TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wippert, Pia-Maria
A1  - Rector, Michael V.
A1  - Kuhn, Gisela
A1  - Wuertz-Kozak, Karin
T1  - Stress and Alterations in Bones
BT  - An Interdisciplinary Perspective
JF  - Frontiers in endocrinology
N2  - Decades of research have demonstrated that physical stress (PS) stimulates bone remodeling and affects bone structure and function through complex mechanotransduction mechanisms. Recent research has laid ground to the hypothesis that mental stress (MS) also influences bone biology, eventually leading to osteoporosis and increased bone fracture risk. These effects are likely exerted by modulation of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity, resulting in an altered release of growth hormones, glucocorticoids and cytokines, as demonstrated in human and animal studies. Furthermore, molecular cross talk between mental and PS is thought to exist, with either synergistic or preventative effects on bone disease progression depending on the characteristics of the applied stressor. This mini review will explain the emerging concept of MS as an important player in bone adaptation and its potential cross talk with PS by summarizing the current state of knowledge, highlighting newly evolving notions (such as intergenerational transmission of stress and its epigenetic modifications affecting bone) and proposing new research directions.
KW  - biomechanics
KW  - bone–brain–nervous system interactions
KW  - endocrine pathways
KW  - osteoporosis
KW  - exercise
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2017.00096
SN  - 1664-2392
VL  - 8
PB  - Frontiers Research Foundation
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bohlken, Jens
A1  - Jacob, Louis
A1  - Schaum, Peter
A1  - Rapp, Michael A.
A1  - Kostev, Karel
T1  - Hip fracture risk in patients with dementia in German primary care practices
JF  - Dementia
N2  - The aim was to analyze the risk of hip fracture in German primary care patients with dementia. This study included patients aged 65-90 from 1072 primary care practices who were first diagnosed with dementia between 2010 and 2013. Controls were matched (1:1) to cases for age, sex, and type of health insurance. The primary outcome was the diagnosis of hip fracture during the three-year follow-up period. A total of 53,156 dementia patients and 53,156 controls were included. A total of 5.3% of patients and 0.7% of controls displayed hip fracture after three years. Hip fracture occurred more frequently in dementia subjects living in nursing homes than in those living at home (9.2% versus 4.3%). Dementia, residence in nursing homes, and osteoporosis were risk factors for fracture development. Antidementia, antipsychotic, and antidepressant drugs generally had no significant impact on hip fracture risk when prescribed for less than six months. Dementia increased hip fracture risk in German primary care practices.
KW  - hip fracture
KW  - dementia
KW  - nursing homes
KW  - osteoporosis
KW  - risk factors
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1177/1471301215621854
SN  - 1471-3012
SN  - 1741-2684
VL  - 16
SP  - 853
EP  - 864
PB  - Sage Publ.
CY  - London
ER  -