TY  - JOUR
A1  - Streck, Charlotte
T1  - Filling in for Governments?
BT  - the role of the private actors in the International Climate Regime
JF  - Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law
N2  - The 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change abandons the Kyoto Protocol's paradigm of binding emissions targets and relies instead on countries' voluntary contributions. However, the Paris Agreement encourages not only governments but also sub-national governments, corporations and civil society to contribute to reaching ambitious climate goals. In a transition from the regulated architecture of the Kyoto Protocol to the open system of the Paris Agreement, the Agreement seeks to integrate non-state actors into the treaty-based climate regime. In 2014 the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Peru and France created the Non-State Actor Zone for Climate Action (and launched the Global Climate Action portal). In December 2019, this portal recorded more than twenty thousand climate-commitments of private and public non-state entities, making the non-state venues of international climate meetings decisively more exciting than the formal negotiation space. This level engagement and governments' response to it raises a flurry of questions in relation to the evolving nature of the climate regime and climate change governance, including the role of private actors as standard setters and the lack of accountability mechanisms for non-state actions. This paper takes these developments as occasion to discuss the changing role of private actors in the climate regime.
KW  - climate action
KW  - Paris Agreement
KW  - non-state actors
KW  - soft law
KW  - accountability
KW  - private governance
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1163/18760104-01701003
SN  - 1613-7272
SN  - 1876-0104
VL  - 17
IS  - 1
SP  - 5
EP  - 28
PB  - Martinus Nijhoff Pub
CY  - Leiden
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Dirnitrov, Radoslav
A1  - Hovi, Jon
A1  - Sprinz, Detlef F.
A1  - Saelen, Håkon
A1  - Underdal, Arild
T1  - Institutional and environmental effectiveness
BT  - will the Paris Agreement work?
JF  - Wiley interdisciplinary reviews : Climate change
N2  - The 2015 Paris Agreement (PA) has been widely hailed as a diplomatic triumph and a breakthrough in global climate cooperation. However, it is commonly accepted that the PA's collective goal—keeping global warming “well below” 2°C above preindustrial levels—remains ambitious. Making matters even more challenging, in 2017, global CO2 emissions resumed growth after 3 years of near standstill. In 2018, this growth accelerated. It is therefore extremely important that the PA's institutional architecture meet expectations concerning its ability to induce member countries to promise and deliver emissions reductions. This study offers a review of the rapidly growing literature on the PA, to assess its strengths and weaknesses, its significance, and its prospects. We focus on evaluations of its institutional structure and its ability to induce member countries to implement policies. We frame the issues as a trilemma: the challenge of simultaneously satisfying all three main conditions for effectiveness—broad participation, deep commitments, and satisfactory compliance rates. Based on our review, we conclude that the key challenge for the PA will likely be to facilitate sufficiently fast ratcheting‐up of nationally determined contributions, while keeping compliance rates high.
KW  - ambition
KW  - climate change cooperation
KW  - compliance
KW  - Paris Agreement
KW  - participation
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.583
SN  - 1757-7780
SN  - 1757-7799
VL  - 10
IS  - 4
PB  - Wiley
CY  - Hoboken
ER  -