TY - THES A1 - Wen, Xi T1 - Distribution patterns and environmental drivers of methane-cycling microorganisms in natural environments and restored wetlands N2 - Methane is an important greenhouse gas contributing to global climate change. Natural environments and restored wetlands contribute a large proportion to the global methane budget. Methanogenic archaea (methanogens) and methane oxidizing bacteria (methanotrophs), the biogenic producers and consumers of methane, play key roles in the methane cycle in those environments. A large number of studies revealed the distribution, diversity and composition of these microorganisms in individual habitats. However, uncertainties exist in predicting the response and feedback of methane-cycling microorganisms to future climate changes and related environmental changes due to the limited spatial scales considered so far, and due to a poor recognition of the biogeography of these important microorganisms combining global and local scales. With the aim of improving our understanding about whether and how methane-cycling microbial communities will be affected by a series of dynamic environmental factors in response to climate change, this PhD thesis investigates the biogeographic patterns of methane-cycling communities, and the driving factors which define these patterns at different spatial scales. At the global scale, a meta-analysis was performed by implementing 94 globally distributed public datasets together with environmental data from various natural environments including soils, lake sediments, estuaries, marine sediments, hydrothermal sediments and mud volcanos. In combination with a global biogeographic map of methanogenic archaea from multiple natural environments, this thesis revealed that biogeographic patterns of methanogens exist. The terrestrial habitats showed higher alpha diversities than marine environments. Methanoculleus and Methanosaeta (Methanothrix) are the most frequently detected taxa in marine habitats, while Methanoregula prevails in terrestrial habitats. Estuary ecosystems, the transition zones between marine and terrestrial/limnic ecosystems, have the highest methanogenic richness but comparably low methane emission rates. At the local scale, this study compared two rewetted fens with known high methane emissions in northeastern Germany, a coastal brackish fen (Hütelmoor) and a freshwater riparian fen (Polder Zarnekow). Consistent with different geochemical conditions and land-use history, the two rewetted fens exhibit dissimilar methanogenic and, especially, methanotrophic community compositions. The methanotrophic community was generally under-represented among the prokaryotic communities and both fens show similarly low ratios of methanotrophic to methanogenic abundances. Since few studies have characterized methane-cycling microorganisms in rewetted fens, this study provides first evidence that the rapid and well re-established methanogenic community in combination with the low and incomplete re-establishment of the methanotrophic community after rewetting contributes to elevated sustained methane fluxes following rewetting. Finally, this thesis demonstrates that dispersal limitation only slightly regulates the biogeographic distribution patterns of methanogenic microorganisms in natural environments and restored wetlands. Instead, their existence, adaption and establishment are more associated with the selective pressures under different environmental conditions. Salinity, pH and temperature are identified as the most important factors in shaping microbial community structure at different spatial scales (global versus terrestrial environments). Predicted changes in climate, such as increasing temperature, changes in precipitation patterns and increasing frequency of flooding events, are likely to induce a series of environmental alterations, which will either directly or indirectly affect the driving environmental forces of methanogenic communities, leading to changes in their community composition and thus potentially also in methane emission patterns in the future. N2 - Methan ist ein wichtiges Treibhausgas, das zum globalen Klimawandel beiträgt. Bedeutend für das globale Methanbudget sind unter anderem natürliche und wiedervernäßte Moore. Methanogene Archaeen (Methanogene) und Methan-oxidierende Bakterien (Methanotrophe) sind die biogenen Produzenten und Konsumenten von Methan. Daher nehmen sie global, und speziell in Mooren, eine Schlüsselrolle für das Methanbudget ein. Eine Vielzahl von Studien hat die Verteilung, Vielfalt und Zusammensetzung dieser Mikroorganismen in einzelnen Lebensräumen untersucht. Es bestehen jedoch Unsicherheiten in der Vorhersage, wie sie auf den globalen Wandel und auf die damit verbundenen Umweltveränderungen reagieren werden. Diese Unsicherheiten basieren unter anderem auf bislang fehlenden biogeographischen Untersuchungen, die globale und lokale Skalen kombinieren, und auf einem unzureichenden Verständnis dazu, ob und welche Umweltfaktoren speziell methanogene Gemeinschaften beeinflussen. Zudem gibt es trotz der Bedeutung von Projekten zur Moorwiedervernässung für das regionale und globale Treibhausgasbudget nahezu keine Untersuchungen zur Zusammensetzung und Verbreitung von methanogenen und methanotrophen Gemeinschaften in degradierten wiedervernäßten, eutrophen Niedermooren. Das Ziel dieser Doktorarbeit ist es, unser Verständnis zur Reaktion der am Methanbudget beteiligten mikrobiellen Gemeinschaften auf den globalen Wandel und auf die damit einhergehenden Umweltänderungen zu verbessern. Die Arbeit untersucht daher zum einen die biogeographischen Muster methanogener Gemeinschaften und die ihnen zugrunde liegenden Umweltfaktoren auf verschiedenen räumlichen Skalen. Auf globaler Ebene wurde eine Meta-Analyse durchgeführt, die auf 94 global verteilten, öffentlichen Sequenzdatensätzen sowie den dazugehörigen Umweltdaten aus verschiedenen natürlichen Ökosystemen basiert. Hierzu gehören Böden, Seesedimente, Ästuare, marine Sedimente, hydrothermale Sedimente und Schlammvulkane. In Kombination mit einer globalen biogeographischen Karte zur Verbreitung methanogener Archaeen konnte diese Arbeit zeigen, dass biogeographische Muster von Methanogenen existieren. Terrestrische Ökosysteme zeigen zudem eine höhere Diversität als marine Ökosysteme. Ästuare, Übergangszonen zwischen marinen und terrestrischen/ limnischen Ökosystemen, weisen die größte methanogene Diversität bei jedoch vergleichsweise geringen Methanemissionen auf. Methanoculleus und Methanosaeta (Methanothrix) sind die am häufigsten nachgewiesenen Taxa in marinen Lebensräumen, während Methanoregula in terrestrischen Ökosystemen dominiert. Auf lokaler Ebene wurden in dieser Arbeit zwei wiedervernässte, eutrophe Niedermoore im Nordosten Deutschlands verglichen, das von der Ostsee beeinflusste „Hütelmoor“ und das Durchströmungsmoor „Polder Zarnekow“. Beide Moore sind durch hohe Methanemissionen infolge der Wiedervernässung charakterisiert. Einhergehend mit unterschiedlichen geochemischen Bedingungen und unterschiedlicher Nutzungshistorie weisen diese beiden wiedervernässten Standorte in ihrer Zusammensetzung unterschiedliche methanogene und methanotrophe Gemeinschaften auf lokaler Ebene auf. Zudem ist die Gruppe der Methanotrophen innerhalb der prokaryotischen Gemeinschaften jeweils unterrepräsentiert und beide Moore zeigen ein vergleichbar niedriges Verhältnis von Methanotrophen im Vergleich zu Methanogenen. Diese Arbeit liefert erste Hinweise darauf, dass die schnelle und erfolgreiche Wiederbesiedlung durch Methanogene in Kombination mit einer offenbar schlecht etablierten methanotrophen Gemeinschaft zu den erhöhten Methanflüssen in beiden Mooren nach Wiedervernässung beiträgt. Abschließend zeigt diese Arbeit, dass eine eingeschränkte Migration („dispersal limitation“) die biogeographischen Verteilungsmuster von Methanogenen in natürlichen Ökosystemen kaum beeinflusst. Stattdessen werden Vorkommen und Anpassung von methanogenen Gemeinschaften vor allem durch den selektiven Druck verschiedener Umweltbedingungen reguliert. Die Umweltparameter Salzgehalt, pH-Wert und Temperatur wurden dabei als wichtigste Faktoren identifiziert, die die Verbreitung methanogener Gemeinschaften global bzw. speziell in terrestrischen Standorten beeinflussen. Es ist daher wahrscheinlich, dass prognostizierte Klimaveränderungen wie steigende Temperatur, Änderungen der Niederschlagsmuster und zunehmende Häufigkeit von Überschwemmungsereignissen zu Änderungen in der Zusammensetzung methanogener Gemeinschaften führen, die möglicherweise auch die Methanemissionsmuster beeinflussen werden. T2 - Verteilungsmuster Methan produzierender und Methan oxidierender Mikroorganismen und deren Abhängigkeit von Umweltfaktoren in natürlichen Ökosystemen und wiedervernäßten Mooren KW - biogeography KW - Biogeographie KW - methanogens KW - methanotrophs KW - Methanogene KW - Methanotrophe KW - distribution pattern KW - Verteilungsmuster KW - methane KW - Methane Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-471770 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schirmack, Janosch A1 - Boehm, Michael A1 - Brauer, Chris A1 - Löhmannsröben, Hans-Gerd A1 - de Vera, Jean-Pierre Paul A1 - Moehlmann, Diedrich A1 - Wagner, Dirk T1 - Laser spectroscopic real time measurements of methanogenic activity under simulated Martian subsurface analog conditions JF - Planetary and space science N2 - On Earth, chemolithoautothrophic and anaerobic microorganisms such as methanogenic archaea are regarded as model organisms for possible subsurface life on Mars. For this reason, the methanogenic strain Methanosarcina soligelidi (formerly called Methanosarcina spec. SMA-21), isolated from permafrost-affected soil in northeast Siberia, has been tested under Martian thermo-physical conditions. In previous studies under simulated Martian conditions, high survival rates of these microorganisms were observed. In our study we present a method to measure methane production as a first attempt to study metabolic activity of methanogenic archaea during simulated conditions approaching conditions of Mars-like environments. To determine methanogenic activity, a measurement technique which is capable to measure the produced methane concentration with high precision and with high temporal resolution is needed. Although there are several methods to detect methane, only a few fulfill all the needed requirements to work within simulated extraterrestrial environments. We have chosen laser spectroscopy, which is a non-destructive technique that measures the methane concentration without sample taking and also can be run continuously. In our simulation, we detected methane production at temperatures down to -5 degrees C, which would be found on Mars either temporarily in the shallow subsurface or continually in the deep subsurface. The pressure of 50 kPa which we used in our experiments, corresponds to the expected pressure in the Martian near subsurface. Our new device proved to be fully functional and the results indicate that the possible existence of methanogenic archaea in Martian subsurface habitats cannot be ruled out. (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd. KW - Mars KW - Methanogens KW - Methane KW - Sub-zero temperature (Celsius) KW - Wavelength modulation spectroscopy (laser spectroscopy) Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2013.08.019 SN - 0032-0633 VL - 98 SP - 198 EP - 204 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mar, Kathleen A. A1 - Unger, Charlotte A1 - Walderdorff, Ludmila A1 - Butler, Tim T1 - Beyond CO2 equivalence BT - The impacts of methane on climate, ecosystems, and health JF - Environmental science & policy N2 - In this article we review the physical and chemical properties of methane (CH4) relevant to impacts on climate, ecosystems, and air pollution, and examine the extent to which this is reflected in climate and air pollution governance. Although CH4 is governed under the UNFCCC climate regime, its treatment there is limited to the ways in which it acts as a "CO2 equivalent" climate forcer on a 100-year time frame. The UNFCCC framework neglects the impacts that CH4 has on near-term climate, as well its impacts on human health and ecosystems, which are primarily mediated by methane's role as a precursor to tropospheric ozone. Frameworks for air quality governance generally address tropospheric ozone as a pollutant, but do not regulate CH4 itself. Methane's climate and air quality impacts, together with its alarming rise in atmospheric concentrations in recent years, make it clear that mitigation of CH4 emissions needs to be accelerated globally. We examine challenges and opportunities for further progress on CH4 mitigation within the international governance landscapes for climate change and air pollution. KW - Methane KW - Climate governance KW - Air pollution KW - International policy KW - Short-lived climate pollutants KW - Global warming potential Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2022.03.027 SN - 1462-9011 SN - 1873-6416 VL - 134 SP - 127 EP - 136 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ma, Jianli A1 - Li, Qi A1 - Kühn, Michael A1 - Nakaten, Natalie Christine T1 - Power-to-gas based subsurface energy storage BT - a review JF - Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews N2 - The Renewable energy power generation capacity has been rapidly increasing in China recently. Meanwhile, the contradiction between power supply and demand is becoming increasingly more prominent due to the intermittence of renewable energies. On the other hand, on the mitigation of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in China needs immediate attention. Power-to-Gas (PtG), a chemical energy storage technology, can convert surplus electricity into combustible gases. Subsurface energy storage can meet the requirements of long term storage with its large capacity. This paper provides a discussion of the entire PtG energy storage technology process and the current research progress. Based on the comparative study of different geological storage schemes for synthetic methane, their respective research progress and limitations are noted. In addition, a full investigation of the distribution and implementation of global PtG and CO2 capture and storage (CCS) demonstration projects is performed. Subsequently, the opportunities and challenges of the development of this technology in China are discussed based on techno-economic and ecological effects analysis. While PtG is expected to be a revolutionary technology that will replace traditional power systems, the main issues of site selection, energy efficiency and the economy still need to be adequately addressed. Additionally, based on the comprehensive discussion of the results of the analysis, power-to-gas and subsurface energy storage implementation strategies, as well as outlook in China are presented. KW - Renewable energy KW - Power-to-Gas KW - Subsurface energy storage KW - Underground gas storage KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Methane Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.08.056 SN - 1364-0321 VL - 97 SP - 478 EP - 496 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heslop, J. K. A1 - Anthony, K. M. Walter A1 - Grosse, Guido A1 - Liebner, Susanne A1 - Winkel, Matthias T1 - Century-scale time since permafrost thaw affects temperature sensitivity of net methane production in thermokarst-lake and talik sediments JF - The science of the total environment : an international journal for scientific research into the environment and its relationship with man N2 - Permafrost thaw subjects previously frozen soil organic carbon (SOC) to microbial degradation to the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). Emission of these gases constitutes a positive feedback to climate warming. Among numerous uncertainties in estimating the strength of this permafrost carbon feedback (PCF), two are: (i) how mineralization of permafrost SOC thawed in saturated anaerobic conditions responds to changes in temperature and (ii) how microbial communities and temperature sensitivities change over time since thaw. To address these uncertainties, we utilized a thermokarst-lake sediment core as a natural chronosequence where SOC thawed and incubated in situ under saturated anaerobic conditions for up to 400 years following permafrost thaw. Initial microbial communities were characterized, and sediments were anaerobically incubated in the lab at four temperatures (0 °C, 3 °C, 10 °C, and 25 °C) bracketing those observed in the lake's talik. Net CH4 production in freshly-thawed sediments near the downward-expanding thaw boundary at the base of the talik were most sensitive to warming at the lower incubation temperatures (0 °C to 3 °C), while the overlying sediments which had been thawed for centuries had initial low abundant methanogenic communities (< 0.02%) and did not experience statistically significant increases in net CH4 production potentials until higher incubation temperatures (10 °C to 25 °C). We propose these observed differences in temperature sensitivities are due to differences in SOM quality and functional microbial community composition that evolve over time; however further research is necessary to better constrain the roles of these factors in determining temperature controls on anaerobic C mineralization. KW - Carbon KW - Lake sediments KW - Methane KW - Permafrost KW - Talik KW - Temperature sensitivity Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.402 SN - 0048-9697 SN - 1879-1026 VL - 691 SP - 124 EP - 134 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Balcke, Gerd U. A1 - Hahn, M. A1 - Oswald, Sascha Eric T1 - Nitrogen as an indicator of mass transfer during in-situ gas sparging JF - Journal of contaminant hydrology N2 - Aiming at the stimulation of intrinsic microbial activity, pulses of pure oxygen or pressurized air were recurrently injected into groundwater polluted with chlorobenzene. To achieve well-controlled conditions and intensive sampling, a large, vertical underground tank was filled with the local unconfined sandy aquifer material. In the course of two individual gas injections, one using pure oxygen and one using pressurized air, the mass transfer of individual gas species between trapped gas phase and groundwater was studied. Field data on the dissolved gas composition in the groundwater were combined with a kinetic model on gas dissolution and transport in porous media. Phase mass transfer of individual gas components caused a temporary enrichment of nitrogen, and to a lower degree of methane, in trapped gas leading to the formation of excess dissolved nitrogen levels downgradient from the dissolving gas phase. By applying a novel gas sampling method for dissolved gases in groundwater it was shown that dissolved nitrogen can be used as a partitioning tracer to indicate complete gas dissolution in porous media. KW - Inter-phase mass transfer KW - Groundwater KW - Remediation KW - Gas sparging KW - Nitrogen KW - Methane KW - Kinetics KW - Bitterfeld Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2011.05.005 SN - 0169-7722 VL - 126 IS - 1-2 SP - 8 EP - 18 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER -