance sources. This separation allows estimating specific reliability coefficients. Design: The present paper gives a theoretical introduction to LST and its basic ideas. Using a real data set with N = 156 athletes we exemplify the steps necessary to derive the LST coefficients. All athletes filled out a comprehensive inventory assessing competitive anxiety on two occasions. Method: The data are analysed with structural equation models based on LST principles. Results: The results confirm the questionnaire's trait saturation. Conclusion: Finally, results are discussed in light of practical and theoretical implications. Y1 - 2009 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/14690292 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.12.004 SN - 1469-0292 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ziege, Madlen A1 - Mahlow, Kristin A1 - Hennige-Sulz, Carmen A1 - Kronmarck, Claudia A1 - Tiedemann, Ralph A1 - Streit, Bruno A1 - Plath, Martin T1 - Audience effects in the Atlantic molly (Poecilia mexicana) : prudent male mate choice in response to perceived sperm competition risk? N2 - Background: Multidirectional interactions in social networks can have a profound effect on mate choice behavior; e.g., Poecilia mexicana males show weaker expression of mating preferences when being observed by a rival. This may be an adaptation to reduce sperm competition risk, which arises because commonly preferred female phenotypes will receive attention also from surrounding males, and/or because other males can copy the focal male's mate choice. Do P. mexicana males indeed respond to perceived sperm competition risk? We gave males a choice between two females and repeated the tests under one of the following conditions: (1) an empty transparent cylinder was presented (control); (2) another ("audience") male inside the cylinder observed the focal male throughout the 2nd part, or (3) the audience male was presented only before the tests, but could not eavesdrop during the actual choice tests (non-specific sperm competition risk treatments); (4) the focal male could see a rival male interact sexually with the previously preferred, or (5) with the non-preferred female before the 2nd part of the tests (specific sperm competition risk treatments). Results: The strength of individual male preferences declined slightly also during the control treatment (1). However, this decrease was more than two-fold stronger in audience treatment (2), i.e., with non-specific sperm competition risk including the possibility for visual eavesdropping by the audience male. No audience effect was found in treatments (3) and (5), but a weak effect was also observed when the focal male had seen the previously preferred female sexually interact with a rival male (treatment 4; specific sperm competition risk). Conclusion: When comparing the two 'non-specific sperm competition risk' treatments, a very strong effect was found only when the audience male could actually observe the focal male during mate choice [treatment (2)]. This suggests that focal males indeed attempt to conceal their mating preferences so as to prevent surrounding males from copying their mate choice. When there is no potential for eavesdropping [treatment (3)], non-specific specific sperm competition risk seems to play a minor or no role. Our results also show that P. mexicana males tend to share their mating effort more equally among females when the resource value of their previously preferred mate decreases after mating with a rival male (perceived specific sperm competition risk), but this effect is comparatively weak. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 143 KW - Siamese fighting fish KW - Guppies poecilia-reticulata KW - Betta-splendens KW - Public information KW - Mating preferences Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-45171 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhao, Yan A1 - Herzschuh, Ulrike T1 - Modern pollen representation of source vegetation in the Qaidam Basin and surrounding mountains, north-eastern Tibetan Plateau N2 - We use a data set of 35 surface pollen samples from lake sediments, moss polsters and top soils on the north- eastern Tibetan Plateau to explore the relationship between modern pollen assemblages and contemporary vegetation patterns. The surface pollen transect spanned four vegetation zones--alpine meadow, steppe, steppe desert and desert-- under different climatic/elevational conditions. Relative representation (R (rel)) values and Principal Components Analysis (PCA) were used to determine the relationships between modern pollen and vegetation and regional climate gradients. The results show that the main vegetation zones along the regional and elevational transects can be distinguished by their modern pollen spectra. Relative to Poaceae, a high representation of Artemisia, Nitraria and Chenopodiaceae was found, while Cyperaceae and Gentiana showed values in the middle range, and Ranunculaceae, Asteraceae, Ephedra and Fabaceae had low relative representation values. PCA results indicate a high correlation between the biogeoclimatic zones and annual precipitation and annual temperature and July temperature. The Artemisia/ Chenopodiaceae ratio and the Artemisia/Cyperaceae ratio are useful tools for qualitative and semi-quantitative palaeoenvironmental reconstruction on the north-eastern Tibetan Plateau. Surface lake sediments are found to have different palynomorph spectra from moss cushion and soil samples, reflecting the larger pollen source area in the contemporary vegetation for lakes. Y1 - 2009 UR - http://www.springerlink.com/content/107470 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-008-0201-7 SN - 0939-6314 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zhang, Gong A1 - Ignatova, Zoya T1 - Generic algorithm to predict the speed of translational elongation : implications for protein biogenesis N2 - Synonymous codon usage and variations in the level of isoaccepting tRNAs exert a powerful selective force on translation fidelity. We have developed an algorithm to evaluate the relative rate of translation which allows large-scale comparisons of the non-uniform translation rate on the protein biogenesis. Using the complete genomes of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis we show that stretches of codons pairing to minor tRNAs form putative sites to locally attenuate translation; thereby the tendency is to cluster in near proximity whereas long contiguous stretches of slow-translating triplets are avoided. The presence of slow-translating segments positively correlates with the protein length irrespective of the protein abundance. The slow-translating clusters are predominantly located down-stream of the domain boundaries presumably to fine-tune translational accuracy with the folding fidelity of multidomain proteins. Translation attenuation patterns at highly structurally and functionally conserved domains are preserved across the species suggesting a concerted selective pressure on the codon selection and species-specific tRNA abundance in these regions. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 132 Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-45007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhang, Gong A1 - Hubalewska, Magdalena A1 - Ignatova, Zoya T1 - Transient ribosomal attenuation coordinates protein synthesis and co-translational folding N2 - Clustered codons that pair to low-abundance tRNA isoacceptors can form slow-translating regions in the mRNA and cause transient ribosomal arrest. We report that folding efficiency of the Escherichia coli multidomain protein Sufl can be severely perturbed by alterations in ribosome-mediated translational attenuation. Such alterations were achieved by global acceleration of the translation rate with tRNA excess in vitro or by synonymous substitutions to codons with highly abundant tRNAs both in vitro and in vivo. Conversely, the global slow-down of the translation rate modulated by low temperature suppresses the deleterious effect of the altered translational attenuation pattern. We propose that local discontinuous translation temporally separates the translation of segments of the peptide chain and actively coordinates their co-translational folding. Y1 - 2009 UR - http://www.nature.com/nsmb/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/Nsmb.1554 SN - 1545-9985 ER - TY - THES A1 - Zhang, Gong T1 - Transient ribosomal attenuation as a generic mechanism to coordinate protein biosynthesis and biogenesis Y1 - 2009 CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zerbian, Sabine A1 - Downing, Laura A1 - Kügler, Frank T1 - Introduction : tone and intonation from a typological perspective Y1 - 2009 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00243841 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2007.10.024 SN - 0024-3841 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zeijlstra, Hedde T1 - Hard and soft conditions on the faculty of language BT - constituting parametric variation JF - Linguistics in Potsdam N2 - In this paper I argue that both parametric variation and the alleged differences between languages in terms of their internal complexity straightforwardly follow from the Strongest Minimalist Thesis that takes the Faculty of Language (FL) to be an optimal solution to conditions that neighboring mental modules impose on it. In this paper I argue that hard conditions like legibility at the linguistic interfaces invoke simplicity metrices that, given that they stem from different mental modules, are not harmonious. I argue that widely attested expression strategies, such as agreement or movement, are a direct result of conflicting simplicity metrices, and that UG, perceived as a toolbox that shapes natural language, can be taken to consist of a limited number of markings strategies, all resulting from conflicting simplicity metrices. As such, the contents of UG follow from simplicity requirements, and therefore no longer necessitate linguistic principles, valued or unvalued, to be innately present. Finally, I show that the SMT does not require that languages themselves have to be optimal in connecting sound to meaning. KW - Parameters KW - Simplicity KW - Complexity KW - Uninterpretablity KW - Agreement KW - Movement Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-32221 SN - 1616-7392 SN - 1864-1857 IS - 28 SP - 9 EP - 38 ER - TY - THES A1 - Zbierzak, Anna Maria T1 - Isolation and characterization of the chilling sensitive 1 gene from Arabidopsis Y1 - 2009 CY - Potsdam ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zapf, Uta T1 - Außenpolitischer Burgfrieden? : Kontinuität als Konsens T1 - External "Burgfrieden"? : consistency as consensus N2 - Wie stabil ist die Außenpolitik der Großen Koalition? Aufgrund ihrer Position als stellvertretende außenpolitische Sprecherin der SPD ist es der Autorin möglich, neben den Gemeinsamkeiten auch die entscheidenden Unterschiede zu beleuchten. Vor dem Hintergrund mehrerer Beispiele, wie dem EU-Beitritt der Türkei, stellt sie den Konsens zwischen CDU/ CSU und SPD als fragil heraus. KW - Deutsche Außenpolitik KW - Europäische Union KW - Russland KW - SPD KW - German Foreign Policy KW - European Union KW - Russia KW - SPD Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-32702 SN - 0944-8101 ER -